The psychology of humor: an integrative approach
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Burlington, MA
Elsevier Academic Press
©2007
|
Schriftenreihe: | Educational psychology
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | FAW01 FAW02 Volltext |
Beschreibung: | Research on humor is carried out in a number of areas in psychology, including the cognitive (What makes something funny?), developmental (when do we develop a sense of humor?), and social (how is humor used in social interactions?) Although there is enough interest in the area to have spawned several societies, the literature is dispersed in a number of primary journals, with little in the way of integration of the material into a book. Dr. Martin is one of the best known researchers in the area, and his research goes across subdisciplines in psychology to be of wide appeal. This is a singly authored monograph that provides in one source, a summary of information researchers might wish to know about research into the psychology of humor. The material is scholarly, but the presentation of the material is suitable for people unfamiliar with the subject-making the book suitable for use for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses on the psychology of humor-which have not had a textbook source. 2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category! *Up-to-date coverage of research on humor and laughter in every area of psychology *Research findings are integrated into a coherent conceptual framework *Includes recent brain imaging studies, evolutionary models, and animal research *Draws on contributions from sociology, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology *Provides an overview of theories of humor and early research *Explores applications of humor in psychotherapy, education, and the workplace *Points out interesting topics for further research and promising research methodologies *Written in a scholarly yet easily accessible style *2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category Preliminary TOC -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 2 Theories and Early Research I: Psychoanalytic and Superiority Theories -- Chapter 3 Theories and Early Research II: Arousal, Incongruity, and Reversal Theories -- Chapter 4 The Cognitive Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 5 The Social Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 6 The Psychobiology of Humor and Laughter -- Chapter 7 Personality Approaches to Sense of Humor -- Chapter 8 The Developmental Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 9 Humor and Mental Health -- Chapter 10 Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health -- Chapter 11 Applications of Humor to Psychotherapy, Education, and the Workplace Includes bibliographical references (pages 373-420) and indexes |
Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 446 pages) |
ISBN: | 0080465994 012372564X 9780080465999 9780123725646 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zc 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV043044048 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 151123s2007 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
020 | |a 0080465994 |c electronic bk. |9 0-08-046599-4 | ||
020 | |a 012372564X |9 0-12-372564-X | ||
020 | |a 9780080465999 |c electronic bk. |9 978-0-08-046599-9 | ||
020 | |a 9780123725646 |9 978-0-12-372564-6 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)162131478 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV043044048 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-1046 |a DE-1047 | ||
082 | 0 | |a 152.43 |2 22 | |
100 | 1 | |a Martin, Rod A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a The psychology of humor |b an integrative approach |c Rod A. Martin |
264 | 1 | |a Burlington, MA |b Elsevier Academic Press |c ©2007 | |
300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 446 pages) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Educational psychology | |
500 | |a Research on humor is carried out in a number of areas in psychology, including the cognitive (What makes something funny?), developmental (when do we develop a sense of humor?), and social (how is humor used in social interactions?) Although there is enough interest in the area to have spawned several societies, the literature is dispersed in a number of primary journals, with little in the way of integration of the material into a book. Dr. Martin is one of the best known researchers in the area, and his research goes across subdisciplines in psychology to be of wide appeal. This is a singly authored monograph that provides in one source, a summary of information researchers might wish to know about research into the psychology of humor. The material is scholarly, but the presentation of the material is suitable for people unfamiliar with the subject-making the book suitable for use for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses on the psychology of humor-which have not had a textbook source. 2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category! *Up-to-date coverage of research on humor and laughter in every area of psychology *Research findings are integrated into a coherent conceptual framework *Includes recent brain imaging studies, evolutionary models, and animal research *Draws on contributions from sociology, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology *Provides an overview of theories of humor and early research *Explores applications of humor in psychotherapy, education, and the workplace *Points out interesting topics for further research and promising research methodologies *Written in a scholarly yet easily accessible style *2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category | ||
500 | |a Preliminary TOC -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 2 Theories and Early Research I: Psychoanalytic and Superiority Theories -- Chapter 3 Theories and Early Research II: Arousal, Incongruity, and Reversal Theories -- Chapter 4 The Cognitive Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 5 The Social Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 6 The Psychobiology of Humor and Laughter -- Chapter 7 Personality Approaches to Sense of Humor -- Chapter 8 The Developmental Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 9 Humor and Mental Health -- Chapter 10 Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health -- Chapter 11 Applications of Humor to Psychotherapy, Education, and the Workplace | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 373-420) and indexes | ||
650 | 4 | |a Humour / Aspect psychologique | |
650 | 4 | |a Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique | |
650 | 7 | |a FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a Wit and humor / Psychological aspects |2 fast | |
650 | 7 | |a Wit and humor / Therapeutic use |2 fast | |
650 | 7 | |a Humor (grappigheden) |2 gtt | |
650 | 7 | |a Psychologische aspecten |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Psychologie | |
650 | 4 | |a Wit and humor |x Psychological aspects | |
650 | 4 | |a Wit and humor |x Therapeutic use | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Psychologie |0 (DE-588)4047704-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Humor |0 (DE-588)4026170-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Humor |0 (DE-588)4026170-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Psychologie |0 (DE-588)4047704-6 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240 |x Aggregator |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-4-EBA | ||
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028468585 | ||
966 | e | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240 |l FAW01 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FAW_PDA_EBA |x Aggregator |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240 |l FAW02 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FAW_PDA_EBA |x Aggregator |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804175409453989888 |
---|---|
any_adam_object | |
author | Martin, Rod A. |
author_facet | Martin, Rod A. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Martin, Rod A. |
author_variant | r a m ra ram |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV043044048 |
collection | ZDB-4-EBA |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)162131478 (DE-599)BVBBV043044048 |
dewey-full | 152.43 |
dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
dewey-ones | 152 - Perception, movement, emotions & drives |
dewey-raw | 152.43 |
dewey-search | 152.43 |
dewey-sort | 3152.43 |
dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
discipline | Psychologie |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04872nmm a2200589zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV043044048</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">151123s2007 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0080465994</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">0-08-046599-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">012372564X</subfield><subfield code="9">0-12-372564-X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780080465999</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-08-046599-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780123725646</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-12-372564-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)162131478</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV043044048</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1047</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">152.43</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Martin, Rod A.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The psychology of humor</subfield><subfield code="b">an integrative approach</subfield><subfield code="c">Rod A. Martin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Burlington, MA</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier Academic Press</subfield><subfield code="c">©2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 446 pages)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Educational psychology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Research on humor is carried out in a number of areas in psychology, including the cognitive (What makes something funny?), developmental (when do we develop a sense of humor?), and social (how is humor used in social interactions?) Although there is enough interest in the area to have spawned several societies, the literature is dispersed in a number of primary journals, with little in the way of integration of the material into a book. Dr. Martin is one of the best known researchers in the area, and his research goes across subdisciplines in psychology to be of wide appeal. This is a singly authored monograph that provides in one source, a summary of information researchers might wish to know about research into the psychology of humor. The material is scholarly, but the presentation of the material is suitable for people unfamiliar with the subject-making the book suitable for use for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses on the psychology of humor-which have not had a textbook source. 2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category! *Up-to-date coverage of research on humor and laughter in every area of psychology *Research findings are integrated into a coherent conceptual framework *Includes recent brain imaging studies, evolutionary models, and animal research *Draws on contributions from sociology, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology *Provides an overview of theories of humor and early research *Explores applications of humor in psychotherapy, education, and the workplace *Points out interesting topics for further research and promising research methodologies *Written in a scholarly yet easily accessible style *2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Preliminary TOC -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 2 Theories and Early Research I: Psychoanalytic and Superiority Theories -- Chapter 3 Theories and Early Research II: Arousal, Incongruity, and Reversal Theories -- Chapter 4 The Cognitive Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 5 The Social Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 6 The Psychobiology of Humor and Laughter -- Chapter 7 Personality Approaches to Sense of Humor -- Chapter 8 The Developmental Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 9 Humor and Mental Health -- Chapter 10 Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health -- Chapter 11 Applications of Humor to Psychotherapy, Education, and the Workplace</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (pages 373-420) and indexes</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Humour / Aspect psychologique</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wit and humor / Psychological aspects</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wit and humor / Therapeutic use</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Humor (grappigheden)</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Psychologische aspecten</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wit and humor</subfield><subfield code="x">Psychological aspects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wit and humor</subfield><subfield code="x">Therapeutic use</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047704-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Humor</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026170-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Humor</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4026170-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Psychologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4047704-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028468585</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240</subfield><subfield code="l">FAW01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240</subfield><subfield code="l">FAW02</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV043044048 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:15:50Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0080465994 012372564X 9780080465999 9780123725646 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028468585 |
oclc_num | 162131478 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 446 pages) |
psigel | ZDB-4-EBA ZDB-4-EBA FAW_PDA_EBA |
publishDate | 2007 |
publishDateSearch | 2007 |
publishDateSort | 2007 |
publisher | Elsevier Academic Press |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Educational psychology |
spelling | Martin, Rod A. Verfasser aut The psychology of humor an integrative approach Rod A. Martin Burlington, MA Elsevier Academic Press ©2007 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 446 pages) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Educational psychology Research on humor is carried out in a number of areas in psychology, including the cognitive (What makes something funny?), developmental (when do we develop a sense of humor?), and social (how is humor used in social interactions?) Although there is enough interest in the area to have spawned several societies, the literature is dispersed in a number of primary journals, with little in the way of integration of the material into a book. Dr. Martin is one of the best known researchers in the area, and his research goes across subdisciplines in psychology to be of wide appeal. This is a singly authored monograph that provides in one source, a summary of information researchers might wish to know about research into the psychology of humor. The material is scholarly, but the presentation of the material is suitable for people unfamiliar with the subject-making the book suitable for use for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses on the psychology of humor-which have not had a textbook source. 2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category! *Up-to-date coverage of research on humor and laughter in every area of psychology *Research findings are integrated into a coherent conceptual framework *Includes recent brain imaging studies, evolutionary models, and animal research *Draws on contributions from sociology, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology *Provides an overview of theories of humor and early research *Explores applications of humor in psychotherapy, education, and the workplace *Points out interesting topics for further research and promising research methodologies *Written in a scholarly yet easily accessible style *2007 <a href="http://www.aath.org/book_award.htm">AATH Book Award for Humor/Laughter Research</a> category Preliminary TOC -- Chapter 1 Introduction to the Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 2 Theories and Early Research I: Psychoanalytic and Superiority Theories -- Chapter 3 Theories and Early Research II: Arousal, Incongruity, and Reversal Theories -- Chapter 4 The Cognitive Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 5 The Social Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 6 The Psychobiology of Humor and Laughter -- Chapter 7 Personality Approaches to Sense of Humor -- Chapter 8 The Developmental Psychology of Humor -- Chapter 9 Humor and Mental Health -- Chapter 10 Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health -- Chapter 11 Applications of Humor to Psychotherapy, Education, and the Workplace Includes bibliographical references (pages 373-420) and indexes Humour / Aspect psychologique Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement bisacsh PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions bisacsh Wit and humor / Psychological aspects fast Wit and humor / Therapeutic use fast Humor (grappigheden) gtt Psychologische aspecten gtt Psychologie Wit and humor Psychological aspects Wit and humor Therapeutic use Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf Humor (DE-588)4026170-0 gnd rswk-swf Humor (DE-588)4026170-0 s Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s DE-604 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240 Aggregator Volltext |
spellingShingle | Martin, Rod A. The psychology of humor an integrative approach Humour / Aspect psychologique Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement bisacsh PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions bisacsh Wit and humor / Psychological aspects fast Wit and humor / Therapeutic use fast Humor (grappigheden) gtt Psychologische aspecten gtt Psychologie Wit and humor Psychological aspects Wit and humor Therapeutic use Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Humor (DE-588)4026170-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4026170-0 |
title | The psychology of humor an integrative approach |
title_auth | The psychology of humor an integrative approach |
title_exact_search | The psychology of humor an integrative approach |
title_full | The psychology of humor an integrative approach Rod A. Martin |
title_fullStr | The psychology of humor an integrative approach Rod A. Martin |
title_full_unstemmed | The psychology of humor an integrative approach Rod A. Martin |
title_short | The psychology of humor |
title_sort | the psychology of humor an integrative approach |
title_sub | an integrative approach |
topic | Humour / Aspect psychologique Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement bisacsh PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions bisacsh Wit and humor / Psychological aspects fast Wit and humor / Therapeutic use fast Humor (grappigheden) gtt Psychologische aspecten gtt Psychologie Wit and humor Psychological aspects Wit and humor Therapeutic use Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Humor (DE-588)4026170-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Humour / Aspect psychologique Humour / Emploi en thérapeutique FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS / Death, Grief, Bereavement PSYCHOLOGY / Emotions Wit and humor / Psychological aspects Wit and humor / Therapeutic use Humor (grappigheden) Psychologische aspecten Psychologie Wit and humor Psychological aspects Wit and humor Therapeutic use Humor |
url | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=182240 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT martinroda thepsychologyofhumoranintegrativeapproach |