Nitrogen management in crop production:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
[2014]
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Description based on print version record |
Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (xv, 408 pages) illustrations |
ISBN: | 9781482222838 9781322634142 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nitrogen management in crop production |c Nand Kumar Fageria, PhD, National Rice and Bean ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil |
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adam_text | Titel: Nitrogen management in crop production
Autor: Fageria, N. K
Jahr: 2014
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................xiii
Author..............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Functions of Nitrogen in Crop Plants...........................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Functions...........................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Improvement in Growth, Yield, and Yield Components and
Related Traits in Cereals and Legumes................................................6
1.2.1.1 Plant Height..........................................................................8
1.2.1.2 Tillering..............................................................................10
1.2.1.3 Shoot Dry Weight...............................................................13
1.2.1.4 Panicle Number, Panicle Length, and Pod Number...........17
1.2.1.5 Spikelet Sterility.................................................................19
1.2.1.6 Grain Yield.........................................................................21
1.2.1.7 Leaf Area Index..................................................................24
1.2.1.8 Root Growth.......................................................................25
1.2.2 Component of Enzymes.....................................................................27
1.2.3 Improvement in Grain Protein Content..............................................30
1.2.4 Essentials for Photosynthesis.............................................................31
1.2.4.1 Leaf Nitrogen Content versus Photosynthesis....................34
1.2.4.2 Improving Photosynthesis..................................................35
1.2.5 Leaf Nitrogen Content versus Radiation Use Efficiency....................43
1.2.6 Improves Grain Harvest Index...........................................................44
1.2.7 Role of Nitrogen in Increasing Yield Potential of Important
Cereals in the Future..........................................................................47
1.2.7.1 Components of Potential Yield...........................................48
1.2.7.2 Projections of Potential Yield of Major Cereals.................49
1.3 Conclusions......................................................................................................50
References..................................................................................................................51
Chapter 2 Nitrogen Losses in Soil-Plant System.......................................................................67
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................67
2.2 Cycle in Soil-Plant System.............................................................................68
2.3 Losses through Ammonia Volatilization.........................................................72
2.4 Losses through Denitrification........................................................................75
2.5 Losses through Leaching................................................................................76
2.6 Losses through Soil Erosion............................................................................77
2.7 Losses through Ammonia Volatilization from Foliage...................................77
2.8 Factors Affecting Nitrogen Losses..................................................................78
2.8.1 Precipitation.......................................................................................78
2.8.2 Temperature........................................................................................79
2.8.3 Soil pH................................................................................................79
2.8.4 Texture................................................................................................80
2.8.5 Soil Water and Aeration.....................................................................80
vii
viii Contents
2.8.6 Method of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application........................................80
2.8.7 Nitrogen Source and Particle Size......................................................80
2.8.8 Plant Factors.......................................................................................81
2.9 Management Practices to Reduce Nitrogen Losses.........................................81
2.9.1 Irrigating after Topdressing Nitrogen Fertilizers...............................82
2.9.2 Use of Organically Enhanced Fertilizers...........................................82
2.9.3 Use of Slow Nitrogen Release Fertilizers...........................................83
2.9.4 Adopting Appropriate Cropping System............................................85
2.9.5 Use of Conservation Tillage...............................................................85
2.9.6 Use of Biochar....................................................................................86
2.9.7 Use of Gypsum...................................................................................86
2.9.8 Use of Crop Genotypes Producing High Root Biomass....................87
2.9.9 Intercalation of Urea in Montmorillonite...........................................88
2.9.10 Adopting Crop-Livestock Integration in Cropping System...............90
2.9.11 Adopting Organic Farming................................................................90
2.9.12 Adopting Agroforestry in Cropping Systems.....................................91
2.9.13 Use of Natural Zeolite........................................................................92
2.9.14 Calcium Stimulates Ammonium Absorption.....................................92
2.9.15 Adopting Appropriate Intercropping..................................................92
2.10 Conclusions......................................................................................................93
References..................................................................................................................94
Chapter 3 Diagnostic Techniques for Nitrogen Requirements in Crop Plants......................... 111
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................Ill
3.2 Nitrogen Deficiency, Sufficiency, and Toxicity Diagnostic Techniques........112
3.2.1 Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms..................................................113
3.2.1.1 Deficiency Symptoms.......................................................113
3.2.1.2 Toxicity Symptoms...........................................................121
3.3 Soil Test.........................................................................................................123
3.4 Plant Tissue Test............................................................................................129
3.4.1 Nitrogen Concentration in Plants.....................................................130
3.4.2 Nitrogen Uptake in Plants................................................................136
3.4.3 Forms of Nitrogen Uptake by Plants................................................143
3.5 Use of Chlorophyll Meter..............................................................................145
3.6 Nitrogen Harvest Index.................................................................................147
3.7 Plant Response to Applied Nitrogen..............................................................148
3.7.1 Greenhouse or Controlled Condition Experiments..........................149
3.7.1.1 Observation and Data Transformation
in Greenhouse Experiments.............................................150
3.7.1.2 Experimental Results........................................................151
3.7.2 Field Experiments............................................................................157
3.7.2.1 Observation and Data Transformation in Field
Experiments......................................................................158
3.7.2.2 Experimental Results........................................................159
3.8 Conclusions....................................................................................................164
References................................................................................................................164
Chapter 4 Management of Soil Organic Matter........................................................................173
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................173
4.2 SOM-Related Terms......................................................................................174
Contents ix
4.3 SOM Fractions...............................................................................................175
4.4 OM Content of the Soil.................................................................................176
4.5 OM versus Soil Physical Properties..............................................................178
4.5.1 Texture..............................................................................................179
4.5.2 Structure...........................................................................................179
4.5.3 Bulk Density.....................................................................................180
4.5.4 Water-Holding Capacity...................................................................181
4.6 OM versus Soil Chemical Properties............................................................181
4.6.1 Availability of Macronutrients.........................................................182
4.6.2 Availability of Micronutrients..........................................................183
4.6.3 Cation Exchange Capacity...............................................................184
4.6.4 Aluminum Toxicity..........................................................................184
4.6.5 Allelopathy.......................................................................................185
4.7 OM versus Soil Biological Properties...........................................................187
4.7.1 Nitrogen-Mineralizing Bacteria.......................................................187
4.7.2 Denitrification..................................................................................187
4.7.3 Dinitrogen Fixation..........................................................................188
4.7.4 Mycorrhizae Fungi...........................................................................188
4.7.5 Microbial Biomass...........................................................................189
4.8 Management Practices to Improve/Stabilize OM in Soil..............................189
4.8.1 Adopting Conservation Tillage System............................................190
4.8.2 Adopting Appropriate Crop Rotation...............................................191
4.8.3 Use of Adequate Rate of Fertilizers.................................................192
4.8.4 Liming Acid Soils............................................................................193
4.8.5 Use of Organic Manures..................................................................194
4.8.6 Use of Cover Crops/Green Manuring..............................................194
4.8.7 Use of Farmyard Manures................................................................196
4.8.8 Use of Municipality Compost..........................................................196
4.8.9 Recycling Crop Residues..................................................................197
4.8.10 Keeping Land under Pasture............................................................198
4.9 OM versus Environment................................................................................198
4.9.1 Reduction in Nutrient/Heavy Metals Leaching...............................198
4.9.2 Reduction in Soil Erosion.................................................................199
4.9.3 Mitigation of C02 Release in the Atmosphere.................................200
4.9.4 Adsorption of Herbicides.................................................................200
4.10 SOM versus Crop Yields...............................................................................200
4.11 Conclusions....................................................................................................201
References................................................................................................................201
Chapter 5 Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants...................................................................217
5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................217
5.2 Definitions of Nutrient-Efficient Plants and Nitrogen Use
Efficiency.......................................................................................................218
5.2.1 Agronomic Efficiency......................................................................221
5.2.2 Physiological Efficiency...................................................................223
5.2.3 Agrophysiological Efficiency...........................................................223
5.2.4 Apparent Recovery Efficiency.........................................................225
5.2.5 Utilization Efficiency.......................................................................229
5.2.6 Nutrient Efficiency Ratio..................................................................230
5.2.7 NUE versus Crop Yield....................................................................231
X
Contents
5.2.8 Mechanisms Responsible for Variation in NUE in Crop Plants......234
5.2.8.1 Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms
Associated with NUE.......................................................234
5.2.8.2 Genetic Mechanisms for Nitrogen Uptake and
Assimilation......................................................................235
5.2.8.3 Genetic Mechanisms for Nitrogen Remobilization..........236
5.3 Conclusions....................................................................................................236
References................................................................................................................237
Chapter 6 Nitrogen Interaction with Other Nutrients...............................................................245
6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................245
6.2 Interaction of Nitrogen with Macronutrients.................................................246
6.2.1 Nitrogen versus Phosphorus.............................................................246
6.2.2 Nitrogen versus Potassium...............................................................251
6.2.3 Nitrogen versus Calcium..................................................................257
6.2.4 Nitrogen versus Magnesium.............................................................260
6.2.5 Nitrogen versus Sulfur......................................................................260
6.3 Interaction of Nitrogen with Micronutrients.................................................262
6.3.1 Nitrogen versus Zinc........................................................................262
6.3.2 Nitrogen versus Copper....................................................................264
6.3.3 Nitrogen versus Manganese.............................................................265
6.3.4 Nitrogen versus Iron.........................................................................266
6.3.5 Nitrogen versus Boron......................................................................269
6.3.6 Nitrogen versus Molybdenum..........................................................269
6.3.7 Nitrogen versus Chlorine..................................................................271
6.3.8 Nitrogen versus Nickel.....................................................................271
6.4 Nitrogen versus Soil Salinity and Alkalinity................................................273
6.5 Conclusions....................................................................................................273
References................................................................................................................274
Chapter 7 Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes...............................................................283
7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................283
7.2 Mechanism of Nodule Formation..................................................................284
7.3 Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation................................................................287
7.4 Quantity of Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes...................................................287
7.5 Methods of Assessing Nitrogen Fixation......................................................288
7.5.1 Acetylene Reduction Assay..............................................................289
7.5.2 Nodule Evaluation............................................................................290
7.5.3 Determining the Nitrogen Balance..................................................290
7.5.4 Nitrogen Difference Method............................................................290
7.5.5 Nitrogen Equivalence.......................................................................290
7.5.6 Nitrogen Isotopic Technique............................................................291
7.5.7 15N Enrichment.................................................................................292
7.5.8 l5N Isotope Dilution Technique........................................................292
7.5.9 Natural l5N Abundance....................................................................293
7.6 Factors Affecting Dinitrogen Fixation..........................................................293
7.6.1 Temperature......................................................................................294
7.6.2 Soil Moisture....................................................................................295
7.6.3 Soil Acidity.......................................................................................295
Contents xi
7.6.4 Soil Fertility.....................................................................................296
7.6.5 Concentration of Oxygen..................................................................297
7.6.6 Drought.............................................................................................297
7.6.7 Carbon Dioxide................................................................................298
7.6.8 Influence of Other Microorganism on Rhizobia..............................298
7.6.9 Pathogens and Predators..................................................................298
7.6.10 Agricultural Chemicals....................................................................299
7.6.11 Crop Species and Genotypes within Species...................................299
7.7 Strategies to Enhance Biological Nitrogen Fixation.....................................307
7.7.1 Selection of Appropriate Strains for Inoculation.............................308
7.7.2 Adopting Appropriate Soil and Crop Management Practices..........311
7.7.2.1 Conservation Tillage.........................................................311
7.7.2.2 Crop Rotation....................................................................311
7.7.2.3 Planting High N2-Fixing Crop Species or
Genotypes within Species................................................312
7.7.2.4 Pest and Disease Control..................................................312
7.7.2.5 Plant Nutrition and Soil Amelioration..............................312
7.7.2.6 Plant Breeding and Selection............................................312
7.8 Conclusions....................................................................................................317
References................................................................................................................318
Chapter 8 Management Practices to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants...........327
8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................327
8.2 Soil Management Practices...........................................................................328
8.2.1 Physical Properties...........................................................................329
8.2.1.1 Favorable Soil Temperature..............................................329
8.2.1.2 Supply of Adequate Soil Moisture....................................330
8.2.1.3 Improving Bulk Density...................................................330
8.2.1.4 Improving Soil Structure..................................................332
8.2.2 Chemical Properties.........................................................................333
8.2.2.1 Liming Acid Soils.............................................................333
8.2.2.2 Adequate Soil Fertility.....................................................337
8.2.2.3 Controlling Soil Salinity and Alkalinity..........................339
8.2.2.4 Use of Organic Manures...................................................343
8.2.2.5 Use of Balanced Nutrient Supply.....................................344
8.2.2.6 Crop Residue Management...............................................344
8.2.2.7 Use of Cover Crops...........................................................346
8.2.3 Improving Soil Microbial Biomass..................................................347
8.3 Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices....................................................348
8.3.1 Use of an Effective Source of Nitrogen............................................349
8.3.2 Use of Appropriate Methods of Nitrogen Application.....................354
8.3.3 Use of Adequate Rate.......................................................................355
8.3.4 Adopting Appropriate Timing of Application.................................358
8.3.5 Nitrification Inhibitors......................................................................359
8.3.6 Foliar Fertilization...........................................................................360
8.4 Crop Management Practices..........................................................................361
8.4.1 Use of Conservation Tillage.............................................................362
8.4.2 Adopting Appropriate Crop Rotation...............................................363
8.4.3 Improvement in Water Use Efficiency.............................................363
xii Contents
8.5 Plant Management Practices.........................................................................367
8.5.1 Use of Adequate Seed Rate and Row Spacing.................................370
8.5.2 Use of Efficient/Tolerant Crop Species and Genotypes within
Species..............................................................................................370
8.5.3 Control of Diseases, Insects, and Weeds.........................................376
8.6 Quantitative Genetics and Molecular Approach to Improve Nitrogen
Use Efficiency................................................................................................378
8.7 Conclusions....................................................................................................379
References................................................................................................................380
Index..............................................................................................................................................399
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spelling | Fageria, N. K. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)138905045 aut Nitrogen management in crop production Nand Kumar Fageria, PhD, National Rice and Bean ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group [2014] 1 online resource (xv, 408 pages) illustrations txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Description based on print version record Nitrogen in agriculture Crops and nitrogen http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=694696 Verlag Volltext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028416036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Fageria, N. K. 1942- Nitrogen management in crop production Nitrogen in agriculture Crops and nitrogen |
title | Nitrogen management in crop production |
title_auth | Nitrogen management in crop production |
title_exact_search | Nitrogen management in crop production |
title_full | Nitrogen management in crop production Nand Kumar Fageria, PhD, National Rice and Bean ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil |
title_fullStr | Nitrogen management in crop production Nand Kumar Fageria, PhD, National Rice and Bean ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil |
title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen management in crop production Nand Kumar Fageria, PhD, National Rice and Bean ResearchCenter of EMBRAPA, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil |
title_short | Nitrogen management in crop production |
title_sort | nitrogen management in crop production |
topic | Nitrogen in agriculture Crops and nitrogen |
topic_facet | Nitrogen in agriculture Crops and nitrogen |
url | http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=694696 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028416036&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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