For the love of language: an introduction to linguistics
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Port Melbourne, Australia
Cambridge University Press
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | First published |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 497 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781107618831 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175379235078144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Symbols used in this book xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
PART 1 ‘USING LANGUAGE TO EXPOSE LANGUAGE’: SETTING THE SCENE 1
Chapter 1 What is language? 3
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 Hocketts design features of language 4
1.2 Signs 6
1.3 Arbitrariness of signs 7
1.4 Language modalities 9
1.5 ‘Infinite use of finite means*: rules and paradigms 11
1.6 Prescriptive and descriptive approaches 13
1.7 The ideal and the real 15
1.8 Language in its social context 16
1.9 Language across time 17
Further reading 19
Exercises/discussion points 19
Research project 20
Chapter 2 What linguists do 22
2.0 Introduction 22
2.1 Everyone should know about language 22
2.2 Linguistics at work 23
Linguists in the legal system 24
Linguists in education 25
Linguists and communication 27
Linguists in the field 28
Linguists in advertising and marketing 29
Linguists in health sciences 30
Linguists in business and professional services 32
Linguists in the film industry 34
Linguists in computing and technology 35
2.3 Some final remarks 36
Further reading 36
Exercises/discussion points 37
Research project 38
Chapter 3 Ways to study language 39
3.0 Introduction 39
3.1 Sources of linguistic data 40
Corpora 40
CONTENTS
5.3 Inflection and derivation 92
Paradigms 94
5.4 Morphs and allomorphs 98
5.5 Lexical and grammatical morphemes 100
5.6 Word dasses/parts of speech 103
Nouns 103
Verbs 104
Adjectives and adverbs 106
5.7 More morphological processes 107
Modification 108
Suppletion 109
5.8 Productive morphemes 110
Further reading 110
Exercises/discussion points 111
Research project 115
Chapter 6 Semantics: the meaning of words 116
6.0 Introduction 116
6.1 The meaning of meaning 116
6.2 Meaning properties: ambiguity and anomaly 118
6.3 Lexical relations - all those ‘nyms* 119
Synonymy 120
Antonomy 120
Homonymy 121
Polysemy 122
Hyponymy 123
6.4 Meaning components 123
Natural semantic metalanguage 124
6.5 Meaning and context 124
‘You shall know a word by the company it keeps*: collocation 126
Idioms: special examples of collocation 127
6.6 Metonymy and metaphor 128
6.7 Semantic change ֊ types of meaning shifts 129
Broadening 130
Narrowing 130
Shifting 131
Changing values: elevation and deterioration 131
Why words shift their meanings 132
6.8 Slips of the ear and brain 134
6.9 Phonesthemes 135
Further reading 136
Exercises/discussion points 137
Research project 138
viii CONTENTS
PART3 ‘THE DEEP GROOVES OF LANGUAGE’: SOUNDS AND GRAMMAR 141
Chapter 7 Phonetics 143
7.0 Introduction 143
7.1 Articulatory phonetics and the vocal tract 143
7.2 Consonants 144
Voicing 145
Manner of articulation 145
Stops 146
Fricatives 146
Affricates 147
Approximants 147
The International Phonetic Alphabet 149
7.3 Vowels 150
The basics 151
Australian and New Zealand English 152
Other languages 153
Diphthongs 154
7.4 Uncomfortable relations - the written and spoken word 155
Sounds to symbols 155
7.5 Prosody 156
Syllables 157
Pitch and intonation 158
Tone 159
Paralinguistic features 160
7.6 Unpacking the parts 161
Phonetics and sound symbolism 162
7.7 Acoustic phonetics 163
Visualising sound 163
Acoustic analysis - how it’s used 165
Forensic phonetics 165
Sociophonetics 166
Sound change 166
Further reading 168
Exercises/discussion points 168
Research project 170
Chapter 8 Phonology: the sound system 171
8.0 Introduction 171
8.1 Phonemes, phones - and allophones 171
Why bother with allophones and phonemes? 173
8.2 Sounds in connected speech - phonological processes 175
Changes that alter syllable structure: deletion,
addition and reordering of sounds 176
Processes that involve the modification of sounds 178
8.3 Determining phonemes 181
CONTENTS
l; Minimal pairs 7?՛ . ·■·£ #՛·· 181
Complementary distribution ·-« -՝ * 183
So-called free variation :■ i ■ -։ . v. i1 ^ ■;՛{ : i: · 189
Phonetic similarity՛ ·,՛■՝✓, ■■■.:■■·֊.■ ■·.: ՛■. ՛ ■ 190
8.4 Distinctive features and natural classes ■՛՛-.. 193
8.5 The pronunciation of morphemes - morphs and allomorphs 194
8.6 Prosodic phonology 196
Syllable structure v՝ 196
Phonotactic constraints ;?· s ^ 198
Prosodic features ;-՛՛·.՛ :՝ 199
Further reading 201
Exercises/discussion points 201
Research project 203
Chapter 9 Syntax: the structure of sentences 205
9.0 Introduction 205
9.1 Grammatically ‘■‘i. ’ 205
9.2 The basic clause ·.·* : · 206
9.3 Sentence types (simple, coordinate, complex) 209
9.4 Constituency and phrases 211
9.5 Categories and functions 214
9.6 Grammatical relations and semantic roles 216
Syntactic ambiguity 219
9.7 Phrase structure rules 220
Recursion 222
9.8 Word order types 224
9.9 Transitivity 225
The subject 226
The object 227
Direct and indirect objects 227
Predicative complements 228
Adjuncts 228
9.10 Clause types 229
9.11 Some final thoughts 230
Further reading 231
Exercises/discussion points 231
Research project 234
PART 4 ‘LANGUAGE IS A SOCIAL FACT’: VARIATION
AND CHANGE 235
Chapter 10 Variation and identity 237
10.0 Introduction 237
10.1 ‘The chaos of a living speech’ 237
CONTENTS xi
12.1 Types of contact between languages 294
The outcomes of language contact 296
12.2 Language maintenance 296
Diglossia 296
Code-switching 298
Structural borrowing 299
Areal linguistics 300
12.3 Language shift 301
Language maintenance and reclamation 303
Factors contributing to language shift 305
12.4 The creation of new languages 307
Pidgin languages 307
Creoles 308
New mixed languages 310
12.5 Language choice and linguistic accommodation 311
12.6 Translation and interpreting 313
Further reading 316
Exercises/discussion points 316
Research project 318
PART 5 ‘LANGUAGE THAT ROLLS UP ITS SLEEVES’: LANGUAGE AT WORK 319
Chapter 13 Language and text 321
13.0 Introduction 321
13.1 Information packaging 321
Given information comes before new 322
Topic comes before comment 324
Principle of front focus 325
13.2 Special discourse strategies 326
Passives - creating new subjects 327
Existentials (or there-constructions) 327
Extraposition 328
Cleft constructions 328
Fronting 329
Dislocation 330
13.3 Cohesion 331
Reflexive pronouns 332
Deixis - pointing words’ 334
13.4 Different types of communication 335
Conversations 337
Expressing support 340
Turn-taking 340
Narrative structures 341
Cultural aspects of narratives 343
13.5 Ethnography of communication 346
Further reading 348
CONTENTS
12.1 Types of contact between languages 294
The outcomes of language contact 296
12.2 Language maintenance 296
Diglossia 296
Code-switching 298
Structural borrowing 299
Areal linguistics 300
12.3 Language shift 301
Language maintenance and reclamation 303
Factors contributing to language shift 305
12.4 The creation of new languages 307
Pidgin languages 307
Creoles 308
New mixed languages 310
12.5 Language choice and linguistic accommodation 311
12.6 Translation and interpreting 313
Further reading 316
Exercises/discussion points 316
Research project 318
PART 5 ‘LANGUAGE THAT ROLLS UP ITS SLEEVES’: LANGUAGE AT WORK 319
Chapter 13 Language and text 321
13.0 Introduction 321
13.1 Information packaging 321
Given information comes before new 322
Topic comes before comment 324
Principle of front focus 325
13.2 Special discourse strategies 326
Passives - creating new subjects 327
Existentials (or there-constructions) 327
Extraposition 328
Cleft constructions 328
Fronting 329
Dislocation 330
13.3 Cohesion 331
Reflexive pronouns 332
Deixis - pointing words’ 334
13.4 Different types of communication 335
Conversations 337
Expressing support 340
Turn-taking 340
Narrative structures 341
Cultural aspects of narratives 343
13.5 Ethnography of communication 346
Further reading 348
xii CONTENTS
Exercises/discussion points 348
Research project 351
Chapter 14 Language and interaction 352
14.0 Introduction 352
14.1 Some preliminary observations 352
14.2 Context ֊ linguistic and situational 354
14.3 The force of words 357
14.4 The Cooperative Principle 358
Maxim of Quantity 359
Maxim of Quality 360
Maxim of Relation 360
Maxim of Manner 361
14.5 Extracting meaning from talk 362
Contravening maxims 363
Presuppositions 364
Inferencing 364
Implicature 365
14.6 (Im)politeness 366
Face 367
Social distance 368
Relative power 368
Ranking impositions 368
14.7 Cross-cultural pragmatics 369
Silence across cultures 370
When insults aren’t insults ֊ the ‘Banter Principle 371
14.8 Discourse analysis 372
Further reading 373
Exercises/discussion points 374
Research project 375
Chapter 15 Language and social values 376
15.0 Introduction 376
15.1 Linguistic prejudice and stereotyping 377
15.2 The identity functions of language 379
15.3 Verbal hygiene - doctrines of correctness and linguistic purism 381
Style guides 384
Good grammar 384
Political correctness 385
Language and gender 386
15.4 Prescription, competence and social inclusion 387
Educational implications of non-standard variation 389
15.5 Language planning 390
Language planning - who decides? 391
CONTENTS xiii
Graphisation 392
Modernisation 394
Standardisation 394
15.6 Language and nation 395
Ideologies of national language planning 396
15.7 The monolingual mindset 397
Further reading 398
Exercises/discussion points 399
Research project 401
PART 6 ‘LANGUAGE IS THE DRESS OF THOUGHT’: LANGUAGE, MIND AND WORLD 403
Chapter 16 Language, the mind and the brain 405
16.0 Introduction 405
16.1 Language, culture and the mind 405
16.2 How language maps onto the brain 410
16.3 Ways of learning about language and the brain 412
Behavioural methods of psycholinguistic research 412
Neuroimaging techniques 414
16.4 Models of language processing 415
16.5 Language production 417
Error analysis 417
Lexical retrieval 418
16.6 Comprehending words 419
16.7 Comprehending sentences 421
16.8 The bilingual brain 421
16.9 Language disability 423
Developmental disability 424
Acquired disability 426
Further reading 427
Exercises/discussion points 427
Research project 429
Chapter 17 Language acquisition 430
17.0 Introduction 430
17.1 Approaches to language acquisition research 430
17.2 Language acquisition pathways 431
A note about ‘input’ 432
The critical period hypothesis 434
17.3 Acquisition of phonology 435
The ‘fis phenomenon 436
17.4 Acquisition of vocabulary 437
17.5 Acquisition of grammar 438
The one-word stage 440
The two-word stage 440
xiv CONTENTS
Telegraphic speech and beyond 441
17.6 Other things you need to know to be a user of language 443
Acquiring honorifics in Japanese 444
17.7 Development of literacy 446
Exploration of a literate identity 446
Exploration of text features 446
Early reading 446
Reading for meaning 447
Independent reading 447
Developing writing 447
17.8 Second-language acquisition 447
Developmental patterns in second-language acquisition 448
The impact of the first language in second-language acquisition 449
Success factors in second-language acquisition 450
17.9 Growing up bilingual 450
Acquisition of phonology 451
Acquisition of vocabulary 451
Acquisition of grammar 451
Language awareness and differentiation . 451
The benefits of growing up bilingual 453
Further reading 453
Exercises/discussion points 454
Research project 456
Chapter 18 Computational linguistics 457
18.0 Introduction 457
18.1 How does HAL understand what is said? 457
Speech recognition 458
Syntactic and semantic analysis 459
18.2 How does HAL say anything? 462
18.3 Machine translation 464
18.4 Corpus linguistics 466
18.5 Techniques from genetics 469
18.6 Conclusion 470
Further reading 470
Exercises/discussion points 471
Research project 472
References 473
Index 486
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| spelling | Burridge, Kate 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)1055766987 aut For the love of language an introduction to linguistics Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins First published Port Melbourne, Australia Cambridge University Press 2016 xviii, 497 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sprache Sociolinguistics Language and languages Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 s DE-604 Stebbins, Tonya N. Verfasser (DE-588)108421914X aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028450650&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | For the love of language an introduction to linguistics |
| title_auth | For the love of language an introduction to linguistics |
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| title_full | For the love of language an introduction to linguistics Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins |
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| title_full_unstemmed | For the love of language an introduction to linguistics Kate Burridge, Tonya N. Stebbins |
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| title_sort | for the love of language an introduction to linguistics |
| title_sub | an introduction to linguistics |
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