Ammonia synthesis catalysts: innovation and practice
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2013
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| 100 | 1 | |a Liu, Huazhang |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ammonia synthesis catalysts |b innovation and practice |c Huazhang Liu |
| 264 | 1 | |a Singapore ; Beijing, China |b World Scientific Publishing |b Chemical Industry Press |c 2013 | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ammonia / Synthesis |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Catalysis |2 fast | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ammonia |x Synthesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Catalysis | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |a Liu, Huazhang |t Ammonia synthesis catalysts : innovation and practice |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175392820428800 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Ammonia synthesis catalysts
Autor: Liu, Huazhang
Jahr: 2013
Contents
Preface vi
Foreword x
Chapter 1. Historical Evolution of Catalysts for Ammonia
Synthesis 1
1.1 Introduction of Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis............ 2
1.1.1 Co-Mo hydrogenation catalysts.................. 6
1.1.2 Zinc oxide desulfurizer....................... 7
1.1.3 Hydrocarbon steam reforming catalysts ............. 8
1.1.4 CO high-temperature shift catalysts............... 11
1.1.5 CO low-temperature shift catalysts................ 14
1.1.6 Methanation catalysts....................... 15
1.1.7 Refine catalysts........................... 16
1.2 Historical Retrospect of Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis ....... 21
1.2.1 Basic studies on physical chemistry of ammonia
synthesis reaction.......................... 21
1.2.2 Realization of ammonia synthesis under high pressure..... 23
1.2.3 Development of fused iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis . . . 25
1.2.4 Development of ammonia synthesis catalysts in China..... 29
1.2.5 Development trend of ammonia synthesis catalysts....... 30
1.3 Development of Magnetite (Fe304) Based Fused Iron Catalysts .... 32
1.3.1 Magnetite (Fes04) based fused iron catalysts.......... 32
1.3.2 Development of Fe304 based catalysts containing cobalt .... 32
1.4 Discovery of Wiistite Based Fused Iron Catalysts ............ 33
1.4.1 Search for new breakthrough of the technique.......... 33
1.4.2 Activity of wiistite (Fei_xO) based catalysts........... 39
1.4.3 Reduction of Fei_xO based catalysts............... 42
1.4.4 Technical characteristics of wiistite-based catalysts....... 46
1.4.5 Significance of the Fei_xO-based catalysts in theory...... 49
1.4.6 Industrial application........................ 50
xiv Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: Innovation and Practice
1.5 Discovery of Ruthenium Based Catalysts................. 51
1.5.1 Properties of the elements in the activation of dinitrogen . ... 51
1.5.2 Properties of the elements in ammonia synthesis ........ 52
1.5.3 Alloying effect............................ 55
1.5.4 Activated carbon supported ruthenium catalysts
for ammonia synthesis....................... 59
References...................................... 62
Chapter 2. Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms of Ammonia
Synthesis 67
2.1 Introduction................................. 67
2.1.1 The development of catalysis theory............... 68
2.1.2 The chemical essences of catalysis................. 70
2.1.3 The methodology of catalytic investigation............ 73
2.2 Adsorption and Heterogeneous Catalysis................. 76
2.2.1 Adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis ............. 77
2.2.2 Non-uniformity of the surface of heterogeneous catalysts .... 80
2.2.3 Isotherms of chemisorptions.................... 83
2.2.4 Rate of adsorption: Elovich equation............... 87
2.2.5 Chemisorption state........................ 88
2.2.5.1 Chemisorption states of hydrogen........... 88
2.2.5.2 Adsorption states of nitrogen.............. 89
2.2.5.3 Infrared spectroscopy study of nitrogen
adsorption........................ 94
2.2.5.4 The study of electronic energy spectroscopy
for nitrogen adsorption................. 96
2.2.5.5 The study of adsorption of N2 on non-iron
metals.......................... 97
2.3 Mechanism of Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis Reaction.......... 102
2.3.1 Elementary reactions........................ 102
2.3.2 Catalytic reaction mechanisms for ammonia synthesis ..... 104
2.3.2.1 The mechanisms of ammonia synthesis reaction . . . 105
2.3.2.2 The mechanisms of ammonia decomposition..... 109
2.3.2.3 Isotope exchanges of N2 ................ Ill
2.3.2.4 Distinguishing reaction mechanisms.......... 112
2.3.3 Analysis of microreaction (intrinsic) kinetics of ammonia
synthesis............................... 117
2.3.3.1 Analysis of reactor ................... 118
2.3.3.2 The conclusion of microkinetic analysis........ 123
2.4 Kinetics of Overall Reactions for Ammonia Synthesis.......... 124
2.4.1 General relation between overall reaction and
elementary steps.......................... 125
2.4.2 Two-step sequences......................... 126
2.4.3 Fundamental hypothesis of Temkin theory............ 131
2.4.4 The reaction rate equation of Temkin-Pyzhev
for ammonia synthesis....................... 137
Contents xv
2.4.5 Consequence of Temkin s theory and search
for best catalysts.......................... 140
2.4.5.1 The riddling search for the optimal active site
or the best catalyst................... 140
2.4.5.2 Difference of catalytic activity on different active
site (or catalyst)..................... 142
2.4.5.3 Interpretation of very large differences
in catalytic activity................... 144
2.4.5.4 Structure-sensitivity of ammonia synthesis
reaction ......................... 147
2.5 Apparent Reaction Kinetics ........................ 153
2.5.1 External diffusion.......................... 154
2.5.2 Internal diffusion.......................... 156
2.5.3 Utilization ratio of internal surface................ 158
2.5.4 Macrokinetic equation of catalytic reactions........... 161
2.6 Design of Ammonia Synthesis Reactor .................. 163
2.6.1 Applied form of kinetic equation ................. 163
2.6.2 Mathematic model for design of reactor ............. 167
2.6.3 Distribution between various beds of multi-beds adiabatic
reactors for ammonia synthesis.................. 169
2.6.4 Fundamental data for design of ammonia synthesis reactor . . . 173
2.6.5 An example of simulating design calculation........... 176
References...................................... 177
Chapter 3. Chemical Composition and Structure of Fused
Iron Catalysts 185
3.1 Iron Oxides ................................. 185
3.1.1 Fe203................................ 185
3.1.2 Fe304................................ 185
3.1.3 FeO ................................. 188
3.1.3.1 Oxidative......................... 188
3.1.3.2 Non-stoichiometry.................... 189
3.1.3.3 Metastability-disproportionating reactions...... 196
3.1.4 Relationship between various iron oxides............. 201
3.1.5 Complex oxides and their solid solution of irons......... 202
3.1.5.1 Compound-type complex oxides............ 202
3.1.5.2 Sosoloid-type complex oxides.............. 205
3.1.6 Defect structures of iron oxides.................. 205
3.1.6.1 Classification of defects................. 209
3.1.6.2 Intrinsic defects and impurity defects......... 211
3.1.6.3 Irregularity of lattice and heterogeneous
catalysis......................... 213
3.2 Iron Oxides and Catalytic Activity .................... 214
3.2.1 Classical volcano-type activity curve............... 214
3.2.2 Hump-type activity curve..................... 216
3.2.3 Monophasical principle....................... 219
xvi Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: Innovation and Practice
3.2.4 Activity pattern of reduced catalyst with iron oxides
as precursor............................. 223
3.2.5 Iron oxides and reduction performance of catalysts....... 224
3.2.6 Iron oxides and the surface textures of catalysts......... 229
3.2.7 Iron oxides and the adsorption properties on catalyst...... 235
3.3 Promoters of Fused Iron Catalyst..................... 238
3.3.1 Design of promoter......................... 240
3.3.2 Structural promoters........................ 245
3.3.3 Electronic promoters........................ 249
3.3.4 Enrichment phenomena of promoters partial to surface
of catalysts............................. 255
3.3.5 Distribution of promoters in unreduced catalysts........ 260
3.4 Structures of Unreduced Catalysts..................... 266
3.4.1 Structural images of the classical fused iron catalysts...... 266
3.4.2 Structural images of Fei _xO based fused iron catalysts .... 268
3.5 Structure of Activated Iron Catalyst ................... 270
3.5.1 Pore structures........................... 270
3.5.2 Surface structure of activated iron catalyst............ 272
3.5.3 The role of surface restructuring ................. 279
3.5.4 Nanometer effect.......................... 281
3.5.5 Single-crystal structure of a-Fe and the active sites....... 285
3.6 About Fei_xO Based Catalysts and Their Highly Active
Mechanism.................................. 300
References...................................... 304
Chapter 4. Preparation of Fused Iron Catalysts 311
4.1 Technology and Equipments for the Preparation of Fused
Iron Catalysts................................ 311
4.1.1 Purification of raw materials.................... 312
4.1.2 Proportion and mixing of materials................ 315
4.1.3 Melting of materials........................ 316
4.1.4 Discharging and cooling of molten material........... 318
4.1.5 Crushing and sieving of molten materials ............ 319
4.1.6 Packing, storage and transportation ............... 319
4.2 Chemical Reaction During Preparation Process............. 319
4.3 Phase Transformation and Phase Diagram Analysis
During Preparation............................. 323
4.4 Segregation of Promoters During Solidification Processes........ 327
4.5 Preparation of Prereduced Catalysts ................... 337
4.6 Preparation Technique of Spherical Catalysts............... 345
4.6.1 Shaping technique of catalysts................... 345
4.6.2 Preparation technique of spherical catalysts for ammonia
synthesis............................... 349
4.6.2.1 Methods of mechanical impact dispersion and
liquid spurt impact dispersion............. 350
4.6.2.2 Continuous glomeration method............ 351
4.6.2.3 Spraying glomeration method............. 351
Contents xvii
4.7 Recycling of Waste Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis........... 354
References...................................... 35(j
Chapter 5. Reduction of Fused Iron Catalysts 359
5.1 Solid-State Reactions Involved in Reduction Process........... 361
5.1.1 General laws of solid state reaction................ 361
5.1.2 Solid state reaction kinetics.................... 366
5.2 Kinetic model of solid state reaction.................... 367
5.2.1 Kinetic model for gas-solid non-catalytic reaction........ 367
5.2.2 Kinetic model for reduction of fused iron catalyst........ 372
5.2.3 Crystal nucleus growing model .................. 377
5.3 Reduction Process of Oxides........................ 379
5.4 Reduction Thermodynamics for Iron Oxides............... 386
5.5 Reduction Reaction Kinetics of Iron Oxides ............... 390
5.5.1 Reduction mechanism of oxides.................. 390
5.5.2 Reduction of single particle catalyst ............... 393
5.5.3 The relation between activity and physical properties
with the reduction degree..................... 400
5.6 Factors of Influence on Reduction Rate.................. 403
5.6.1 Influence of temperature...................... 403
5.6.2 Influence of pressure........................ 404
5.6.3 Influence of space velocity..................... 405
5.6.4 Influence of gas composition.................... 406
5.6.5 Influence of oxide precursor.................... 407
5.6.6 Influence of promoters to reduction rate............. 408
5.7 Reduction in Industrial Equipments.................... 409
5.7.1 Reduction rate of catalyst in industrial reactor......... 410
5.7.2 Characteristic of reduction processes in catalyst bed...... 411
5.7.2.1 Characteristic of reduction processes by pure
H2 in catalyst bed.................... 411
5.7.2.2 Characteristic of reduction processes by syngas
in catalyst bed...................... 415
5.7.3 The choice of reduction condition in industrial reactor..... 419
5.7.4 The reduction program in the industrial converter ....... 421
References...................................... 422
Chapter 6. Ruthenium Based Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts 425
6.1 Chemical Compositions of Ruthenium Catalysts............. 426
6.1.1 Ruthenium precursor compound ................. 426
6.1.2 Supports of ruthenium catalysts.................. 428
6.1.2.1 Activated carbons.................... 428
6.1.2.2 Oxides.......................... 435
6.1.2.3 Molecular sieve ..................... 439
6.1.2.4 Other supports ..................... 439
6.1.3 The promoter of ruthenium catalyst ............... 441
6.1.4 Mechanism on the role of support and promoter......... 444
6.1.4.1 Hydrogenolysis of precursor of promoter....... 444
6.1.4.2 Electronic contribution of active site ......... 447
xviii Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: Innovation and Practice
6.2 Preparation of Ruthenium Catalyst.................... 454
6.2.1 Outline ............................... 454
6.2.2 Pretreatment of supports ..................... 456
6.2.2.1 Graphitization of activated carbons.......... 458
6.2.2.2 Acid treatment ..................... 462
6.2.2.3 The treatment in H2 or inert atmosphere....... 464
6.2.2.4 Microwave treatment.................. 465
6.2.3 Impregnation............................ 466
6.2.3.1 Impregnation methods................. 466
6.2.3.2 The influencing factors during impregnation..... 467
6.2.4 Reduction of RuClg • XH2O and elimination of chlorine ions . . 472
6.2.4.1 The effect of chlorines on catalytic performances . . . 472
6.2.4.2 The elimination of chlorines in catalyst........ 474
6.2.4.3 Discussion on mechanism of chlorine poison
on Ru catalyst...................... 487
6.2.5 Drying................................ 488
6.3 Performance Characteristic of Ruthenium Catalysts........... 492
6.3.1 Structural sensitivity........................ 492
6.3.2 The activity of ruthenium catalyst................ 501
6.3.3 The strong inhibition of H2.................... 507
6.3.3.1 The phenomenon of strong H2 inhibition....... 507
6.3.3.2 The possible reasons of hydrogen inhibition...... 510
6.3.3.3 Measures to reduce hydrogen inhibition........ 515
6.3.4 Methanation reaction of activated carbon............ 521
6.3.4.1 The stability of ruthenium catalyst.......... 521
6.3.4.2 The effect of graphitization on methanation..... 522
6.3.4.3 Influence of physical and chemical property
of activated carbon on methanation.......... 524
6.3.4.4 The effect of compositions of catalyst
on the methanation................... 527
6.3.4.5 Thermodynamics and mechanism of methanation
reaction of carbon.................... 534
References...................................... 537
Chapter 7. Performance Evaluation and Characterization
of Catalysts 543
7.1 Performance Evaluation of Catalysts................... 544
7.1.1 Basic concepts ........................... 544
7.1.1.1 Activity ......................... 544
7.1.1.2 Selectivity........................ 548
7.1.1.3 Stability......................... 548
7.1.2 Performance evaluation of catalysts................ 550
7.1.2.1 The reactor for performance evaluation
and dynamic test of catalyst.............. 550
7.1.2.2 Experimental device................... 555
7.1.2.3 Evaluation of catalytic activity............. 557
7.2 Measurement of Physical Properties of Catalysts............. 561
7.2.1 Particle size and density...................... 562
Contents xix
7.2.1.1 Particle size and particle shape factor (ips)...... 502
7.2.1.2 Density of catalyst ................... 564
7.2.1.3 Voidage of catalyst bed (e)............... 567
7.2.2 Surface area and pore structure.................. 568
7.2.2.1 Specific surface area................... 568
7.2.2.2 Pore volume....................... 570
7.2.2.3 Porosity ......................... 570
7.2.2.4 Average pore size.................... 571
7.2.2.5 Twist-factor....................... 572
7.2.2.6 Distribution of pore size ................ 572
7.2.2.7 Lag-ring and pore structural model.......... 575
7.3 Nature and Structure of Surface...................... 577
7.3.1 Introduction............................. 577
7.3.1.1 Intensity and quantity of chemisorption........ 579
7.3.1.2 Adsorbed state of gas on surface of catalysts..... 580
7.3.1.3 Chemisorption stoichiometry.............. 582
7.3.2 Physical and chemical adsorption experiment
on iron catalyst........................... 583
7.3.3 Measuring the number of total surface metal atoms
by chemisorption.......................... 585
7.3.4 Measuring surface area and acid-base of various
component by chemisorption ................... 586
7.3.5 Measurement of exposed fraction of surface metal atoms .... 588
7.3.6 Measurement of metal particle nanosize on the surface
of catalyst.............................. 589
7.3.7 Turnover frequency and active site................ 591
7.3.8 Chemisorption: measure the rate and activation
energy of adsorption........................ 592
7.4 Temperature Programmed Analysis Technology (TPAT) ........ 593
7.4.1 Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) .......... 594
7.4.2 Temperature programmed reduction (TPR)........... 600
7.4.2.1 TPR dynamic equation................. 600
7.4.2.2 Impact factors of TPR dynamic equation....... 602
7.4.2.3 Measurement dispersion of metal
catalyst by TPR..................... 603
7.4.3 Temperature programmed oxidation (TPO)........... 604
7.4.4 Temperature programmed sulfuration (TPS)........... 604
7.4.5 Temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR)....... 604
7.5 Application of Thermal Analysis Technology in Catalyst Research . . . 605
7.5.1 Derivatography analysis (DTA) and its application....... 606
7.5.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its application..... 607
7.6 Characterization of the Microstructure and Properties of Catalysts . . 608
7.6.1 Application of XRD in the study of catalysis .......... 609
7.6.1.1 Quantitative analysis of phase composition...... 610
7.6.1.2 Determination of lattice constant ........... 614
7.6.1.3 Determination of average nanoparticle size
by line width method.................. 615
xx Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: Innovation and Practice
7.6.1.4 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
(EXAFS) analysis.................... 615
7.6.1.5 Multicrystalline structure determination....... 616
7.6.1.6 Structure analysis by Rietveld fitting......... 617
7.6.2 Application of XRD in the research of ammonia
synthesis catalysts......................... 624
7.6.2.1 Structure of precursor and active phase
of Fes04-based ammonia catalyst........... 625
7.6.2.2 Grain-growth kinetics and microstructure
evolution of nanocrystalline iron............ 636
7.6.3 Application of other modern physical methods in catalyst
characterization........................... 639
References...................................... 643
Chapter 8. Performance and Application of Catalysts 649
8.1 Activity of catalysts............................. 650
8.1.1 Reaction pressure.......................... 650
8.1.2 Reaction temperature....................... 653
8.1.2.1 Active temperature of catalyst............. 653
8.1.2.2 The optimum reaction temperature.......... 655
8.1.2.3 Realization of the optimum reaction
temperature curve.................... 657
8.1.2.4 Control of temperature of catalyst beds........ 660
8.1.3 Space velocity............................ 662
8.1.4 Gas compositions.......................... 664
8.1.4.1 H2/N2 ratio....................... 664
8.1.4.2 Content of inert gas................... 670
8.1.4.3 Content of ammonia in the inlet gas and
temperature of ammonia refrigeration......... 673
8.2 Particle Size of Catalysts.......................... 674
8.2.1 Effect of particle size on catalytic activity and reaction
rate of catalyst........................... 675
8.2.2 Effect of particle size on the utilization ratio of inner
surface of catalyst ......................... 676
8.2.3 Effect of particle size on the pressure drop of catalyst bed . . . 680
8.2.4 Choice of catalyst particle size for industrial applications .... 684
8.3 Poison and Life of Catalyst......................... 686
8.3.1 Thermal sintering and changes of chemical composition
of catalyst.............................. 687
8.3.2 Poisons and the phenomenon of poisoning of catalyst...... 690
8.3.2.1 Types of catalyst poisoning............... 690
8.3.2.2 Poisons of catalyst ................... 691
8.3.2.3 Factors affecting toxicity................ 692
8.3.2.4 Poisons and the poisoning phenomena
for ammonia synthesis catalysts............ 695
8.4 Mechanical Strength of Catalysts.....................705
Contents xxi
8.4.1 Theoretical research on the mechanical strength
for the solid catalyst........................ 706
8.4.2 The basis of catalyst solid mechanics............... 707
8.4.3 The measurement of mechanical strength for solid catalyst . . . 712
8.4.4 Effect of chemical composition of catalysts
on its mechanical strength..................... 716
8.4.5 The requirement of mechanical strength of catalysts
in industry ............................. 718
8.5 Usage and Maintenance of Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts........ 721
8.5.1 Selection of the type of catalyst to use.............. 721
8.5.1.1 Type of catalysts for ammonia synthesis....... 722
8.5.1.2 Pre-reduced catalysts.................. 726
8.5.1.3 Spherical catalysts for ammonia synthesis....... 726
8.5.2 Proper use of catalysts....................... 727
8.5.3 The transport and storage of catalysts.............. 728
References...................................... 728
Chapter 9. Effect of Catalyst Performance on the
Economic Benefits of Catalytic Process 733
9.1 Synthesis Processes and Catalysts..................... 734
9.1.1 Process with classical molten iron catalysts ........... 735
9.1.1.1 Kellogg process..................... 735
9.1.1.2 Tops0e process...................... 736
9.1.1.3 Braun process...................... 738
9.1.2 ICI-AMV process with Fe-Co catalyst.............. 739
9.1.3 Synthetic process flow with Ru catalysts............. 741
9.1.3.1 The synthesis process with low ratio
of H2 toN2 ....................... 741
9.1.3.2 Synthetic process flow without circulation ...... 742
9.1.3.3 Process flow of using Fe catalyst combined
with Ru catalyst..................... 744
9.1.4 Pressure of reaction and isopiestic process............ 748
9.1.4.1 Pressure of reaction................... 748
9.1.4.2 Process of synthesis at isotonic pressure........ 750
9.1.4.3 The low-pressure renovation for the
small-medium ammonia plant............. 755
9.2 Ammonia Converter and Catalysts .................... 756
9.3 Performance of Catalyst and Recovery of Reaction Heat ........ 760
9.3.1 The theoretic energy consumption of synthesis ammonia .... 760
9.3.2 The actual energy consumption of the ammonia
production.............................. 763
9.3.3 Catalyst activities and the use of the
reaction heat ............................ 767
9.4 Influence of Performance of Catalyst on the Economic
Benefits of Catalytic Process........................ 771
9.4.1 Catalyst-consumed cost ...................... 771
9.4.2 Economic factor of reduction for catalyst............. 774
xxii Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: Innovation and Practice
9.4.3 The economic benefits using the pre-reduced catalyst...... 775
9.4.4 Effect of catalyst performance on the economic
benefits of process ......................... 776
9.4.5 Selectivity of catalyst........................ 784
9.4.6 Life period and service time of ammonia catalyst........ 784
9.4.6.1 Economic appraisement of the service time
of the catalyst...................... 786
9.4.6.2 Economic appraisement on replacement
of catalyst........................ 788
9.5 Benefits of Operating Rate and Management of Enterprise....... 789
References...................................... 790
Chapter 10. Innovation and Speculation 793
10.1 New Exploration of Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst............ 793
10.1.1 Revelation of theory and practice of fusing-iron catalyst .... 794
10.1.2 Exploration of non-iron and alloy catalysts............ 798
10.1.3 Exploration of other non-iron catalyst for ammonia
synthesis............................... 803
10.1.4 Non-crystal catalyst........................ 807
10.2 New Catalytic Technique for Ammonia Synthesis............ 809
10.2.1 Progress in ammonia synthesis at normal pressure
and temperature.......................... 809
10.2.2 Photocatalysis for ammonia synthesis .............. 813
10.2.2.1 Photocatalytic reaction and photocatalyst...... 813
10.2.2.2 Photocatalytic ammonia synthesis by water
and dinitrogen...................... 816
10.2.3 Electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis at normal pressure..... 817
10.2.3.1 Electrocatalytic reaction and electrocatalyst..... 817
10.2.3.2 The progress of electrochemical ammonia
synthesis......................... 820
10.2.4 Biocatalytic ammonia synthesis at normal temperature..... 831
10.2.5 Ammonia synthesis at supercritical condition.......... 834
10.3 New Application of Ammonia....................... 835
10.3.1 Ammonia synthesis device is a highly efficient device
for energy transformation and hydrogen production....... 836
10.3.2 New application of ammonia.................... 841
References...................................... 846
Index 851
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Liu, Huazhang |
| author_facet | Liu, Huazhang |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Liu, Huazhang |
| author_variant | h l hl |
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| dewey-ones | 661 - Technology of industrial chemicals |
| dewey-raw | 661/.34 |
| dewey-search | 661/.34 |
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| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| id | DE-604.BV043034176 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:15:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789814355773 9789814355780 981435578X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028458824 |
| oclc_num | 878144618 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
| owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-1047 |
| physical | 1 online resource (895 pages) illustrations |
| psigel | ZDB-4-EBA ZDB-4-EBA FAW_PDA_EBA |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | World Scientific Publishing Chemical Industry Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Liu, Huazhang Verfasser aut Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice Huazhang Liu Singapore ; Beijing, China World Scientific Publishing Chemical Industry Press 2013 © 2013 1 online resource (895 pages) illustrations txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Print version record TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical bisacsh Ammonia / Synthesis fast Catalysis fast Ammonia Synthesis Catalysis Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Liu, Huazhang Ammonia synthesis catalysts : innovation and practice http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=703965 Aggregator Volltext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028458824&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Liu, Huazhang Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical bisacsh Ammonia / Synthesis fast Catalysis fast Ammonia Synthesis Catalysis |
| title | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice |
| title_auth | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice |
| title_exact_search | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice |
| title_full | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice Huazhang Liu |
| title_fullStr | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice Huazhang Liu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice Huazhang Liu |
| title_short | Ammonia synthesis catalysts |
| title_sort | ammonia synthesis catalysts innovation and practice |
| title_sub | innovation and practice |
| topic | TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical bisacsh Ammonia / Synthesis fast Catalysis fast Ammonia Synthesis Catalysis |
| topic_facet | TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Chemical & Biochemical Ammonia / Synthesis Catalysis Ammonia Synthesis |
| url | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=703965 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028458824&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT liuhuazhang ammoniasynthesiscatalystsinnovationandpractice |