Structural geology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 510 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781107057647 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175317007335424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Structural geology
Autor: Fossen, Haakon
Jahr: 2016
Contents
How to use this book viii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
List of symbols xiii
1_
Structural geology and structural
analysis 1
1.1 Approaching structural geology 2
1.2 Structural geology and tectonics 2
1.3 Structural data sets 4
1.4 Field data 5
1.5 Remote sensing and geodesy 8
1.6 DEM, GIS and Google Earth 10
1.7 Seismic data 10
1.8 Experimental data 14
1.9 Numerical modeling 15
1.10 Other data sources 15
1.11 Organizing the data 16
1.12 Structural analysis 18
1.13 1 Concluding remarks 22
Deformation 25
2.1 What is deformation? 26
2.2 Components of deformation 27
2.3 System of reference 28
2.4 Deformation: detached from history 29
2.5 Homogeneous and heterogeneous
deformation 29
2.6 Mathematical description of deformation 30
2.7 One-dimensional strain 30
2.8 Strain in two dimensions 32
2.9 Three-dimensional strain 33
2.10 The strain ellipsoid 34
2.11 More about the strain ellipsoid 35
2.12 Volume change 36
2.13 Uniaxial strain (compaction) 37
2.14 Pure shear and coaxial deformations 38
2.15 Simple shear 38
2.16 Subsimple shear 39
2.17 Progressive deformation and flow
parameters 39
2.18 Velocity field 41
2.19 Flow apophyses 42
2.20 Vorticity and Wk 43
2.21 Steady-state deformation 45
2.22 Incremental deformation 45
2.23 Strain compatibility and boundary conditions 45
2.24 Deformation history from
deformed rocks 46
2.25 Coaxiality and progressive simple shear 47
2.26 Progressive pure shear 49
2.27 Progressive subsimple shear 50
2.28 Simple and pure shear and their scale
dependence 51
2.29 General three-dimensional deformation 51
2.30 Stress versus strain 52
Summary 55
3
Strain in rocks 59
3.1 Why perform strain analysis? 60
3.2 Strain in one dimension 60
3.3 Strain in two dimensions 60
3.4 Strain in three dimensions 67
Summary 70
4
Stress 73
4.1 Definitions, magnitudes and units 74
4.2 Stress on a surface 74
4.3 Stress at a point 75
4.4 Stress components 77
4.5 The stress tensor (matrix) 77
4.6 Deviatoric stress and mean stress 78
4.7 Mohr circle and diagram 79
Summary 80
5
Stress in the lithosphere 83
5.1 Importance of stress measurements 84
5.2 Stress measurements 84
5.3 Reference states of stress 87
5.4 The thermal effect on horizontal stress 91
5.5 Residual stress 92
5.6 Tectonic stress 92
vi Contents
5.7 Global stress patterns 94 9.5 The birth and growth of faults 193
5.8 Differential stress, deviatoric stress and 9.6 Growth of fault populations 204
some implications 97 9.7 Faults, communication and sealing properties 210
Summary 98 Summary 216
10
Rheology 101 Kinematics and paleostress in the 221
6.1 Rheology and continuum mechanics 102 brittle regime
6.2 Idealized conditions 102 10.1 Kinematic criteria 222
6.3 Elastic materials 103 10.2 Stress from faults 224
6.4 Plasticity and flow, permanent deformation 107 10.3 A kinematic approach to fault slip data 227
6.5 Combined models 111 10.4 Contractional and extensional structures 230
6.6 Experiments 113 Summary 231
6.7 The role of temperature, water, etc. 114
6.8 Definition of plastic, ductile and brittle 11
deformation 116
6.9 Rheology of the lithosphere 117 Deformation at the microscale 235
Summary 119 11.1 Deformation mechanisms and
8
Fracture and brittle deformation 123
7.1 Brittle deformation mechanisms 124
7.2 Types of fractures 125
7.3 Failure and fracture criteria 129
7.4 Microdefects and failure 134
7.5 Fracture termination and interaction 138
7.6 Reactivation and frictional sliding 140
7.7 Fluid pressure, effective stress and
poroelasticity 141
7.8 Deformation bands and fractures in
porous rocks 143
Summary 149
Joints and veins 153
8.1 Definition and characteristics 154
8.2 Kinematics and stress 156
8.3 How, why and where joints form 157
8.4 Joint distributions 161
8.5 Growth and morphology of joints 164
8.6 Joint interaction and relative age 166
8.7 Joints, permeability and fluid flow 167
8.8 Veins 168
Summary 174
Faults 177
9.1 Fault terminology 178
9.2 Fault anatomy 183
9.3 Displacement distribution 187
9.4 Identifying faults in an oil field setting 188
microstructures
11.2 Brittle versus plastic deformation
mechanisms
11.3 Brittle deformation mechanisms
11.4 Mechanical twinning
11.5 Crystal defects
11.6 From the atomic scale to
236
236
237
237
239
microstructures 245
Summary 254
12
Folds and folding 257
12.1 Geometric description 258
12.2 Folding: mechanisms and processes 265
12.3 Fold interference patterns and refolded folds 274
12.4 Folds in shear zones 276
12.5 Folding at shallow crustal depths 277
Summary 278
13
Foliation and cleavage 283
13.1 Basic concepts 284
13.2 Relative age terminology 286
13.3 Cleavage development 286
13.4 Cleavage, folds and strain 291
13.5 Foliations in quartzites, gneisses and
mylonite zones 295
Summary 297
14
Lineations 301
14.1 Basic terminology 302
14.2 Lineations related to plastic deformation 302
Contents vn
14.3 Lineations in the brittle regime 306
14.4 Lineations and kinematics 308
Summary 311
15
Boudinage 315
15.1 Boudinage and pinch-and-swell
structures 316
15.2 Geometry, viscosity and strain 316
15.3 Asymmetric boudinage and rotation 319
15.4 Foliation boudinage 320
15.5 Boudinage and the strain ellipse 322
15.6 Large-scale boudinage 323
Summary 325
16
Shear zones and mylonites 329
16.1 What is a shear zone? 330
16.2 The ideal plastic shear zone 333
16.3 Adding pure shear to a simple
shear zone 337
16.4 Non-plane strain shear zones 340
16.5 Mylonites and kinematic indicators 341
16.6 Growth of shear zones 349
Summary 351
17
Contractional regimes 355
17.1 Contractional faults 356
17.2 Thrust faults 357
17.3 Ramps, thrusts and folds 362
17.4 Orogenic wedges 368
Summary 373
19
Strike-slip, transpression and transtension 401
18
Extensional regimes
18.1 Extensional faults
18.2 Fault systems
18.3 Low-angle faults and core complexes
18.4 Ramp-flat-ramp geometries
18.5 Footwall versus hanging-wall collapse
18.6 Rifting
18.7 Half-grabens and accommodation
zones
18.8 Pure and simple shear models
18.9 Stretching estimates, fractals and
power-law relations
18.10 Passive margins and oceanic rifts
18.11 Orogenic extension and orogenic
collapse
18.12 Postorogenic extension
Summary
377
378
379
381
386
387
388
389
389
390
392
393
395
396
19.1 Strike-slip faults 402
19.2 Transfer faults 402
19.3 Transcurrent faults 404
19.4 Development and anatomy of strike-slip
faults 405
19.5 Transpression and transtension 410
19.6 Strain partitioning 413
Summary 414
20
Salt tectonics 417
20.1 Salt tectonics and halokinesis 418
20.2 Salt properties and rheology 418
20.3 Salt diapirism, salt geometry and the
flow of salt 420
20.4 Rising diapirs: processes 429
20.5 Salt diapirism in the extensional regime 430
20.6 Diapirism in the contractional regime 432
20.7 Diapirism in strike-slip settings 435
20.8 Salt collapse by karstification 435
20.9 Salt decollements 436
Summary 438
21
Balancing and restoration 441
21.1 Basic concepts and definitions 442
21.2 Restoration of geologic sections 442
21.3 Restoration in map view 447
21.4 Geomechanically based restoration 450
21.5 Restoration in three dimensions 451
21.6 Backstripping 451
Summary 452
22
A glimpse of a larger picture 455
22.1 Synthesizing 456
22.2 Deformation phases 456
22.3 Progressive deformation 457
22.4 Metamorphic textures 457
22.5 Radiometric dating and P-T-t paths 460
22.6 Tectonics and sedimentation 461
Summary 462
Appendix A: More about the deformation matrix
Appendix B: Spherical projections
Glossary
References
Cover and chapter image captions
Index
464
468
474
495
501
503
|
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| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | Second edition |
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| spelling | Fossen, Haakon 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)141903694 aut Structural geology Haakon Fossen, University of Bergen, Norway Second edition Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2016 © 2016 XV, 510 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 gnd rswk-swf Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 s Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 s 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028407474&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
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| title | Structural geology |
| title_auth | Structural geology |
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| title_full | Structural geology Haakon Fossen, University of Bergen, Norway |
| title_fullStr | Structural geology Haakon Fossen, University of Bergen, Norway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Structural geology Haakon Fossen, University of Bergen, Norway |
| title_short | Structural geology |
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| topic | Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 gnd Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd |
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