Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja:
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
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Beograd
Inst. za Ekonomiku Poljoprivrede
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 203 - 207. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 271 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788662690234 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |c Boško Vojnović ; Drago Cvijanovič ; Barbara Rodiza |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
prolaze kroz tranziciju preduzetnički inkubatori omogućavaju malim
preduzećima da dođu do novih tehnologija i tržišta. Udruživanje ukazuje
na činjenicu da su preduzetnici zainteresovaní najviše za nove tehnologije i
mogućnost ulaska na strana tržišta, kao i za bolje uslove finansiranja
proizvodnje.
U skoro svim razvijenim zemljama postoje fondovi namenjeni za
podsticanje započinjanja biznisa. Nedostatak sredstava te vrste je
ograničavajući faktor za razvoj malih preduzeća. Međunarodne
organizacije, kao USAID i HALP imaju programe podrške malim
preduzećima u formi malih bespovratnih kredita za započinjanje biznisa,
ali su oni ograničeni na određene ciljne grupe i određene oblasti.
Naprimer, norveška organizacija 'Jarenprodukt Udvikling' pruža
konsultantske usluge, formira kooperativne grupe i obezbeđuje sredstva za
članove kooperativnih grupa u Srbiji, ali samo u dve opštine - Kragujevac
i Bač.
I na kraju treba naglasiti da dalji rast privrede, opravdano zasnovan
na razvijanju malih preduzeća, zahteva pomoć i podršku institucija za
razvoj, kakostranih, tako i lokalne vlade, ali pre svega preduzeća terba da
dobijaju lokalnu i regionalnu podršku.
SUMMARY
Regional economy competitiveness building based on financing
from a state level (traditional principle) with the aim of economy
improvement in specific areas did not prove to be efficient. Big investments
have been made, but they did not result in development. New approaches to
regional development have different implication: the initiative comes from
regions itself while the state gives support.177 The support to regional
development has the characteristic of interest. The aim of the state is to
support regional development expecting the effects which should come as
the result of development. In building the economy and enterprises
competitiveness regions are using various development means and
methodologies.
A basic goal of this work is to emphasize the importance of strategies
definition and choice of strategies, as well as other relevant factors
important for regional and local development which is applied. It is
important to stress at the beginning that regional and local development
strategy, despite the fact that these are two different levels, have many
177Vojnović B., Riznić D., DEVELOPMENTMEANS IN REGIONAL AND LOKAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Ekonomske teme, 4/2009. str. 153-169.
184
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
common goals. Therefore, a unique strategy development is possible to be
applied in order to optimize implementation of goals through development
plans. Basic activities of above mentioned strategy are based on
identification of local potentials and attraction of external, domestic and
foreign investors.
There are three levels in strategy management on which decisions of
strategic importance are made. These levels are: business systems levels,
specific businesses levels and business functions levels. Next to above
mentioned, there are also social strategies.178 In that case we speak about
local, regional or national strategy of economic development.
National strategy is focused on national economic development and
does not consider development of specific local or regional areas as very
important. Besides that, influence of national strategies on lower levels is
big, especially in respect to macro economy and monetary policy. National
regulations and national tax policy have enormous influence on
establishment of entrepreneurial climate at local or regional levels. In that
respect decentralization of specific functions and transfer of responsibilities
to lower levels is part of national strategy.
Regional level of strategic support to enterprises is based on
organizational, management and technological needs of business system:
strategic management, production organization, technology development,
product development and value chain organization.
A need for establishment of in-between level (local and regional), as
systematic support for enterprises development (see picture 1.) is based on
fact that enterprises on local level build competitive advantage mostly as
one location advantage. This results in need for regional or local enterprises
to unite, which is the only proper way to compete strong global competition.
This lead us to conclusion of necessity to build up and support proper
business environment on regional and local level, as well as to organize new
way of strategic management. This is basic and most important task of in-
between level where it is necessary to harmonize structure and strategy.
l78Cameford and Callagham, (1985). s. 13.
185
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
Traditional
approach to
development
level * «1
In-between level-level of support to entreprises £
, besed on specific policy and institutions
Microlevel
--- Entreprise level «-1
Developtne
nt based on
in-between
levels
influence
Picture 1. Levels of systematic influence on economical development179
Due to fact that above mentioned approach of local level
development results in conflict of interest among participating subjects, it is
of strategic importance to establish local configuration and clear definition
of common goals among all participants in local economic development and
to create adequate organizational structure and development strategy.
Furthermore we can say that in almost all developed countries there are
means
(Entrepreneur incubators, technological parks, methodologies of
development) aimed for start up of businesses of beginning enterprises,
which most directly influence start up of regional and local economic
development. The lack of such means in Serbia presents limiting factor for
development of small enterprises. International organizations, such as
USAID and HELP have assistance programs to small enterprises in Serbia
as small grants for start up of business, but they are limited to individual
target groups and certain regions. Norwegian organization "Jarenprodukt
Udvikling" provides consulting services, establishes Cooperatives and
provides means for Cooperative Fund for its members (in Serbia it is limited
only to two municipalities, Kragujevac and Bac).
At the end it should be emphasized that in the context of further
economy development, which is based on small enterprises development,
there is a need for foreign and state development institutions support, but
first of all it is necessary that enterprises receive support from regional and
local levels.
Concept of regional development
Regional development means process of starting, structuring and
reaching the sustainable development, where it is important to take into
account very complex regional situation and apply adequate actions and
179Vojnović B., Riznić D., DEVELOPMENT REGIONAL AND LOKAL
ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT. Ekonomske teme, 4/2009. str. 153-169.
186
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
instruments. In most cases region is defined as geographical area smaller
than national territory where it is placed. Therefore, region can be one
municipality, more municipalities or states. Regions does not have to match
with administrative borders, because their scope of definition depends oil
what they refer to: labor market area, area of river basins and similar.180
Region, also, can be observed from the aspect of more countries.
Example: during the economic crises at the end of seventieth and beginning
of eightieth, when Western European enterprises became less competitive
comparing to enterprises in USA and Japan, a time of recession in European
economy has started. In order to find the way out of such situation, it was
necessary that Western European countries act with joint coordinated
actions, because individual actions did not give proper results. In that sense,
European Council in 1984 in Fontenblo has concluded that it is necessary to
speed up regional integrations. During the next year, a Consolidation Plan
has been defined and the Commission with Jack Delor as its Head, has been
formed. As a result, Delor package 1 (1989-1993.) and Delor package 2
(1993-1999.) has been made. Some of the effects of joint activities can be
seen in the following table:
Table 1. Increase of GDP in four poorest country members of EU
Country/year 1988. 1998.
Greece 58,3 66
Spain 72,5 81,1
Ireland 63,8 108,2
Portugal 59,2 75,3
Source: European Commission http://europa.
eu.int/comm/regional_policy/sources/ docof.c/of.cial/reports/pdf/taba
Systemic levels competent for economic development181 82
Systemic levels competent for economic development can be classified
„ 182.
as: :
1. micro i mezoeconomic level,
180Jackson R.W. (2002), s, 23.
l8lVojnovid B. Economy development managing through small enterprise (business)
breeding, Serbian journal of managament, Tehnički fakultet, Bor, volume 1 number
2/2006, str. 105-113
l82Jorg Meyer/S. (2002), s. 60-65.
187
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
2. in-between-level,
3. macro level and
4. meta level.
(1) Micro and mezoeconomic level made of individual or groups of
enterprises network. At this level enterprises are constantly developing as
well as network of enterprises with strong external factors.
(2) In-between-level is level of specific policy and institutions. Institutions
should enable creation of competitive advantage. Their task is to outline
precise and directed policy in order to form specific economic branches
and appropriate environment for economy (technological parks, Institutes,
entrepreneur incubators, assistance in export finance and similar).
Institutions which can be active at this level are various business
associations, enterprises for development assistance provision, non-profit
organizations, non-governmental organizations and similar subjects.
(3) Macro level is level of general economic conditions. At this level it is
necessary to assure stabile and transparent general conditions of local
economy development.
(4) Meta level provides values of common interest for complete economy
system, development of complete economy and its integration into worlds
economy and start up all factors in direction of complete society strategy
development formulation.
It is possible to define the most important activities of systematic
competitiveness building within every individual level:
Mezo level
The following activities support building of competitiveness at
mezo level-level of enterprise:
- organization of production with aim to be more effective in business,
- organization of product development in refer to product quality and
frequent innovations,
- organization of production and services,
More and more requests of consumers for better and better quality
products has led to the need of enterprises reorganization in order to fulfill
188
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
demands. Extensive changes are needed in above mentioned areas in order
to increase quality, range and effectiveness at this level.
In-between-level
At in-between-level, the level of municipalities, districts or regions,
support to the efforts of enterprises to succeed in business is provided. It is
obvious that enterprises in new economy courses, especially in transition
economies, need more and more supportive structures. Enterprises at local
level, due to big pressure which is consequence of world’s market
globalization and liberalization, have interest to cooperate, and therefore,
form various association and cooperatives to have joint appearance on
domestic or foreign market. The role of regional integration is more and
more important in that sense. More than anything else, it is important to
have clearly defined development policy at this level (table 2.)
Table 2, Priorities of in-between-level development policy
Regional development Local development
policy policy
Systematic -Development of -Development of local
competitiveness of in- regional economy economy
between-level -Centers for -Institutions for
technological education and training
development -Effective Chambers of
-Research-development Economy
institutions -Technological
-Education and training Centers, incubators
-Financial institutions
In-between-level presents optimal level for support of necessary
enterprises development strategies creation, which has business at that
level. The policy at in-between-level (local or regional) should be based
and focused on creation of systematic competitive advantage of enterprise.
Regulation policy of local communities should protect economy system
from the uncontrolled imports in order to protect new activities in its area.
Next to that, within the financial policy it is important to have means to
initiate research-development activities for the needs of enterprises.
Globalization of world’s economy makes pressure to enterprises,
which reflects in bigger assistance requests from the enterprises towards
local community. The result of that is that local community more and more
189
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
have an intensive influence on creation of common development
strategies. That certainly does not mean that regional communities should
be independent, on contrary, they have a need to integrate and connect in
order to represent, first of all, their own interest and after that general
interests.
Macro level
At macro level-level of national economy, activities should be
directed, first of all, on reform of fiscal, budget, monetary, currency and
trade policy. An intensity of measures depends of various circumstances
specific for every individual country. Transition countries have
outstanding need for high contribution of this level, due to problem of
restructuring of all systems countries face with. That additionally makes
difficulties in implementation of long term measures which supports
reforms in all areas.
Meta level
At meta level there are strong common interest in building up of
cultural values and society development based on it. Although it seems that
this level does not have lots of connection with economy, in reality it is not
the case. The importance of culture in business and its final result is often
very important. Cultural globalization presents meeting (or growing
together) of different national cultures and customs. Propulsion of borders
for national goods and services brings with it an entrance for culture, habits
and customs. Even in 19th Century Taylor introduced definition of culture
as „ complex totality which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,
regulations, customs and other skills and habits which can be acquired in
one society“. During the time business systems have build up organizational
culture and subculture which was strongly influenced by national culture.
The importance of meta level is in change of understanding about
economy in developing countries. The characteristic of these countries and
its economies was in centralists decision making and existance of
inefficient state administration. Enterprises mainly did not cooperate and
some of them had privileged position. An opposition to modernization and
innovations was very often phenomenon. Development in general,
therefore, as well as entrepreneur culture gets more and more in
significance.
190
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
The importance and influence of State in strategic economy
development of region
Governmental support to development of regional economy subjects
depends first of all, of the concept and activities of regional and local
development carriers and their wish for faster and better development of its
own economy environment. It means that Government provides general
development subsidies but its realization mostly depends on regional
factors. Regional factors can be as follows: local administration, local
enterprises, the other subjects interested for local development and,
unavoidably, Universities if existing in the area. (Picture 2.)
Strategies created by the Government have development of national
economy as main goal, but in the same time, it is good support to local
economy development, too. Primary support to enterprises and local
community economy from the National level is in creation of regulatory
infrastructure, with which Government provides general development
conditions, and local factors have obligation to create and make
development policy which can be applied in a best way in existing
conditions. Next to this, Government is in charge for regulation of tax
policies and tax obligations, which can be of crucial stimulation for
favorable or unfavorable development of local economy. Furthermore,
building of infrastructure is under authority of Republic administration,
which can be important for future development of lower levels jurisdiction.
183
Picture 2. Model of economy development organization
1S3Vojnović B., Riznić D„ DEVELOPMENT MEANS IN REGIONAL AND LOKAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Ekonomske teme, 4/2009. str. 153-169.
191
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
National development programs, defined by the Government, are
strategically directed on improvement of global economy. Certainly, an
interest of these programs is development of regional economies which
clearly supports entire development and presents its constitutional element.
Picture 3. Concept of Governmental support to local and regional
economical development and expected feedback effects
With above mentioned, regions are stimulated to create their own
development strategies in order to be able to expect financial or any other
support.
Region defining and concept of regional development
Regional development means process of starting, structuring and
reaching the sustainable development, where it is important to take into
account very complex regional situation and apply adequate actions and
instruments. In most cases region is defined as geographical area smaller
than national territory where it is placed. Therefore, region can be one
municipality, more municipalities or states. Regions does not have to match
with administrative borders, because their scope of definition depends on
what they refer to: labor market area, area of river basins and similar
(Cameford Callagham, 1985).
Region, also, can be observed from the aspect of more countries. Example:
during the economic crises at the end of seventieth and beginning of
eightieth, when Western European enterprises became less competitive
comparing to enterprises in USA and Japan, a time of recession in European
economy has started. In order to find the way out of such situation, it was
necessary that Western European countries act with joint coordinated
actions, because individual actions did not give proper results. In that sense,
192
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
European Council in 1984 in Fontenblo has concluded that it is necessary to
speed up regional integrations. During the next year, a Consolidation Plan
has been defined and the Commission with Jack Delor as its Head, has been
formed. As a result, Delor package 1 (1989-1993.) and Delor package 2
(1993-1999.) has been made. Some of the effects of joint activities can be
seen in the following chart:
Chart 1. Increase of GDP in four poorest country members of EU
Source: European Commission http://europa.
eu.int/comm/regional_policy/sources/ docof.c/of.cial/reports/pdf7taba
There are three levels in strategy management on which decisions of
strategic importance are made. These levels are: business systems levels,
specific businesses levels and business functions levels. Next to above
mentioned, there are also social strategies (Cameford Callagham, 1985).
In that case we speak about local, regional or national strategy of economic
development.
National strategy is focused on national economic development and
does not consider development of specific local or regional areas as very
important. Besides that, influence of national strategies on lower levels is
big, especially in respect to macro economy and monetary policy. National
regulations and national tax policy have enormous influence on
establishment of entrepreneurial climate at local or regional levels. In that
respect decentralization of specific functions and transfer of responsibilities
to lower levels is part of national strategy.
Regional level of strategic support to enterprises is based on
organizational, management and technological needs of business system:
193
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
strategie management, production organization, technology development,
product development and value chain organization (Jörg Meyer/S., 2002).
A need for establishment of in-between level (local and regional), as
systematic support for enterprises development is based on fact that
enterprises on local level build competitive advantage mostly as one
location advantage. This results in need for regional or local enterprises to
unite, which is the only proper way to compete strong global competition.
This lead us to conclusion of necessity to build up and support proper
business environment on regional and local level, as well as to organize new
way of strategic management. This is basic and most important task of in-
between level where it is necessary to harmonize structure and strategy
(SmilorW. R., 1996).
Due to fact that above mentioned approach of local level
development results in conflict of interest among participating subjects, it is
of strategic importance to establish local configuration and clear definition 184
184Vojnović B., Riznić D., DEVELOPMENT MEANS IN REGIONAL AND LOKAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Ekonomske teme, 4/2009. str. 153-169.
194
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
of common goals among all participants in local economic development and
to create adequate organizational structure and development strategy.
Table 3. Stimulating measures of different instances
Municipality Quick and simple registration of shops. Financial
help. Tax relieves. Two years of exemption from
paying levies. Easier approach to buyers. Business
work space. Regular distributing of competition.
Investment credits. Linking with backers. The
return of self-confidence to inhabitants. Illegal
business control.
Region References. Relationship with stronger
distributors. Co-operation with the state. Linking
of entrepreneurs in the region and with other
regions.
State Non-refundable means for the start. Reduction of
documentation necessary for permission
acquisition. Exemption from paying levies in the
first year. Marketing - sales, the relationship with
strategic partners. Non-returnable help. Long term
credits. Conversion course work. Legal
regulations. Lower taxes at the beginning of the
project. Better exchange with foreign partners.
Fight for visa abolishment.
Entrepreneur Help in finding clients. More care about
organization membership. Help in capital. Better relationships
with entrepreneurs. Help in finding a new
program. Help in marketing. Linking of allied
organizations. Mutual support and resources
renunciation. Linking of entrepreneurs and mutual
approach to the state and banks and struggle for
better conditions.
Furthermore we can say that in almost all developed countries there
are means (Entrepreneur incubators, technological parks, methodologies of
development) aimed for start up of businesses of beginning enterprises,
which most directly influence start up of regional and local economic
development. The lack of such means in Serbia presents limiting factor for
development of small enterprises. International organizations, such as
USAID and HELP have assistance programs to small enterprises in Serbia
as small grants for start up of business, but they are limited to individual
195
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
target groups and certain regions. Norwegian organization "Jarenprodukt
Udvikling" provides consulting services, establishes Cooperatives and
provides means for Cooperative Fund for its members (in Serbia it is limited
only to two municipalities, Kragujevac and Bac).
At the end it should be emphasized that in the context of further
economy development, which is based on small enterprises development,
there is a need for foreign and state development institutions support, but
first of all it is necessary that enterprises receive support from regional and
local levels.
The importance and influence of state in strategic economy
development of region
Governmental support to development of regional economy subjects
depends first of all, of the concept and activities of regional and local
development carriers and their wish for faster and better development of its
own economy environment. It means that Government provides general
development subsidies but its realization mostly depends on regional
factors. Regional factors can be as follows: local administration, local
enterprises, the other subjects interested for local development and,
unavoidably, Universities if existing in the area.
Strategies created by the Government have development of national
economy as main goal, but in the same time, it is good support to local
economy development, too. Primary support to enterprises and local
community economy from the National level is in creation of regulatory
infrastructure, with which Government provides general development
conditions, and local factors have obligation to create and make
development policy which can be applied in a best way in existing
conditions. Next to this, Government is in charge for regulation of tax
policies and tax obligations, which can be of crucial stimulation for
favorable or unfavorable development of local economy.
Furthermore, building of infrastructure is under authority of
Republic administration, which can be important for future development of
lower levels jurisdiction.
196
FAKTOR! REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
taxes
-Manja socijalna izdavanja
-Higher quality of life
Picture 5. Model of economy development organization and Concept of
Governmental support to local and regional economical development and
expected feedback effects185
National development programs, defined by the Government, are
strategically directed on improvement of global economy. Certainly, an
interest of these programs is development of regional economies which
clearly supports entire development and presents its constitutional element.
With above mentioned, regions are stimulated to create their own
development strategies in order to be able to expect financial or any other
support.
Effect of the medium ֊ level on development strategy shoice
The newly established circumstances especially in the economies in
transition suppose wider scope of support to company development. Being
aware of the fact that the economies are focused mostly to two levels -
macro and micro levels - leads to the conclusion that this is not enough,
especially in case of fragile economies in the course of re-structure and
transformation. Gap between the macro micro levels and effects
coordination between the two, very often presents extremely huge obstacle
for many businesses for whom this may be one of the main reasons of their
disappearance from the economic scene and definite ruinage.
1S5Vojnović B., Riznić D., DEVELOPMENT MEANS IN REGIONAL AND LOKAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Ekonomske teme, 4/2009. str. 153-169.
197
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
Thus it is necessary to define the local development alliances at the
medium level as the adequate support to the business development within
those frames. The medium level is therefore the optimal level of significant
influence on business strategies definition in the companies operating within
those frames. This confirms the supposition made by Jorg Meyer Stamer
according to which on the global economy competitors to each other are not
individual businesses but groups of industrial companies with network-
shaped organisation and development schedule depending primarily on the
economic and other potentials of only one location. Because of ever stronger
pressure from the higher levels and the severe competition local and
regional communities feel it necessary for their regions to develop and
support business environment to protect their own economies (Jörg
Meyer/S., 2001). Logical consequence is the obligation of the local factors
to improve and make faster the privatisation process because in the opposite
case businesses with the present business strategies and way of function are
incapable of being competitive to the highly developed economies and their
business. This is why the regional economic development is so important.
Proof of this is in the recent years large number of development coallitions
has been established almost all over the world.
The importance of development means in local economic development
At the local level development are subjects of local factors and meso
level. At the meso level - the level of company these activities encourage the
construction of competitiveness:
- organizing production in order to effectively operate,
- organization of product development in terms of quality and
innovation more frequently,
organization of production and services,
Increasing demand for better quality products have led to the
company should be reorganized to be able to meet demand. To increase the
quality, size and efficiency at this level are required extensive changes in
these areas. Important role in this process are the local community,
providing business support through development funding, most notably
entrepreneurial incubator. Below is given a practical example of such
support local economic development.
Enterpreneurs' incubation support has stimulative influence on those
making the decision to start a business, their operation survival in
business, and helps in realisation of a good business idea. Thus the main
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FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
business incubator effects are: in more rapid and easier starting, more easier
access to financial sources and creditors in the start-up phase; advisory and
educational assistance to newly astablished companies; easier access to
domestic and foreign markets by enabling fast connecting and development,
etc.
In addition to the effects imposed on the enterprises, one can expect
certain effects on the local, regional and wider community. Among the
major effects there may be: VAT-based income for the municipality, region
and republic; newly opened jobs; income made on personal income of the
newly employeed labour; faster community development, etc.
Potential beneficiries of a business incubator may be: enterpreneurs, newly
established micro and small enterprises, as well as the cooperatives and/or
cooperative organisations performing the registered activity for longer than
a year, and the existing rapidly growing enterprises oriented towards the
business process inovation and new technologies which, applied by the
enterprises performing their registered activity for not longer than a year, to
support their rapid development and increase the number of employees.
Business incubation through small enterprise breeding is in direct
relation with the local and regional development. One of the major
economic development target groups on this levels is new business
initiation and enterpreneusrhip promotion.
Picture 6. Target groups of Local Economic Development [www.viram.de]
Strenghtening of local companies
Attracting the local
suppliers and
/Attracting
New business opportunities
in industry and services
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FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOIA
Business incubation is a process of dinamic development intended to
initiate development of economies, especially and primarily the local and
regional ones. This process minimizes number of the enterprises ruined in
the first (start-up) phase of their life cycle. The start-up phase of an
enterprise is the most difficult phase for its business operation and also the
phase in which the enterprise is most easily hurt due to the reasons resulting
from: lack of professional experience, lack of knowledge, inadequate
technology, lack of financial sources for investment in production and
development, having no access to any credit source, foreign capital, etc.
Percentage of the enterprises ruined in these circumstances, is approx. 80%,
while in business incubation the percentage is about four (http://www.
Zchfp.sk-vusapl.html) times lower i.e. 20% approx. Also, entering business
incubators, i.e. being "incubated" enables faster growth and development of
the enterprise itself and, its direct influence on the employment rate increase
and the enterpreneurship idea realisation.
Last 30 years were significant by an increased number of business
incubators recorded in many developed countries and, also, by the first
positive steps made in those less developed countries.
For example, Germany had its first center established in 1983, and
now, there are more than 200. In the USA - there are over 500. China was
the first communist country that understood the importance of the centers for
development, so that they have about 70 centers there. Through its
enterpreneurship and inovation centers (European Business and innovation
Centre Network) EU, is giving support to over 180 business centers in EU
member-countries.
However, satisfactory development incubators operation requires
support and development of agencies for regional development. Incubators
should be based on partnership of the private and public sectors, including
everyone interested in development of economy - from national to local and
individual level.
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FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
Picture 7. Composing elements for functional operation of small enterprise
incubator186
This means that countries in development should understand the
importance of the support given to small enterprises and also to have their
activities oriented accordingly, and especially in the part related to
establishment of institutions for development and support of newly
established small enterprises. As a rule, even these organizations are short
of experience since they are also in their initial (start-up) phase, having no
certain knowledge applicable in practice, and that is why they should base
their activities upon the experience of the developed countries and also to
be capable of situational adjustment acording to the existing economy
(commercial) and other circumstances.
Regional economy competitiveness building based on financing from a state
level (traditional principle) with the aim of economy improvement in
specific areas did not prove to be efficient. Big investments have been made,
í86Vojnovic B. Economy development managing through small enterprise (business)
breeding. Serbian journal of managament, Tehnički fakultet, Bor, volume 1 number
2/2006, str. 105-113
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FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
but they did not result in development. New approaches to regional
development have different implication: the initiative comes from regions
itself while the state gives support. The support to regional development has
the characteristic of interest. The aim of the state is to support regional
development expecting the effects which should come as the result of
development.
Regional development becomes organized by creating institutions
through regional Agencies for development with the net of departments on
municipality level. Agencies for development should create coalition with
all subjects that have an expressed interest in development. It is necessary to
make the closest cooperation with economy chambers, not neglecting the
rest of participants. By envisaging and analyzing factors that are
predominant in the region, it is possible to reach the facts on the basis of
which the priority of objectives and strategies is defined. In regional
development it is necessary to use new development means and
development methodologies.
This kind of development concept is practical, because it includes all
those who want to co-operate, it does not cost much and gives results, which
is of special significance for undeveloped countries. On the basis of the
survey (only a part of it has been presented), the conclusion is that potential
entrepreneurs need support mostly in capital and knowledge.
202
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SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR. 7
I PROCESI INTEGRACIJA I PROBLEMI REGIONALNOG
RAZVOJA SA MAKROEKONOMSKOG GLEDIŠTA. 9
1. Evropski sporazum i strategija približavanja. 11
2. Stabilizacija i pridruživanje Jugoistočne Evrope 12
3. Partnerstvo i saradnja sa Zajednicom nezavisnih
država. 14
4. Dohodak i bogatstvo resursima kao ključni faktori
rasta i konkurentnosti globalne privrede. 17
5. Strukturne karakteristike zemalja u razvoju. 19
6. Osnovne karakteristike finansijskog zaduživanja
zemalja u razvoju. 22
7. Različiti oblici finansiranja deficita zemalja u
razvoju. 24
8. Mere neophodne za rešavanje makroekonomskih
problema zamalja u razvoju. 25
9. Neophodnost ekonomskih reformi na globalnom
nivou. 26
II SAVREMENO KONCIPIRANJE REGIONALNOG
RAZVOJA. 29
1. Aktivnosti Evropske Unije prema regionalnom 29
ekonomskom razvoju.
2. Razvoj regionalizma u Srbiji. 29
3. Endogeni razvoj sa aspekta sistemskog pristupa. 31
4. Sistemski pristup regionalnom razvoju . 32
5. Koncept regionalnog razvoja. 35
6. Sistemski nivoi i njihove kompetencije u 37
privrednom razvoju.
7. Nivo preduzeća - mezoekonomije. 37
8. Središnji nivo i njegove kompetencije. 38
9. Nivo nacionalne privrede - makro nivo - značaj i 39
uticaj države u strateškom ekonomskom razvoju
regiona.
10. Meta nivo. 41
11. Lokalni i regionalni faktori i njihova uloga u
3
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
ekonomskom razvoju. 42
12. Koncepcija razvoja lokalne ekonomije. 44
13. Nacionalni i regionalni nivoi kao sinhronizacioni 45
elementi ekonomskog razvoja.
14. Uloga države i lokalnih činilaca u defmisanju 46
novog aspekta regionalnog razvoja.
15. Uloga regionalnih i lokalnih činilaca u definisanju 48
novog aspekta regionalnog razvoja.
16. Regionalno ֊ lokalne razvojne alijanse. 53
17. Značaj i uticaj lokalne uprave za podsticanje 55
regionalnog razvoja.
18. Koordinacija reģiona i nacionalnih faktora u 56
unapređenju regionalizma.
19. Pokretanje ključnih kompetentnosti za potrebe 57
regionalnog razvoja i strateški pravci aktivnosti.
20. Uravnotežen razvoj kao osnova regionalnog 59
razvoja.
21. Elementi regionalizma. 60
22. Uloga države u koncipiranju regionalnog razvoja . 62
23. Planiranje strategijskih aktivnosti u lokalnom i 63
regionalnom razvoju.
24. Tehnike planiranja LER-a. 67
III KOKURENTSKE STRATEGIJE U UNAPREĐENJU
REGIONALNOG PRIVREDNOG RAZVOJA. 71
1. Implikacija strukturnih promena na definisanje 72
strategija.
2. Strategija upravljanja regionalnim razvojem. 72
3. Stvaranje strateške konkurentnosti od regionalnog 72
do svetskog tržišta.
4. Strategije internacionalizacije biznisa. 74
5. Način izbora strateških partnera. 77
6. Strateški pristup uvećanju obima usluga i 78
proizvodnje.
7. Strategija ostvarenja ciljeva bazirana na kvalitetu 79
proizvoda i usluga .
8. Definisanje marketing strategije. . . 80
8.1. Strategija pristupa marketing poslovanju . 84
8.2. Strategija Icvaliteta marketinga. 84
9. Startegija preduzetništva radi smanjenja 86
nezaposlenosti.
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
10. Istraživanje preduzetničkih sposobnosti 87
stanovništva u cilju definisanja bržeg i boljeg
regionalnog i lokalnog razvoja - praktični rezultati.
11. Definisanje i sprovođenje optimalne razvojne 112
strategije.
12. Indikatori za merenje progresa u regionalnom i 115
lokalnom ekonomskom razvoju.
IV ASPEKTI KONKURENTNOSTI REGIONALNE I
LOKALNE PRIVREDE. 117
1. Istraživanje kao faktor razvoja. 117
2. Menadžerske sposobnosti kao faktor 119
konkurentnosti u ostvarenju strateških zadataka.
3. Regionalna konkurentnost u kriznom okruženju. 120
4. Blagovremeno prepoznavanje krize u cilju 121
smanjenja negativnih uticaja na konkurentnost
LER-a.
5. Analiza regionalne konkurentnosti Srbije . 122
6. Koordiniranje aktivnosti nacionalnog i regionalnog 126
nivoa i strateški pravci delovanja u podizanju
konkurentnosti.
V UTICAJ INOVACIJA NA LER SA OSVRTOM NA
REPUBLIKU SLOVENIJU. 129
1. Uloga inovativnosti i vidici inovacijske delatnosti. 131
2. Inovativnost u preduzećima. 134
3. Inovacijska politika u oblasti vodećih tržišta. 135
4. Inovacijski potencijali u ĒU i Sloveniji. 137
5. Akteri inovativnosti u regionima. 148
VI PREDUZETNIČKA INFRASTRUKTURA U LER-u. 155
1. Ambijent za razvoj MSP i analiza okruženja. 155
2. Pojam i koncept preduzetniŠtva. 155
3. Preduzetničke veštine - značajan faktor LER-a. 158
4. Tehnički i organizacioni elementi u mkubiranju 159
poslovnih subjekata u LER-u.
5. Preduzetnički inkubatori kao instrument lokalnog i 160
ekonomskog razvoja.
5.1. Svrha i ciljevi formiranja centara za inkubaciju 164
biznisa.
5.2. Vrste razvojnih inkubatora. 169
5
FAKTORI REGIONALNOG I LOKALNOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA
6. Poznate prakse. 169
7. Preduzetnički inkubatori u Srbiji. 173
7.1. Tehnološki centar. 174
7.2. Tehnološki park. 174
8. Praktični aspekti u vezi sa inkubacijom 174
preduzetništva.
8.1. Mogući izvori finansiranja. 177
8.2. Konkursna procedura. 177
8.3. Značaj podrške strateških partnera. 178
8.4. Definisanje kriterijumaza ulazak u inkubator i 178
ostali elementi za njihovo .
8.5. Konsultanteki timovi - servisprovajderi. 179
9. Tipovi inkubatora za razvoj preduzetništva. 180
10. PACA metodologija razvoja. 182
11. Zaključci o značaju preduzetničke infrastrukture 183
za potrebe LER-a.
SUMMARY. 184
LITERATURA. 203
6 |
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| author | Vojnović, Boško 1960- Cvijanović, Drago 1960- Rodica, Barbara 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076999913 (DE-588)1077267835 (DE-588)1078795959 |
| author_facet | Vojnović, Boško 1960- Cvijanović, Drago 1960- Rodica, Barbara 1973- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Vojnović, Boško 1960- |
| author_variant | b v bv d c dc b r br |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043006117 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931541090 (DE-599)GBV783948255 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043006117 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:01:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788662690234 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028431199 |
| oclc_num | 931541090 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 271 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Inst. za Ekonomiku Poljoprivrede |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vojnović, Boško 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1076999913 aut Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja Boško Vojnović ; Drago Cvijanovič ; Barbara Rodiza Beograd Inst. za Ekonomiku Poljoprivrede 2014 271 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 203 - 207. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd rswk-swf Regionalplanung (DE-588)4049040-3 gnd rswk-swf Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 s DE-604 Regionalplanung (DE-588)4049040-3 s Cvijanović, Drago 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1077267835 aut Rodica, Barbara 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1078795959 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vojnović, Boško 1960- Cvijanović, Drago 1960- Rodica, Barbara 1973- Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Regionalplanung (DE-588)4049040-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076605-6 (DE-588)4049040-3 |
| title | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |
| title_auth | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |
| title_exact_search | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |
| title_full | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja Boško Vojnović ; Drago Cvijanovič ; Barbara Rodiza |
| title_fullStr | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja Boško Vojnović ; Drago Cvijanovič ; Barbara Rodiza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja Boško Vojnović ; Drago Cvijanovič ; Barbara Rodiza |
| title_short | Faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |
| title_sort | faktori regionalnog i lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja |
| topic | Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Regionalplanung (DE-588)4049040-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Regionalentwicklung Regionalplanung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028431199&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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