Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė.: Častʹ 2
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Stavropolʹ
Izd-vo SKFU
2014
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 725 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9785886488593 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)113649734X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |n Častʹ 2 |c Ju.A. Prokopenko |
| 264 | 1 | |a Stavropolʹ |b Izd-vo SKFU |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 725 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028474951&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | OrjIABJIEHHE
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SUMMARY...............................................................................716
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SUMMARY
The nomad tribes of the steppe areas of Ciscaucasia1, the Scythians, the Sarmatians and the Huns, among others, played a significant role in the history of the numerous peoples who inhabited the North Caucasus. During the period in which they inhabited the area these nomads interacted closely with the local population. This phenomenon is reflected in the particular cultural characteristics of the settled inhabitants of the North Caucasus, and in their ethnic composition. Among the various tribes who succeeded each other in Ciscaucasia, the Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians occupy an important place. Their occupation, which lasted for several centuries, led to the Iranicisation of the population in the central regions of the North Caucasus - witness the Iranian-speaking Ossetian people of today. The Alans, who were a nomad tribe of Sarmatians, played a special role in the lengthy process of Iranicisation of the tribes in the central North Caucasus. Their interaction with the local population led to the development of the early-medieval Alan culture of the North Caucasus. The bearers of this culture, subsumed under the ethnic name of the “early-medieval Alans”, are generally recognized to be the forebears of the contemporary Ossetians. For this reason the material of the late Scythian and early Sarmatian periods, datable in the North Caucasus from the 5th century BC to the 1st century AD, is of prime significance in establishing the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians, and for the resolution of problems connected with the development of Alan culture in the North Caucasus.
The central regions of the North Caucasus in the 1st century BC were inhabited by the representatives of the Koban culture. The area inhabited by these tribes included sizable territory of the central Caucasus - from the Upper Kuban to the wood foothills of Chechnya and Daghestan. The Koban culture includes the remains of different geographical zones: mountain, foothill and plane. The materials from the central regions of the North Caucasus of the Scythian and Sarmatian periods witness, that foothill remains are culturally closer to the plane remains than to that of the mountains (M.P. Abramova, 1984).
For the numerous groups of nomad and semi-nomad tribes of different times the Pre-Caucasus steppe was the place of constant dwelling. Suitable natural conditions and the closeness of large economic centres of the Bosporus and the Caucasus in that time were conductive to nomad way of life.
In the 6 - 5th centuries BC the border of Scythia, as a political unity, stabilized along the Tanais River, however, further in the Pre-Caucasian and Caucasian steppe existed considerable groups of nomad population which were not politically connected with the Scythians of the Northern Pre-Black Sea Area, but united with them having common origin and culture, that reflected in a number of barrow burials of the 5th century BC. Since the end of the 6th century BC the Scythians inhabited the North Caucasus underwent the cultural influence of the inflowing Sarmatian ethnic elements (V.J. Murzin, 1984).
When the main group of nomad Scythians had left the Pre-Caucasian territory in the 5th century BC a small part of the previous population might have stayed there. The influence of Scythian culture or its separate elements upon the nomad population of the central Pre-Caucasus lasted to the 2nd century BC (M.P. Abramova, 1993).
There is no doubt that the nomad Scythians penetrated into the southern region of planes and foothills with settled population. On this territory, due to its accessibility, the process of nomads’ settling took place, which led to the formation of not only the mixed composition of the population but also the specific character of the culture, which contained many introduced elements.
In the middle of the 3rd century BC Sarmatian tribes spread in the Pre-Caucasus, the different groups of which dominated in the region up to the end of the 4th century AD.
This study is based on the archeological materials dated from the 5th to the 1st centuries BC. The choice of the lower date is explained by the outflow of the majority of Scythians from the Pre-Caucasus at the beginning of the 5th century BC (the rest of them mixed with the autochthonous population). The upper date presents the aggravation period of the political situation in the Pre-Caucasus in the middle of
By the term Ciscaucasia (the Pre-Caucasus) are meant the northern approaches to the Caucasus Mountains, consisting of planes, river valleys and foothills, before the mountains themselves, the central Caucasus contains the modem Stavropol, Kislovodsk, Nalchik and Groznyi. By the North Caucasus are meant the northern areas of the mountains proper and Ciscaucasia.
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the 1st century AD which resulted in the replacement of the nomad Sarmatian population, and the rest of the former nomad and mixed tribes migrated to the mountain and foothill areas inhabited by the descendants of the Koban tribes (the next period of mixing began).
The territorial boundaries of the study are limited by the central regions of the Pre-Caucasus, whose population culturally differed from the population of the Eastern areas (Daghestan) and of the Northern-Western Caucasus (Pre-Kuban areas) (M.P. Abramova, 1993).
In the course of the last twenty years important archeological material of this period has been accumulated, primarily as a result of the discovery in the central North Caucasus of flat graves of the Scythian and Sarmatian periods, which were previously unknown in this area. The investigation of such material has enabled us to reassess the history and the culture of the inhabitants of this region. The principal aim of the investigation was an evaluation of the new archeological finds, the establishment of their general typology, the isolation of local characteristics, and the precise dating of cultural changes according to chronological periods. Also undertaken was the comparison of the material with the North Caucasian antiquities of earlier periods and with contemporary material from adjacent areas, including the archeological remains of the Scythian, Savromatian and Sarmatian tribes. Such an approach allows researching into the possible origins of the various cultural traits of the local population. The use of the written sources, linguistics and anthropology, and their comparison with the archeological material, allow the reinterpretation of a whole range of subjects connected with the ethnic history of this region in the Sarmatian period, and formulation of a new hypothesis concerning the stages of Iranicisation of the central region of the North Caucasus.
This study examines the remains of burial sites of the Scythian and early Sarmatian periods from the area of central Ciscaucasia, where the population differs to a significant extent from the population of the mountainous region of the ce4ntral Caucasus, both culturally and its ethnic composition. E.P. Alekseeva, who examined the material from the mountainous regions in the 1940s, has already demonstrated that in the Sarmatian period they were inhabited by tribes of the late-Koban culture, which is characterized by its continuity of ancient traditions.
The investigated period (from the middle to the second half of the 1st century BC) is the period of military democracy, the time of economic development connected with the assimilation of iron. Spiritual culture also develops: the basis of heroic epos, mythology, arts are forming. However, this period in the history of these tribes is non-written, they are not well known in the antique tradition, and thus the only sources for studying are archeological materials and folklore. Applied arts occupy the most significant place among the materials, whose study allows reconstructing the material culture and spiritual world of the ancient local peoples.
As for the material culture, the investigation of living maintenance systems of settlements in the central Pre-Caucasus of the period such as fortifications, dwellings, industrial complexes and the types of economic activities such as agriculture, cattle-breeding, hunting and fishery is also very important.
There is one more weakly elaborated problem concerning the economic relations of the Caucasian peoples among one another and with the outer world in the second half of the 1st century BC. The study of import categories of Achaemenid, Parthian, Albanian, Bosporian, Roman and Meoth production, found in the remains of the investigated region, allows enlarging our views upon the development of foreign political-economic relations of the population in the Scythian and Sarmatian periods in the central Pre-Caucasus.
The study involves about 1040 complexes datable to the 5th -1st centuries BC. In contrast to other studies it analyzes all the types of remains of various cultural origins belonging to the epoch. During the research there have been used and supplemented 28 existing classifications of different finds such as adornments, weapons, ceramics, mirrors etc (VI. Kozenkova, M.P. Abramova, A.I. Meliukova, V.G. Petrenko, T.M. Kuznetsova and others) typical for the remains of autochthons and steppe tribes in the central Pre-Caucasus of the investigated period. The study also suggests 25 new typologies of finds (and objects), which haven’t been yet classified (horse gear elements, ornaments, vessels, amulets, vault burials etc). Not less than 10000 artefacts have been studied.
So, the main objective of the study is the systematization and regulating of the enormous factual material on the archeology of the early Iron century in the central Pre-Caucasus having been accumulated by the beginning of the 21st century. The author tried not to lose sight of the final aim of the study, which
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is the ethnic, cultural and economic history of the population of the region in the middle of the 1st century BC.
At the end of the 19th century began the investigation of the Scythian remains in the North Caucasus, namely in the Pre-Kuban region (V.G. Tizengauzen, Felitsyn, V.M. Sysoev, N.I. Veselovsky and others). The first finds belonging to the Scythian and Sarmatian periods in the central Pre-Caucasus date from the 2nd half of the 19th century. They were, as a rule, the results of extortionate barrow excavations at the outskirts of settlements or the results of special investigations authorized by the Archeological Commission (Erckert, P. Fedotov, D.J. Samokvasov, G.D. Filimonov, A.A. Bobrinsky, N.S. Semenov, V.I. Dolbekov, G.A. Vertepov, V.R. Apukhtin, V.N. Glazov and others).
In addition to nomad burials the cemeteries of the mountain population belonging to the Koban culture have been investigated (A.S. Uvarov, P.S. Uvarova, V.I. Dolbezhev, V.F. Miller, E. Shantr, R.V. Vikhrov,
F. Gonchar, S. Prshevorsky and others). These Russian and European scientists made a great contribution to the study of not only the nomad Scythians and Sarmatians but also of the local population. The systematization of the antiquities and the historical approach to their study, the higher-level classification are the merits of such soviet archeologists as A.A. lessen, B.B. Piotrovsky, E.I. Krupnov, B.A. Kufitin, A.P. Kruglov, O.A. Artamonova-Poltavtseva, E.P. Alekseeva. The classifications and archeological periodization of the remains belonging to the Bronze - early Iron Ages in the Caucasus including the Scythians and the Koban culture elaborated by them in many respects are true nowadays. The main theses of these elaborations have been developed and worked out in detail by the modem researchers (V.I. Kozenkova, V.B. Kovalevskaya, M.P. Abramova, V.A. Kuznetsov, V.R. Muntchaev, V.I. Markovin, V.B. Vinogradov, B.V. Tekhov, G. Kossak, V.G. Petrenko, M.N. Pogrebova, F. Kh. Gutnov, V.R. Erlih, V.E. Maslov, S.L. Dudarev, A.P. Moshinsky, S.V. Makhortykh and others).
During the last decades great progress has been made in the study of the Scythian and Scythoid remains of the North Caucasus (the Pre-Caucasus). Till recently the Scythian burials and accidental finds were few, and consequently the Pre-Caucasus was viewed as the region of short-time stay of the Scythians, only during their Fore-Asian campaigns. This point of view was refuted by the discovery of the early Scythian graves in Stavropol Region, Pre-Kuban Region, Kabardino-Balkariya, Chechen-Ingushetiya, Transcaucasia (S.A. Esayan, M.N. Pogrebova, 1985; V.G. Petrenko, 1983; 1989). Though the ethnic-cultural affiliation of several remains (the Ural barrows etc) is debatable, systematic and prolonged (7 - 5th centuries BC) presence of the Scythians on this territory is beyond question. It is supposed that the Scythian Empire of Ishkuz was situated just in the North-Caucasian steppes (V.J. Murzin, E.V. Chevchenko, 1989).
In the opinion of V.A. Ilyinskaya and A.I. Terenozhkin it was not only a base, from which the Scythians made for their campaigns but also their permanent residence, as their encampments and burials situated there. The number of archaic Scythian remains is not inferior to those known in the Pre-Black Sea steppe, as for the concentration degree and prosperity are even superior (V.A. Ilyinskaya, A.I. Terenozhkin). The same conclusion with the use of wider range of sources was made by S.V. Makhortykh (1991).
As regards the Scythians’ presence in the steppe and flat Pre-Caucasus, V.B. Vinogradov assumes that together with the Savromates’ presence, to whom he gives his preference considering that the Savromate encampments in the 7-5th centuries BC closed up with the possessions of the aborigines of the North Caucasus, whereas the Scythians only went through the Caucasus in the 7th century BC and coming back at the beginning of the 6th century BC left there only separate hordes, which soon assimilated with the local population (V.B. Vinogradov, 1972). In the subsequent work he subscribes to the opinion of the researchers who consider the Scythians’ presence in the North Caucasus in the 7-6th centuries BC to be permanent (V.B. Vinogradov, S.L. Dudarev, 1983).
During the last 30 years a number of generalizing papers appeared which deal with the interpretation of the cumulative materials belonging to the Scythian period. However, the majority of them analyze the complexes of the early Scythian period. In the 1950 - 60s it was explained by the interest of archeologists and historians to the routes of the Scythian campaigns through the Caucasus to the countries of Fore-East, their directions and the character of Scythians’ relationship with the local tries (E.I. Krupnov, 1954; 1960, V.B. Vinogradov, 1964; 1972).
A special attention to the antiquities of the 7-6,h centuries BC in the 1970-90s of the 20th century was connected with the discovery of the unique Scythian burials belonging to the epoch of the Fore-East
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campaigns (the Hamlet of Krasnoye Znamya, Novozavedennoe I and II, Nartan etc). In this connection the overwhelming part of publications was devoted to the chronology of the early Scythian remains and their correlation with the complexes of the Pre- Scythian period (V.G. Petrenko, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1994; V.B. Vinogradov, S.L. Dudarev, 1983; G. Kossak, 1983, 1987, 1994; V.A. Korenyako, 1990; I.N. Medvedskaya, 1992; D.S. Raevsky, 1993; E.V. Grantovsky,1994; A.I. Ivanchik, 1996, 2004; S.V. Makhortykh, 1996; N.L. Chlenova, 1997; S.L. Dudarev, 1999; M.G. Moshkova, 1999; V.G. Petrenko, V.E. Maslov, A.R. Kantorovich, 2000; V.R. Erlih, 2005 and others).
As a matter of fact, the antiquities of the central Pre-Caucasus dated the 5 - 4th centuries BC are not enough investigated. Though, a great deal of materials have been accumulated, there is a lack of special generalizing papers. The publications concerning this period are few. We should mention A.B. Belinsky and V.S. Olkhovsky’s article on the Scythian graven images dated the 4th century BC from Stavropol outskirts (A.B. Belinsky, V.S. Olkhovsky, 1996).
V.E. Maslov and M. A. Ochir-Goriaeva pointed to the common elements in the synchronous antiquities dated from the end of the 6th - 5th to the 4th centuries BC of the central Pre-Caucasus and the lower Volga region. The object of their analysis was burial rite, ceramics, feral style and imported articles (V.E. Maslov, M.A. Ochir-Goriaeva, 1997.
A number of publications are devoted to the antique traditions of the culture of central Pre-Caucasian tribes in the 5 - 4th centuries BC. (M.P. Abramova, 2001; Ju.A. Prokopenko, 2000).
M.P. Abramova while studying the interrelation peculiarities of the Iranian-speaking nomads with the settled tribes of the Pre-Caucasus noted some specific features typical for the Scythian period including the 5th century BC. In her opinion in the central regions of the North Caucasus the influence of the Scythian culture extended first of all upon the culture of the local population in Stavropol Region and Kabarda. With mass Scythians’ outflow from the area at the end of the 5th century BC this culture split, but still a part of settled and nomad population stayed there (M.P. Abramova, 1992). The researchers revealed the ethnic transformation of a part of the Pre-Caucasian Scythians and, as a result of this process, the formation of a new ethnic community (M.P. Abramova, 1990; V.S. Olkhovsky, G.L. Evdokimov, 1994; A.P. Moshinsky, 1997).
According to the conception, suggested by V.B. Vinogradov and J.B. Berezin at the end of the 7th -the beginning of the 6th centuries BC a group of tribes (of mixed ethnic composition) taking part in the Scythians’ Fore-Asian campaigns after their return settled near the foothills, in the centre of the Pre-Caucasus. Further ethnic development of that group went on owing to the admition and “processing” of the representatives of the Koban tribes and the Savromate groups who inhabited the area in the 6 - 5th centuries BC. From that ethnic conglomerate, mechanically mixed during the campaigns, there was formed
a new ethnic-social body having an integral Iranian- Koban basis. The researchers call it Pra- or Pre-Alan meaning not the ethnic Alans-Iranians, who roamed in the Southem-Russian steppes from the 1st to the 5th centuries AD, but the North-Caucasian Alans of the early Middle Ages (V.B. Vinogradov,
J.B. Berezin, 1988).
The character of the economic connections of the local populations with the settlements in the Pre-Kuban Region and ancient cities of the Northern Pre-Black Sea Area was also studied. In particular, a series of features pointing at the connection of the inhabitants of the Stavropol Highland with Bosporus in the second half of the 1st century BC (Ju.A. Prokopenko, 1998).
The first survey of the assembled Sarmatian materials was contained in a series of works published in the early and middle 1960s (V.B. Vinogradov, 1963; E.P. Alekseeva, 1966). It was thought that the foothills and plains of central Ciscaucasia were settled in the Sarmatian period, firstly by the Siraces, and, from the 1st century AD, by Alan tribes whose invasion led to the withdrawal of the local population to the mountains (V.B.Vinogradov, 1963). Subsequent excavations in the area, especially wide-ranging in the 1960-80s, revealed a quantity of new archeological finds of the Sarmatian period, among which were extensive cemeteries of flat graves. These included the sites at Nizhniy Dzhulat (M.P. Abramova’s excavations) and Chegem (excavations by B.M. Keferov and A.Kh. Nagoev), both in Kabardino-Balkaria, the Podkumok cemetery near Kislovodsk (excavations by M.P. Abramova), and the Khankala cemetery in Chechen-Ingushetia (excavations by V.B. Vinogradov and V.A. Petrenko). Moreover, as a result of the archeological work carried out by researchers in the foothills and plains of the central North Caucasus (P.G. Arkitas,
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E.P. Alekseeva, V.B.Vinogradov, V.I. Goremykina, S.N. Korenevsky, V.A. Korenyako, I.M. Miziev, T.M. Minaeva, N.N. Mikhailov, R.M. Munchaev, A.L. Nechitailo, V.A. Petrenko, V.G. Petrenko, A.P. Runich, I.M. Chechenov,M.V. Andreeva, V.L. Derzhavin, T.V. Miroshina and others), a considerable number of Sarmatian burial complexes - both barrow burials and sporadic flat graves - were discovered in this period
The newly discovered fat graves in the western regions of central Ciscaucasia, that is the Kabardino-Pyatigorye region, showed that catacombs were the principal type of grave there; the earliest date from between the middle of the 2nd and the 1st centuries BC, an observation which conflicts with the established view that catacombs appeared in the Caucasus in the 1st century AD with the arrival of the Alans. Moreover the excavation of the first of the newly-discovered cemeteries (Nizhniy Dzhulat) revealed in both the burial rite and the finds assemblages the presence of a series of features which distinguish it from the archeological remains of Sarmatian tribes. On this basis M.P. Abramova concluded that similar remains were left, not by the Sarmatians, but by some other group of mixed composition (M.P. Abramova, 1972,1978, 1984, 1993). On the subject of ethnic assimilation and the occurrence of mixed marriages, B.M. Kerefov mentioned the mixed character of the population of the foothill-plain area in the Sarmatian period (B.M. Kerefov, 1980). Following the view that the Sarmatians were the source of catacomb burial in the North Caucasus, he associates its appearance with the influx into that area of groups from the tribal confederation of the Aorsi (B.M. Kerefov, 1985).
The material from the eastern regions of central Ciscaucasia is examined by V.A. Petrenko. He divides all the archeological remains of the foothills and the plains into two groups: he associates all the barrow burials and all the catacombs (both flat and under barrows) with the Sarmatians, whereas he associates the flat-grave cemeteries in this area (Khankala) with the local population who had already been subjected to Sarmatian influence (V.A. Petrenko, 1980). For a long while the early catacombs of the Sarmatian period in the North Caucasus were of the flat-grave type, which could only be connected with the settled population of this zone. However, there then came to light a group of catacombs with access-pits, beneath burial mounds, datable to the last centuries BC, and associated with the Sarmatians. The discovery of these graves in burial mounds allowed V.B. Vinogradov and J.B. Berezin to reopen the question of the Sarmatian origin of catacomb burial in the Caucasus. Now they explain its appearance, not through the influx of Alans in the 1st century AD, but by the settlement in the region of early Sarmatian tribes at the end of the 1st millennium BC (V.B. Vinogradov, J.B. Berezin, 1985).
Here we should dwell on another problem connected with the discovery of vault burials in the central Pre-Caucasus datable from the 4th to the 2nd centuries BC. Now there are two main points of view concerning the appearance of vault erections. A.B. Belinsky noted the closeness of their construction to the burial remains of the Scythians in Stavropol Region and the northern Pre-Black Sea area, namely in the Eastern Crimea. Hence the researchers bind their construction with the Scythian migration from the Crimea. (N.E. Berlizov, 1996). There is one more similar supposition; considering the vault rite to be Scythian, the researches assume that vaults were constructed by the tribes, which were culturally Scythian-like but having come to settled way of living (A.A. Kudriavtsev, N.A. Okhonko, A.E. Kudriavtsev, 1997).
According to the other point of view their expansion was connected with the intensification of the Bosporus’ influence upon the areas adjacent to the East (M.P. Abramova, V.H. Tmenov, Ju.A. Prokopenko).
Basing on the analysis of burial erections of the Pre-Kuban Area M.P. Abramova assumed that the local population of the central Pre-Caucasus and Pre-Kuban Area, especially the aristocracy, was influenced by Bosporian traditions. Spreading of barrow burials of nobles and vault erections in this area was connected with it (M.P. Abramova). A similar hypothesis was put forward in the publication containing the concept of this research (Ju.A. Prokopenko).
We suppose that being a part of the Yazamate-Meoth Confederation, Pre- Caucasian tribes, perhaps, of the late Koban population appeared in the lower Kuban Area in the 4th century BC (the period of Bosporian-Meoth wars) where they adopted the burial rite of vault erections (and the Yazamates as well) from the Greeks inhabited the Taman Peninsula (Ju.A. Prokopenko, 2001).
M.P. Abramova in a series of her papers pointed to the mixed composition of the population in the foothill area accessible for the penetration and settling of nomads who were not isolated from the local population but mixed with it (M.P. Abramova, 1978,1984,1986,1987).
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T.A. Gabuev shares her view. In particular, the author stressed the mixed character of the population pointing to the presence of local Caucasian and in the area alien Iranian-speaking groups. Significant differences of under-barrow catacombs of the 2nd period (from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC) do not allow speaking about permanent catacomb rite in the Caucasus. The author assumes that the variety of catacombs of the 1st period (27 varieties) is the evidence of the initial stage of forming catacomb burial rite among the population of the central Pre-Caucasus, therefore it shouldn’t be connected with the Sarmatians’ inflow to the North Caucasus (T.A. Gabuev, 1986).
V.A. Kuznetsov calls the Sarmatians’ presence in the region the 2nd period of Iranicisation in the Pre-Caucasus. At this stage the relations of mountainous tribes with the Savromatians and Sarmatians represented marginal contact. Another inner regional contact occurred mainly in the Kabardino-Pyatigorye region and further to the West. The researcher supposes that the processes of inner-regional contacting and ethnic mixing in the areas adjacent to the central Pre-Caucasus from the West initiated the formation of a new integrated ethnic community - a syncretic ethnic neoformation (V.A. Kuznetsov, 1997).
F.H. Gutnov calls the Scythians and Sarmatians as Proto-Alans. This term is similar to the one formulated by V.B. Vinogradov and J.B. Berezin - Pra- or Pre-Alan ethic-social body (J.B. Berezin, V.B. Vinogradov, 1988). According to F.H. Guntov’s version principally new ethnic communities were farming through the synthesis in the plain and foothill contact zones. The author thinks that the Pre-Caucasian Sarmatians proceeding to stable nomading in the area, which was under the influence of settled tribes, successfully adopted some elements of their culture of the local population losing some of their own. At that the author upholds M.P. Abramova’s point of view that the Sarmatians in the Pre-Caucasus had a combination of Sarmatian and local North-Caucasian (or Scythian) traditions (F.H. Gutnov, 2001).
The comparative analysis of the materials from under-barrow and group burials (burial rite, weapons, ceramics, adornments etc.) allows us to conclude that after the majority of the Scythians had left the North Caucasus there sill existed significant nomad groups, which were not politically connected with the Scythians of the northern Pre-Black Sea Area but united with them by common origin and culture that reflected in a series of barrow burials datable the 5th century BC. At the same time the Savromatian tribes are fixed in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus.
Long-lasting Scythians and Sarmatians’ predominance made for their close contacts with the local population of the foothill area and led to the steppe-nomads’ infiltration to the foothills, where a mixed group of the population formed. M.P. Abramova considered this group to be bilingual - speaking Iranian and the local languages. The mountain areas at that time were inhabited by the tribes of the Koban culture, which were slightly influenced by the Scythian culture (M.P. Abramova, 1993).
However, since the end of the 5th century BC population mixing was also notable on the Stavropol Highland, which was inhabited by the Koban culture tribes in the Pre-Scythian period. In the 5th century BC this mixed population entered into the unity of the Yazamate-Meoth tribes inhabited the Pre-Kuban area. Spreading of Meoth-like vault erections and sanctuaries in the central Pre-Caucasus is connected with it.
Judging by the complex of amphora Rodoss stamps revealed at the Grushovoye settlement, which was destroyed by the fire, in the 250-40s BC a new nomad group (hypothetically the Syramates, the Issedones or Siraces) invaded the Pre-Caucasus and destabilized the political situation in the region. Evidently, in this connection the complexes with Prokhorov articles began spreading. However, judging from the number of the revealed remains, the population didn’t decrease that is the evidence of shortterm hostilities.
The research of the remains in the Pre-Kuban and Stavropol areas refutes the thesis about the absence of burials datable the 3rd century BC. At any rate, the Pre-Caucasus was densely inhabited. The materials from settlements and burials (vaults, plain and barrow graves) are the evidence of this fact.
Two layers have been fixed in the stratigraphy of several vaults. The presence of imports and well datable categories of implements in the tomb complexes allow to divide all the materials into thee chronological periods: 1) from the second half of the 4th to the beginning of the 2nd centuries BC; 2)from the middle of the 2nd to the 1st centuries BC; 3) from the 1st to the 2nd centuries AD.
All the finds including black-varnish vessels, amphorae, grey-clay Meoth vessels and black-glossy Koban ceramics should be related to the 1st period. The lower layer is also characterized by bronze
721
arrow-heads, some harness elements, glass vessels - phials gemma-lithic, details of terracotta necklaces surely datable from the end of the 4th to the beginning of the 2nd centuries BC. During this time as the result of repeated burials the material of the 1st period accumulated in vaults. The tombs, where the above mentioned articles were found, concentrate mainly on the Stavropol Highland. However, such also can be found in the Upper Pre-Kuban area (Koba-Bashy), in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Spars and in Kabardino-Balkariya (Noviy Kurkuzhin).
It should be noted that the materials datable from the 2nd to 1st centuries BC haven’t been yet revealed in graves of the burials situated on the Stavropol Highland. On the other hand, such have been registered in the Upper Pre-Kuban area and in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Spars datable from the 3rd to the beginning of the 2nd centuries BC (Koba-Bashy, the vault near Bykogorka, the Kamennaya Mogila, the vault on the left bank of the Podkumok to the north from the Kislovodsk forestry). This fact might be connected with the Siraces’ expansion into the steppe Pre-Caucasus in the middle of the 2nd century BC. Consequently the population of the Stavropol Highland had to migrate to the foothills of the North Caucasus clearing the corridor leading to the passes of the Caucasus. Apparently the appearance of vaults containing the materials datable from the 2nd to the 1st centuries BC in the Kislovodsk outskirts is connected with it (Koban-Gora, Khasaut).
Together with a great number of ancient and Meoth imports revealed in burials (black-varnish and grey-clay pottery, amphorae, glass and metal vessels, adornments etc.) and articles connected with the Scythian culture influence (mirrors, adornments, bronze arrow-heads etc.) the articles typical for the remains of the autochthon population, the tribes of the late Koban culture, have been found in vault burials.
Several categories of burial implements in graves (black-glossy ceramics, adornments, some types of pendant-amulets) typical for the late Koban population definitely prove vault erection belonging to the mixed population with the dominance of the Koban component. The stratification of vault burials doesn’t conflict with the ethnic attribution of these remains, since the multi-layer burials of the 6th-4th centuries BC are known both in the western (Karras) and central (Gastone-Uota) groups. The cromlech around Vault 2 Grave 1 in the Tatarskoye settlement is analogous to the Lugovoye cemetery (Graves 8;12; 48) (the eastern variant). Therewith the paintings typical for the Koban art were found in burials. Probably, the transformation of the pendants in the form of eared birds with extruded beaks and fan-shaped tails (the extension of beaks and ears) is a reason for the appearance of such images as iron pendants in the form of deer heads with under-triangular opposite side in the form of bird tail from the rite complex of the Kamennaya Mogila barrow vault (Ju.A. Prokopenko, 2002).
The ancient elements in tomb constructions, the presence of ancient ceramics and adornments in the implements are connected with the stay of this population group in the Lower Pre-Kuban Area. Obviously, the appearance of vaults imitating dolmens can be also explained by this. The Scythian elements in the remains testify to mixing of the local population. The mixing processes of tribes could occur not only during war campaigns but also directly on the territory inhabited by the autochthons — on the Stavropol Highland. In addition to under-barrow burials in the layers of highland settlements (Grushovskoye, Tatarskoye etc.) there have been revealed articles fixing the stay of the Scythian population on this territory.
In particular the Nabians might represent that mixed population of the Stavropol Highland which participated in the Bosporian-Meoth wars in the first half of the 4th century ad in the Transcaucasian campaigns as the members of the Yazamate-Meoth Confederation form the 4th to the 3rd centuries BC. As it has bee already mentioned, the remains belonging to this group are vault and plain burials as well as barrow graves with meridian orientation and with the elements of the Scythian culture.
Though barrow burials with latitude (western) orientation began spreading in the Pre-Caucasus in the 2nd century BC that witness to the Siraces conquest of the region, the local population wasn’t annihilated but entered the alliance of the Siraces tribes as subordinate ethnic groups. Probably, the discontinuance of plain vault tradition near Khersonka was connected with these events. At the same time plain graves appeared on the territory of Kabardino-Balkariya: Chegem and Nizhniy Dzhulat. In the connection with the Sarmatians’ movement to the mountain passes the local settled population had to migrate from the steppe Pre-Caucasus to the South, to the safer areas. During that period the vault rite in the central Pre-Caucasus continued (Koba-Bashy, Koban-Gora). In the Pre-
722
Kuban Area the tradition of vault erection also wasn’t broken (the vaults of Artiukhov Barrow datable the 2nd century BC).
M.P. Abramova considered the complex of golden adornments from Komarovo (datable not earlier than the 2nd century BC) to be the evidence of the Scythian culture or its separate elements influence upon the nomad population of the central Pre-Caucasus, which lasted right up to that time (M.P. Abramova, 1993).
Thus, judging by the location of the vault and plain graves containing the materials of the Scythian and Koban cultures (except the Sarmatian materials) and according to Strabon’s ethnic map two chronologically and territorially different locations of the Nabians. From the 4th to the middle of the 2nd centuries BC these tribes occupied the Stavropol Highland and the Upper Kuban areas, the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Spars and Kabar dino- Ba ikariya. The southern-eastern regions of Stavropolye and the Terek were evidently the frontier between them and the Panksanians (the descendants of the mixed Scythian-Sarmatian population, admittedly the Savromatides).
From the middle of the 2nd century BC the Nabians, having been driven away to the South, located in the foothill areas: on the slopes of the laccolite mountains of the Pyatigorye, in the Kislovodsk Basin and in Kabardino-Balkariya. the Panksanians occupied the Over-Terek area where they came into contact with the Caucasian tribes. The aisle between the Nabians and Panksanians leading to the mountain passes and the left bank of the Terek were under Siraces control.
In the consequence of the hostilities in 49 AD the Siraces were pounded by the allied army of the Aorthians and Romans. The Aorthians’ and then Alans’ arrival forced the local population to retreat southwards to the safe foothills. As a result, the first period of the political domination of the Iranianspeaking population in the central Pre-Caucasus, having led to the formation of the Digorsk dialect of the Ossetian language, finished (M.P. Abramova, 1993). The second period of the political domination of the Iranian-speaking population in the central Pre-Caucasus was connected with the appearance of nomad Alan tribes, the bearers of the late Sarmatian culture, in the North Caucasus.
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_facet | Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_sort | Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| spelling | Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)113649734X aut Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. Častʹ 2 Ju.A. Prokopenko Stavropolʹ Izd-vo SKFU 2014 725 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV043050556 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028474951&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028474951&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Prokopenko, Jurij Anatolʹevič ca. 20./21. Jh Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |
| title | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |
| title_auth | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |
| title_exact_search | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |
| title_full | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. Častʹ 2 Ju.A. Prokopenko |
| title_fullStr | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. Častʹ 2 Ju.A. Prokopenko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. Častʹ 2 Ju.A. Prokopenko |
| title_short | Skify, sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v Centralʹnom Predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine I tys. do n.ė. |
| title_sort | skify sarmaty i plemena kobanskoj kulʹtury v centralʹnom predkavkazʹe vo vtoroj polovine i tys do n e |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028474951&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028474951&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV043050556 |
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