Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918.:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Veröffentlicht: |
Požarevac
Istorijski Arhiv
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. |
| Beschreibung: | 303 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788684969585 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
RESUME
Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijević
Institute for Contemporary History
The outcome of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) made
Austria-Hungary increasingly suspicious about further ac-
tions of the Kingdom of Serbia. Upon entering Bosnia and
Herzegovina in 1878, the small kingdom's powerful neigh-
bouring country was apprehensive largely about a nation-
al uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina and it focused its
politics on the Balkans solely on this problem. In Serbia,
the attitude towards Bosnia became significantly radical-
ised following the Austro-Hungarian annexation in 1908.
What followed in Serbia was an atmosphere charged with
nationalism but also with hatred towards Austria-Hungary.
The demonstrations which had taken place in the capital
of Serbia between 1908 and 1909 gave birth to a new gen-
eration which would lead the fighters at the beginning of
the Balkan Wars in 1912. Winning those wars sustained the
feeling of nationalist and patriotic euphoria, both in public
and among authority figures.
The visit of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, was en-
visaged as an ambitious demonstration of Vienna’s attitude
towards this region. However, it is noticeable that the date
of the visit to Sarajevo had been chosen quite carelessly. It
was on 15th/28lh June 1914, on Vidovdan, the holiday which
was of much historical significance for Serbs. The assassins
were members of a secret revolutionary organisation Young
Bosnia. It is arguable that an entire series of coincidences
had contributed to the assassination. Even though it was
the epoch of assassinations and there had been visits to the
territory where a part of the population was not in favour of
the regime, almost no security measures were taken during
the visit of the heir to the throne.
Although Serbian government was wary of the Hab-
sburg Monarchy, they were not expecting a war, and the
assassination in Sarajevo was “a great surprise and tempta-
tion” to them. It should be emphasised that, officially, Ser-
bian politicians were not at all responsible for this incident.
On the other hand, Austro-Hungarian military leaders
had already considered that Serbia deserved punishment
and that the assassination was an appropriate cause. One
short campaign was believed to be enough to restore the
lost pride after the assassination of the prince. On the other
hand, the war was supposed to return the encouraged Ser-
bia into the political and economic orbit of the Monarchy,
which it had irretrievably left after the dynastic changes,
annexation crisis, the Pig War and the Balkan Wars.
Until the beginning of the war, Austro-Hungarian ulti-
matum played a key role in the mutual relationship. Before
it was presented to Serbian government, there had been
“common sense and caution” on Serbian side. The play last-
ed for about three weeks. After this, Baron Giesl, an Austro-
Hungarian envoy in Belgrade, showed up with an ultima-
tum. He demanded a reply within 24 hours. Paragraphs 5
and 6 demanded the presence of Austro-Hungarian coro-
ners on the territory of the Kingdom, in order to investigate
the assassin’s accomplices. These paragraphs were in direct
opposition to Serbian independence, and Serbian govern-
ment could hardly tolerate this.
German military leaders, who forced Austro-Hungarian
military leaders to react quickly, counted on Russia to enter
the war on the Serbian side; they planned the war in July
1914 having this in mind. It was as if this German initiative
did not count on the involvement and a rather quick inter-
vention of France and, especially, Great Britain in the war.
Any war plans in the modern history proved to be problem-
atic and with an unpredictable outcome. The war in 1914 was
no exception. The inclusion of Great Britain into the war
made it turn into a World War in the following steps.
Austria-Hungary and Serbia both announced general
mobilisation on 25lh July, and 28th July 1914 was the first
day of war. What followed was the declaration of war by
Austrian emperor Franz Joseph on 28th July. After that,
Austro Hungarian army took first direct action in Belgrade,
Serbian capital. On the following day, 29lh July, Serbian
Prince Regent Aleksandar issued his declaration of war.
Using dramatic words (“Our Serbia has been assailed by a
great evil”), he denied the responsibility for the assassina-
tion and called on Serbs to defend with all their strength
“their hearth and home and Serbian race.”
General Von Hetzendorf, head of Austro Hungarian
General Staff, and General Potiorek, commander of the
troops appointed to the Balkans, insisted on the offensive
towards Serbia. Above all, they expected that Serbia had
been exhausted by the two previous wars and believed that
a single fast campaign would break the myth about Serbian
victories in Kumanovo and Bregalnica and meet the threat
from that side with a victory. Moreover, they believed that
fast action and victory over Serbia would draw other, neu-
tral countries to the side of the Central Powers.
The basic motto of Serbian General Staff in 1914 was
simple in definition: “Remain defensive until the political
and strategic circumstances clear up, and subsequently op-
erate according to the situation.” Contrary to the expecta-
tions of Serbian military leaders, Austro Hungarian army
concentrated their troops for the attack in the northeast of
Bosnia, where they launched the main attack on Serbia.
On 12th August, at dawn, the troops of the Fifth Army
crossed the River Drina near Ložnica and Lešnica, while
the Second Army from the Srem District performed de-
monstrative operations in order to draw the attention of
Serbian Supreme Command away from their basic direc-
tion of movement. The decisive battle took place on Cer
Mountain. Serbian forces managed to break through the
front line of the Fifth Army and to force Austro-Hungarian
troops to retreat. Afterwards, on 24th August, there were no
Austro-Hungarian soldiers left in the Kingdom ol Serbia,
except for the captive ones. The Battle of Cer was the first
greater victor\r of the Allies in the Great Wars, and it made
Serbian weapons renowned all over Europe.
Serbian army suffered great losses. The price of vic-
tory was heavy - over 16,000 soldiers and non-commis-
sioned officers and 260 officers lost their lives. Particularly
unexpected and painful for the Serbian side was the fact
that Austro-Hungarian army claimed many civilian victims
during their invasion in August 1914. Almost 3,000 civil-
ians were killed, and approximately 1,500 houses and other
buildings were destroyed. Civilians were killed in the most
terrifying ways, without any reason apart from revenge.
Serbian victory in the Battle of Cer and the initial in-
eptitude of Allied armies, Russian and French, resulted in
the increased pressure on Serbian government to deploy
their troops to a demonstrative action against Austro-Hun-
garian army. Russia was particularly interested in such an
action, for the sake of reducing Austro-Hungarian pressure
and slowing down the concentrating of their forces on the
Eastern Front. This pressure of Allies, especially Russians,
on Pasic’s Government, provoked the decision of Serbian
Supreme Command about launching the offensive on Aus-
tro-Hungarian territory in the Srem District in September
1914, which, however, ended unsuccessfully, with the re-
treat of the troops to the Serbian side.
Austro-Hungarian army resumed their actions on 8th
September 1914, this time with greater caution. Serbian
army had already been on their positions, on a long front
line along the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers. The series
of military operations which were carried out in the north-
east of Serbia between 6th September and 16th November
1914 are known in Serbian military histoiy as “the battle of
the Drina.” A part of this offensive was the famous battle of
Mackov kamen in late September. This battle is considered
to be one of the bloodiest battles in Austrian campaigns
against Serbia in 1914. None of the conflicting sides could
have been satisfied with the results of the battles in western
Serbia in late September. Austro-Hungarian army did not
achieve success, whereas Serbian army did not manage to
chase the aggressor away from their territory completely.
In mid-November 1914, in a new offensive, Austro-
Hungarian forces pushed Serbian army deeper into central
Serbia. Serbian army was in a very poor condition. Weari-
ness, low morale, a drastic fall in the numbers of available
weapons and equipment all contributed to the severity of
the situation. For some time, Belgrade was deserted and
occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces. Serbian army and
civilians retreated towards Sumadija.
285
Upheaval followed. A short break, lasting only two days,
made it possible for Serbian troops to rest, eat, become re-
inforced with manpower and weapons from the existing
warehouses. On 3rd December, Serbian First Army launched
a counterattack from the slopes of Suvobor Mountain, and
so did the military forces from Užice, moving in their direc-
tion from the region of Takovo. In the afternoon of the same
day, the Second and the Third Armies carried out an attack
with the aim of chasing the enemy away across the River
Rolubara. A surprise was achieved, which affected the sub-
sequent course of operations. The attack was turning into
chasing Austro-Hungarian troops towards the Drina and
Sava rivers, and before mid-December they completely left
Serbia. The course of war operations, known in Serbian
military history as “the battle of Rolubara,” was thus ended.
Austrian troops were once again chased out of Serbia.
The losses, however, were heavy, and they were suf-
fered by all classes of society. Serbian army suffered great
losses (163,557 people, 2,110 of whom were officers and
8,074 of whom were non-commissioned officers) and their
reserves were completely exhausted. Nevertheless, Ser-
bia became extremely admired by its allies. The defeat of
Austria-Hungary made the ideas about binding with Bul-
garia and Turkey unreal. Romania, Greece and Bulgaria
remained neutral for some more time. The Allies described
Serbia in their countries in a highly positive manner. They
praised its people’s democratic, rural nature, their persis-
tence and courage. Among Serbian soldiers there were a
number of women who defended their fatherland with
shotguns in their hands, because the war was not a matter
concerning men and soldiers only ֊ it spread inexorably,
affecting civilians too, and women understood that their
responsibilities overcame the boundaries of their homes,
houses and families. In the decisive moments, women -
mothers, sisters, wives, daughters ֊ stood equal to men at
“the altar of the fatherland.”
The victory in the Battle of Rolubara led to a turning
point in Serbian politics. A coalition government had been
formed earlier, and at the Parliament session held in Niš on
7th December 1914 the Declaration adopted by the govern-
ment was issued, according to which the war objective of
Serbia was to liberate and unite all Serbs, Croats and Slo-
venes into a single Yugoslav state.
A period of calm ensued, lasting until the autumn of 1915.
The first eight months of the year were marked by the inter-
ruption in war operations in Serbian battlefields. At this time,
Serbian army took up strategic positions on the northwestern
and northern borders along the Drina, Sava and Danube riv-
ers, in the area of the River Timok towards Bulgaria and the
main positions on the borderline towards Albania.
In accordance with the demand of combative activities,
the concentration of Serbian troops was somewhat higher
in the western part of the country. Therefore, a part of the
units began relocating to new positions in the beginning of
1915. On 14th/27lh January the first line of the Danube Divi-
sion already started relocating to the new positions in the
area surrounding Pozarevac. The defence plan of Serbian
army was based on the Danube as a natural barrier which
was hard to overcome. The troops of the third line of the
Danube Division protruded towards the enemy, whereas
the troops of the first line were in the depth.’ Following
the order of the Commander of the Air Force Command,
two air force departments were formed on 5lh/18th Decem-
ber 1914, the one in Belgrade with two aircraft and the one
in Branicevo with one aircraft in Pozarevac. The test flight
from the airport in Pozarevac started on 19th April/2mt May
1915. Since January 1915, enemy airplanes flew almost
daily above Smederevo, Pozarevac and other towns along
the Danube in the direction of Gradiste and Golubac. Until
the autumn of 1915 the atmosphere in Pozarevac was calm,
even relaxed, after the great victories of Serbian army.
The epidemic typhus which broke out in the end
of 1914 in the region of the border made the recovery of
Serbian people very difficult. Upon their retreat over the
Danube and Sava rivers, Austro-Hungarian army left their
soldiers infected with typhus in Serbian hospitals, so the
disease spread to the wounded Serbs as well. The mobility
of soldiers and the return of refugees to their homes led to
the further spread of the disease, which reached epidemic
proportions in early 1915. Serbian medical service, togeth-
er with hospital teams from Allied and neutral countries,
worked day and night in order to suppress the epidemic.
286
During the period of calm in 1915, the Central Pow-
ers prepared a great concentric offensive against Serbia in
which they planned to engage the elite units of all three
countries under the command of the German Field Marshal
August von Mackensen. German and Austro-Hungarian
troops started artillery and landing attacks on 6th October
1915, and on 7lh October they crossed the Sava and Danube
rivers. The major part of German army forced their way east
of Belgrade towards the valley of the River Velika Morava,
while Austro-Hungarian army was directed towards Bel-
grade due to the moral, political and public significance
of capturing the capital. The extraordinary bravery of the
defenders of Belgrade slowed down the advance of the en-
emy; nevertheless, on 11th October 1915 German troops en-
tered Serbian capital. Serbian army managed to slow down
the advance of the enemy troops according to the directives
of the Supreme Command which expected the aid of the
Allies. Given the fact that there was no significant action of
the Allies in this period, on 15th October 1915 the Supreme
Command issued the directive to the commanders of the
First and Third Armies and the commander of the Defence
of Belgrade about the directions of the retreat.
The defence of Pozarevac started on 24lh September
(7lh October) 1915. This relocation was defended by Serbian
Third Army, which consisted of the first line of the Danube
Division, Branicevo unit and the first line of the Drina Divi-
sion. As the enemy approached the town, more and more
civilians left their homes and started evacuation towards
Petrovac and Svilajnac. In this general confusion, an agree-
ment was made that the most prominent citizens should
stay in the town and surrender. After that, on lsl/14lh Octo-
ber the citizens gathered in front of the Town Hall capitu-
lated to the German commander.
After Bulgaria had joined the war and two Bulgarian
Armies went on the offensive on the eastern borders on 14th
October 1915, and after the further pressure of German 11th
Army in the valley of the River Velika Morava, the situa-
tion began to deteriorate dramatically. At the Government
session held in Krusevac on 29th October 1915, presided by
Prince Regent Aleksandar, the decision to “persist with the
current politics” was adopted.
The situation was especially critical in the southern sec-
tor of the front line between Serbia and Bulgaria: the Bul-
garians managed to crush the resistance of Serbian units,
occupy Vranje, put the railway between Niš and Skopje
out of action and cut the main railway connection between
Serbian troops and Thessaloniki, from where Serbian army
received supplies. The order about the retreat through Al-
bania and Montenegro was issued to army commanders by
the Supreme Command on 29th November, The retreat of
Serbian army was slower than planned because Serbian ci-
vilians retreated with them too, afraid that the enemy could
take revenge on them like in the previous year. The mo-
ment of making the decision to retreat was one of the most
critical moments for Serbian government and army during
the First World War.
As regards the physical strength and morale after their
arrival to the Adriatic coast, Serbian army was in a poor con-
dition. The Allies could not even agree for a long time about
the location to which they would relocate Serbian army.
The efforts of the Supreme Command to solve the prob-
lems of accommodating, feeding and supplying Serbian
troops lasted day and night, but at those difficult moments
everything depended on the will and understanding of the
Allies. Numerous special publications offered detailed re-
ports on the progress of Serbian retreat and their suffering
and on Bulgarian “unfaithfulness.” The representatives of
the Allies’ medical missions attracted special interest.
The main body of Serbian army was evacuated from
Albania and transferred to Corfu up to 21st February 1916.
Ser bian army spent seven weeks on the Adriatic coast of Al-
bania. According to analyses, over 143,000 Serbian soldiers
died during the retreat through Albania and Montenegro.
The preparations for giving shelter and providing ac-
commodation to Serbian troops were not complete in time,
owing to the fact that Corfu was chosen to be the evacua-
tion site at the last minute. Due to the substantial losses in
the course of the war, the Supreme Command was forced
to reorganise the remaining troops after allocating the army
in Corfu. Between November 1915 and May 1916, a series of
conferences was held between the Allies in Chantilly and
Paris, dealing with strategic issues, the fate of Serbian army
and the battlefield in Thessaloniki. The prevailing opinion
was that the Thessaloniki front should be sustained and that
Serbian army should be used as an integral military forma-
tion with tactical independence and command. The Supreme
Command was taken over by French General Sarrail; with a
special legal act, Prince Regent Aleksandar had transferred
some of his authority as a Commander-in-Chief to Sarrail.
A comprehensive and demanding job of reorganising
Serbian army was performed with the professional help of
French officers. Operational army was divided into three
Armies, weaker than at the beginning of the war. Essential-
ly, after the change of formation, the three Serbian Armies
resembled French army organisation, i.e. French corps,
in terms of the number of soldiers and weapons. Previ-
ous lines of six divisions were comprised of the manpower
of the former 13 infantry regiments of both lines of divi-
sions. The reorganisation of Serbian army was completed
on 26th April 1916. The Supreme Command received a part
of war material necessary for the formation and training
of the troops in Corfu, whereas the largest part was sent
to Thessaloniki. Soldiers were trained both in Corfu and
Thessaloniki, so that in the second half of 1916 they started
preparing for the transfer to the front line.
Upon the arrival in Corfu, Serbian state was formed in
exile, even though without territory. State administration
functioned without interruption until the end of the First
World War. From Corfu, Serbian Government led and co-
ordinated international politics of the Kingdom of Serbia
until the end of war. The Allies’ acknowledgment of the le-
gitimacy of Serbian Government was essential for the fate
of Serbian state.
In mid-August 1916, Bulgarian military leaders decid-
ed that the possible opening of the front line in the north
by Romania should be prevented with a successful offen-
sive against the Allies in the south, in Macedonia. Bulgarian
troops had gone on the offensive and pushed the newly-
arrived Serbian troops before the Allies managed to carry
out the attack they had planned. On 17th August, Bulgarian
army carried out two flanking manoeuvres ֊ in the east, in
the lower stream of the River Struma, and in the west, in
the direction from Bitola to Ostrovo. Having blocked the
Bulgarian offensive in the direction from Bitola to Ostrovo,
Serbian army achieved their first success and victory after
being exiled from their fatherland. This success is consid-
ered to have affected Romania’s decision to join the war on
28th August, and Greece to express their readiness to join
the Entente on 30th August. However, Serbian army paid a
heavy price for blocking the offensive.
Following the initiative of Serbian Supreme Command,
the Commander-in-Chief of the Allies, General Sarrail, or-
dered a counter-offensive in the western sector of the front
line, in Macedonia, on 12lh September 1916. After the Bat-
tles of Gornicevo and Kajmakcalan, Serbian troops fought
the next battles with success, which directly affected the
decision of Bulgarian troops to leave Bitola, which they had
entered on 19th November 1916. With the entrance of the
Allies into Bitola, the autumn offensive was completed. The
Supreme Command of the Allies did not exploit the success
of Serbian army any longer. The victory at Kajmakcalan it-
self opened the way back to the fatherland and reaffirmed
the image of Serbian army to the Allies. Serbian army
claimed many victims to carry out this offensive success-
fully. As many as 33,500 people, 1,000 of whom were offic-
ers, were put out of action.
What followed was the entrenching at the lines which
had been reached; for the next two years the war would
be fought in trenches. In late December 1916 the reorgani-
sation, i.e. downsizing of Serbian army started, due to the
losses in the autumn and the impossibility of reinforcement
in the form of manpower. The downsizing started in mid-
January and it lasted, in several stages, until March 191?.
However, both sides remained defensive until September
1918. The only exceptions were occasional attacks among
the infantry, the exchanges of artillery fire, reconnaissance
and aerial activities from both sides.
In 1917 there was an important political moment which
largely determined the course of history after the end of
the war. It was the conference in Corfu, held in June and
July, between the representatives of Serbian Government
and Yugoslav Committee, consisting of the representa-
tives of peoples of Yugoslavia in Austria-Hungary. There
they agreed that, after the war, a Yugoslav state should be
formed on the territory where Yugoslav peoples live, and
that it should be a constitutional and parliamentary monar-
chy, led by the Karadordevic dynasty. In this way, Serbian
war goals, proclaimed in late 1914, turned from Serbian
into universal, Yugoslav ones.
The creation of a volunteer division had started even
earlier, followed by the creation of Serbian Volunteer
Corps, consisting of volunteers ֊ prisoners of Serbian, Cro-
atian and Slovene nationality in Russia. This was consistent
with the proclaimed goal of creating a new, common, Yu-
goslav state. At the turn of the years 1917 and 1918, Serbian
army was reinforced by almost 20,000 soldiers from Rus-
sia, followed by those who voluntarily applied in America
and were successively admitted to Serbian army during the
two years. The volunteers in Serbian army during the Great
War “fought tenaciously to liberate all South Slavs from
Austria-Hungary and unite them with Serbia and Monte-
negro.”
In the same year, an uprising took place in Serbia. Fol-
lowing the breakdown of the Kingdom of Serbia and the
retreat of its army beyond its borders, the three enemies
of Serbia - Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria
reached an agreement about the division and ruling Ser-
bia. Bulgaria was free to occupy what it had been promised,
and it divided that territory into two zones. The territory
in the basin of River Južna Morava and east of the River
Velika Morava were called “Military-Inspection Region
of Morava," whereas the second one included Macedonia
and was called “Military Inspection Region of Macedonia,”
with its centre in Skopje. The rest of the occupied territory
fell under the government of Austro-Hungarian “Military
General Government,” and it was centred in Belgrade. In
the “Military-Inspection Region of Morava,” Bulgarians
formed internal organisation corresponding to the state of
war, but also in harmony with the intention to permanently
adjoin this territory to Bulgaria; therefore, military and
civilian governing was combined. In this way, the town ol
Požarevac changed their occupying forces after the depar-
ture of German forces in the end of 1915. Since 2"(l January
1916 Požarevac and its surroundings were adjoined to the
Bulgarian zone of occupation.
The occupation of Serbia entailed the prohibition of
all existing forms of public life (all political, professional,
cultural and sport organisations were dismissed). This was
followed by mass internment, taking a large number of hos-
tages, violent behaviour and disarming people. The crimes
committed by enemy troops in the Military Government
can be described as both extremely brutal and large-scale.
Plundering was common, both among military and ci-
vilian authorities of Bulgarian occupational authorities. It
was done in every opportunity and it was tightly connected
to requisition. As one of the measures of denationalisa-
tion of Serbian population, performed by Bulgaria on the
pretext of reinforcing Bulgarian army, a male (aged 18-50)
population census was conducted for the purpose of con-
scription in the end of summer of 1916. The conscription
was met with the strong resistance of Serbian population,
especially in the country, and Bulgarian authorities re-
sponded with a brutal revenge on the fugitives and their
families. Taking as a starting point the proclaimed goal that
the occupied territory of Serbia was purely Bulgarian, they
strove hard to Bulgarise Serbian population and wipe out
the Serbian nation.
During the winter of 1916-1917, several campaigns were
carried out against Serbian insurgents-guerilla fighters.
However, in February 1917, when Bulgarian Government
ordered the conscription of Serbian young men to their
army, there was a new wave of hiding in forests and the
development of militant Serbian nationalist guerilla. The
uprising was staged in the wider region around the Toplica
and Jablanica rivers and around Kopaonik and Jastrebac
mountains, it stretched to Vlasenica and it was also felt in
some parts of Timok and Kosovo. The uprising in Serbia
in early 1917 lasted for about a month. The number of vic-
tims is imprecise, though it is certain that Bulgarian and
Austro-Hungarian troops killed tens of thousands of men
and women, old and young, and sent twice or three times as
many people to internment camps. It was the only uprising
on the continent of Europe, and also the only one on all of
the occupational territories formed in this war.
On 18th June 1918 General Franchet d’Espèrey became
the Commander of the Allied Forces on the Thessaloniki
front. The French general immediately started analysing
the possibilities for the decisive action on the Thessaloniki
front. Until the end of June he analysed the possibilities
and appropriate places to break through the front line, and
the Serbian Regent informed him, on his first day in office,
on the possibility and the advantages of breaking through
the front line in the Serbian section. During the two subse-
quent summer months, significant work was done concern-
ing the preparation of this sector for the decisive action. The
commands of Bulgarian and German forces in Macedonia,
aware of the previous failed attempts to break through the
front line, did not believe that the Allied Forces could strike
a decisive blow. It was believed that the position of Dobro
Polje was unconquerable, and that the planned direction of
the possible attack was through the plain region around Bi-
tola. In relations with their allies, the Commander-in-Chief
of the Allied Forces, General d’Esperey, on one side, and
French Government on the other, had problems gaining
the approval to start the offensive. The approval had to be
received from all the Allies which had contingents on that
front line.
Serbian Second Army was grouped on the very sector
of the front-line breakthrough. The date of starting the ar-
tillery preparation was 14th September. The next day was
the day of the beginning of the breakthrough of Serbian
army. Reinforced by French troops, Serbian Second Army
performed a tactical break through the front line along
their entire zone of attack. Having made a full-scale attack
during the first three days of the offensive, Serbian and
French forces penetrated deeply into the lines of Bulgarian
and German armies, leaving a space which was 30 km wide
and 15 km deep. In the next four days a strategic break-
through of the enemy front line was performed. The Sec-
ond Army reached the River Vardar on 21st September. At
these moments, Serbian army had already cut off the Bul-
garians’ lines of retreat from western Macedonia and they
could only withdraw through Tetovo and Skopje. The dis-
order in Bulgarian army caused them to retreat in a state
of disarray at some parts of the front line. Bulgarian army
capitulated without any soldier of the Allied Forces enter-
ing their territory.
The breakthrough of the front line in Macedonia and
the elimination of Bulgaria from the war had powerful re-
percussions in Europe and the world as a great sensation.
The Thessaloniki front was not very significant and it was
not expected to be the site of the victory which would mark
a turning point in the war. The Supreme Command of the
Allies did not stop Serbian army and the French reinforce-
ment in their breakthrough to the north any more. The
units of the First Army advanced further to the north to-
wards Belgrade. North of Skopje they met and fought Ger-
man and Austro-Hungarian troops, many of whom had ar-
rived hastily as reinforcement from other battlefields. This
lasted until lsl November, when Serbian troops reached the
former border of the Kingdom of Serbia ֊ the Sava and the
Danube rivers ֊ on several borderline sections.
On 6։h October 1918 Germans took over the power from
Bulgarians in Požarevac. The commander of Požarevac and
all German authorities stopped functioning on 27th Octo-
ber and in the morning of 28lh October they left town. The
main body of Serbian First Horse Brigade advanced along
the crag between the Morava and Mlava rivers, meeting
practically no resistance from the enemy. In the morning
of 29ih October the main body of the First Horse Brigade
entered Požarevac and its front parts proceeded towards
the Danube. Serbian advance elements went to the Danube.
The entire region had been cleaned out of enemy soldiers,
who had been chased across the Danube. Patrols were sent
to Ram, Veliko Grădişte and Golubac. On 30th October the
First Army continued to progress to the north, encounter-
ing few enemies, who still retreated hastily and in dissarray
towatds the Danube and Sava.
In early November Serbian troops entered the Srem,
Banat and Bačka Districts. After signing the armistice with
Austria-Hungary, on 3rd November 1918 the first soldiers
of Serbian army crossed the Danube. Thus, in mid-Novem-
ber, Serbian troops controlled the territory to the line of
Baja-Subotica to the north, and in the Banat District to the
east of Vršac, Bela Crkva and further to the line of Or ova-
Lugoj-Timişoara. In acordance with the new situation and
the armistice with Austria-Hungary, Serbian forces crossed
the River Drina as well and entered Bosnia and Herzegovi-
na. In the first half of November, former Serbian prisoners
in several Austro-Hungarian towns formed combat units, In
Novi Sad, Ljubljana, Maribor and Zagreb these units played
an important role not only in establishing the authority of
the National Council of the State of Serbs, Croats and Slo-
venes, but also in preventing Italian army from breaking
through the territories of Slovenia or Croatia.
According to the previous agreement, reached by the
representatives of Serbian Government and the National
Council in Zagreb, on 1st December 1918 Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes became united into a single state - the Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Thessaloniki offensive is considered to have
claimed a relatively small number of victims from Serbian
and French armies, compared to the effects it produced.
During this operation, all Allied Forces had 16,200 people
put out of action, 4,000 of whom were dead or wounded.
Serbian army had 4,019 people put out of action, 681 of
whom were dead, 132 missing and 2,206 wounded. The to-
tal number of casualties of Serbian army at the Thessalon-
iki front between 1916 and 1918 was the following: 42,725
people put out of action, 9,303 of whom lost their lives.
In conclusion, the consequences of wars and war cir-
cumstances in 1912,1913,1914,1915-1918 went to such an
extent that in the period between 1910 and 1918 Serbia lost
1,900,000 lives, which amounted to 60% of the total popu-
lation. For such a small country and its nation this was argu-
ably a major demographic catastrophe.
САДРЖАІ
CONTENTS
Др JacMMa НиколиЬ н Ph.D. Jasmina Nikolič and
Др BojaH ДимитрщевиЬ Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
РЕЧ УРЕДНИКА A WORD FROM THE EDITORS
I І
СРБШАУ ВЕЛИКОМ РАТУ SERBIA DURING THE GREAT WAR
Др BojaH Димитрщевиїі Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
ПОЧЕТАК СВЕТСКОГ PATA И ОПЕРАЦШЕ 9 THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD WAR
СРПСКЕ BOJCKE У1914. ГОДИНИ AND SERBIAN ARMY OPERATIONS IN 1914
Мр Марщана Мраовиїї MSc. Marijana Mraovic
СРБША И ЕЬЕМ BOJCKA У РАТНОJ 43 WARTTIME SERBIA AND ITS ARMY
1915. ГОДИНИ IN 1915
Др Данило Шаренац Ph.D. Danilo Sarenac
САВЕЗНИЦИ И СРБША 1914-1916. THE ALIES AND SERBIA FROM 1914 TO 1916
Мр Марщана Мраовиїї MSc. Marijana Mraovic
РЕХАБИЛИТАДША И РЕОРГАНИЗАЦЮА on THE REHABILITATION AND REORGANISATION
BOJCKE КРАІЬЕВИНЕ СРБШЕ НА КРФУ ^ OF THE ARMY OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA IN
CORFU
JacMHHa ЖивковиК, МА JasminaZivkovic,MA
САВЕЗНИЧКЕ САНИТЕТСКЕ МИСШЕ И 96 THE ALLIES' MEDICAL MISSIONS
ЛЕЧЕІЬЕ СРПСКЕ BOJCKE
Др BojaH ДимитрщевиЬ Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
CP11CKA BOJCKA НА СОЛУНСКОМ 117 SERBIAN ARMY AT THE ТНШШМКІ
ФРОНТУ 1916-1017. FRONT
Іасмина ЖивковиЬ, MA 0 Jasmina Zivkovic, MA
ХЕР0ИНЕ ПРВ0Г СВЕТСКОЕ PATA THE HEROINES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Іасмина ЖивковиЬ, MA и Др Bojan ДимитрщевиЕ Jasmina Zivkovic, MA and Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
ДОБРОВОЛЦИ У СРПСКШ ВШСЦИ И Н ИХОВ 145 THE VOLUNTEERS IN SERBIAN ARMYAND
ДОЛАЗАК HA СОЛУНСКИ ФРОНТ THEIR ARRIVAL AT THE THESSALONIKI ERONT
Др BojaH ДимитрфвиЬ Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
IIPOBOJ СОЛУНСКОГ ФРОНТА II 153 THE BREAKING OUT OP THE THESSALONIKI
ОСЛОБОЦЕІЬЕ CPBHJE1918. ™T
JacMnna ЖивковиЕ, MA Jasmina Zivkovic, MA
ГУБИЦИ СРПСКЕ BOJCKE У 172 THE LOSSES OF SERBIAN ARMY IN
ПРВОМ СВЕТСКОМ РАТУ THE FIRST WORLD WAR
II
БРАНИЧЕВО
У ВЕЛИКОМ РАТУ
II
BBANICEVO
DURING THE GBEAT WAR
Др Гордан BojKOBiiE PE.D. Gordan Bojkovic
СРПСКА BOJCKA У БРАНИЧЕВСКОМ KPAJY ДО 185 SERBIAN ARMY IN THE REGION OF BRANICEVO
„МАКЕНЗЕНОВЕ" ОФАНЗИВЕ1915. PRIOR TO MACKENSEN’S OFFENSIVE
Mp Драгана МшюрадовиЕ MSc. Dragana Miloradovic
ВАЗ ДУХОП ЛОВНА КОМАНД А У ПОЖАРЕВЦУ 193 THE AVIATION COMMAND IN POZAREVAC
1915. IN 1915
/Ip Миро.ъуб МашуловиЬ PE.D. Miroljub Manojlovic
„МАКЕНЗЕНОВА“ ОФАНЗИВА И ОКУПАЦИИ 202 MACKENSEN'S OFFENSIVE AND THE
БРАНИЧЕВА1915. OCCUPATION BRANICEVO IN 1915
Др Миролуб МажуловиЬ Ph.D. Miroljub Manojlovic
ОКУПАТОРСКА УПРАВА У СРБШИ 209 OCCUPYING ADMINISTRATION IN SERBIA
1916-1918. 1916-1918
Др Миршьуб Мано]лови1і
БУБАРСКА ОКУПАНИМ У ГОШРЕВАЧКОМ 219
ОКРУГУ 19161918.
Ph.D. Miroljub Manojlovic
BULGARIAN OCCUPATION IN THE REGION OF
POŽAREVAC, 19161918
Mp Драгана МилорадовиЬ MSc.DraganaMiloradovic
ТРИ ТЕШКЕ РАТНЕ ПОЖАРЕВАЧКЕ ГОДИНЕ 229 THREE DIFFICULT WAR YEARS IN POZAREVAC
Др Мирол уб Ма^ловиЬ
ГРЧКИ ИЗГНАНИЦИ У RPEME БУГАРСКЕ 256
ОКУПАЦИИ У ПОЖАРЕВЦУ, 19160918.
Ph.D. Miroljub Manojlovic
GREER EXILES DURING THE BULGARIAN
OCCUPATION IN POŽAREVAC, 19161918
Іасмина ЖивковиЬ, MA Jasmina Zivkovic, MA
БРАНИЧЕВСКИ ОДРЕД И БОРЦИ VIII ПУКА НА 260 BRANICEVO UNIT AND THE FIGHTERS OF THE
ШУЙСКОМ ФРОНТУ 8™ REGIMENT ON THE THESSALONIKI FRONT
Mp He6ojma їдокиЬ
ОСЛОБОЦЕПЕ ПОЖАРЕБЦА И ОКОЛИНЕ1918. 271
Др BojaH Димитри]свиЬ
РЕЗИМЕ
276
СПИСАК ИЛУСТРАЦША 293
MSc. Nebojsa Djokic
THE LIBERATION OF POZAREVAC AND
SURROUNDING AREAS
Ph.D. Bojan Dimitrijevic
SUMARY
THE LIST OF BOOR ILLUSTRATIONS
—
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
Ч
München
V- |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171539257 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042981364 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)955255296 (DE-599)BVBBV042981364 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Braničevo (DE-588)4230225-0 gnd Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Braničevo Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV042981364 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-13T09:00:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788684969585 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028406844 |
| oclc_num | 955255296 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 303 S. Ill. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Istorijski Arhiv |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. urednici: Bojan Dimitrijević ... Požarevac Istorijski Arhiv 2014 303 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Braničevo (DE-588)4230225-0 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Braničevo (DE-588)4230225-0 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s DE-604 Dimitrijević, Bojan B. 1968- Sonstige (DE-588)171539257 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028406844&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028406844&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4230225-0 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. |
| title_auth | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. |
| title_exact_search | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. |
| title_full | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. urednici: Bojan Dimitrijević ... |
| title_fullStr | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. urednici: Bojan Dimitrijević ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. urednici: Bojan Dimitrijević ... |
| title_short | Srbija i Braničevo u Velikom ratu 1914 - 1918. |
| title_sort | srbija i branicevo u velikom ratu 1914 1918 |
| topic | Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Braničevo Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028406844&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028406844&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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