A grammar of Mandarin:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Chinese |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam ; Philadelphia
John Benjamins Publishing Company
[2015]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 477 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9789027212283 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Mandarin |c Jeroen Wiedenhof, Leiden University |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam ; Philadelphia |b John Benjamins Publishing Company |c [2015] | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Grammatik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chinese language |x Grammar | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mandarin dialects |x Grammar | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | V
Contents
Symbols, abbreviations and other conventions xiii
Preface xxi
1 Mandarin 1
1.1 Mandarin and the other Chinese languages 1
1.2 Chinese and its neighbors 2
1.3 Mandarin as a standard language 4
1.4 Is Mandarin a difficult language? 6
1.5 Language names 7
1.6 The description of Mandarin 7
2 Phonetics and phonology 11
2.1 The sounds of speech and their transcription 11
2.2 Tone 12
2.2.1 Mandarin tones 14
2.2.2 The neutral tone 19
2.2.3 The transcription of tone 21
2.2.4 Tone sandhi and neutralization 23
2.3 Consonants, semivowels, vowels and syllables 30
2.4 Initials and medials 32
2.4.1 Consonants by place of articulation 35
2.4.2 Consonants by manner of articulation 37
2.5 Finals 38
2.5.1 a sounds 40
2.5.2 e sounds 40
2.5.3 i sounds 41
2.5.4 The seven buzzers: alveolar and retroflex - i 42
2.5.5 o sounds 43
2.5.6 u sounds 44
2.5.7 ü sounds 45
2.6 The pronunciation and spelling of syllables starting in i, ü and u 45
Contents
vi
2.7 The-r coda 48
2.7.1 No sandhi effects 49
2.7.2 The loss of -nand -i after a vowel 50
2.7.3 The loss of-ng: nasal rhotacisms 51
2.7.4 Schwa insertion with high vowels 52
2.7.5 Schwa insertion with the seven buzzers 52
2.8 Phonology 53
2.8.1 Tonemes 55
2.8.2 Consonants 57
2.8.3 Vowels 61
2.9 Linking sounds of speech: sandhi and neutralization 67
2.9.1 Voiced obstruents 67
2.9.2 Neutralization of vowels 68
2.10 Prosody 68
2.11 Substandard pronunciation in Beijing 70
3 Subordination 73
3.1 The subordinating construction 73
3.2 The particle de 74
3.3 Subordination with and without de 75
3.4 Modifier and head 77
3.5 Types of modifiers 80
3.6 Longer modifiers 83
3.7 Subordination without an overt head 84
3.8 Nouns and verbs defined 86
4 Nouns 87
4.1 Noun and noun phrase 87
4.2 Personal names 90
4.3 Kinship terms 93
4.4 Pronouns 99
4.4.1 Personal pronouns 100
4.4.2 Demonstrative pronouns 108
4.4.3 ‘Why’and‘how come’ 115
Contents
vii
5 Verbs 117
5.1 Verbs and predicates 117
5.2 Sentences and verbs 118
5.2.1 Subjects, topics and objects 118
5.2.2 Transitive verbs 122
5.3 The presentative construction 127
5.4 Coverbs 130
5.5 Causative constructions with jiao ‘call’ and rang ‘let’ 139
5.6 wen ‘ask’ and qing ‘request’ 144
5.7 Constructions of gei ‘give’ with a second verb 146
5.8 Passive constructions with bei 150
5.9 The pretransitive construction 153
5.10 The progressive aspect with zai ‘be at’ 159
5.11 Auxiliary verbs 160
5.11.1 Being able and being possible 161
5.11.2 Wanting and needing 166
5.12 shi ‘be’ 173
5.13 you ‘be there’ 177
6 Properties and states 181
6.1 Adjectives 181
6.2 Properties and gradation 182
6.3 Comparison with bi 187
6.4 Adverbs, free adverbs and conjunctions 189
6.5 The adverbial predicate 193
7 Negations and questions 201
7.1 Negations 201
7.1.1 bü ‘not’ 201
7.1.2 bu ‘not to be’ 202
7.1.3 mei ‘not to be there’ 204
7.2 Questions 208
7.2.1 The interrogative particle ma 209
7.2.2 Reduplication-type questions 212
7.2.3 The use of interrogative pronouns 214
vílí Contents
8 Tense, aspect and mood 219
8.1 The linguistic expression of time 219
8.1.1 le: perfective aspect 220
8.1.2 guo~ guo:experiential aspect 228
8.1.3 zhe: durative aspect 231
8.1.4 laide ~ laizhe: refreshing aspect 233
8.1.5 de:situational aspect 235
8.2 Mood 240
8.2.1 ba: suggestion 241
8.2.2 a: expected continuation 242
8.2.3 bei:limited commitment 244
8.2.4 ne:relevance 245
9 Counting and classifying 249
9.1 Numerals 251
9.1.1 Integers 251
9.1.2 yi ‘one’ and yi‘a’ 253
9.1.3 yi ‘one item’, lia ‘two items’ and sd ‘three items’ 256
9.1.4 Ordinal numerals 257
9.1.5 Interrogative numerals 259
9.1.6 Parts, fractions and decimals 260
9.2 Alternative ways of counting 262
9.3 Classifiers 267
9.3.1 Meaning and syntax of classifiers 270
9.3.2 A list of classifiers 274
9.3.3 Ěr ‘two’ and Hang ‘pair, couple’ 278
9.3.4 Measuring time 280
9.3.5 Measures and weights 286 10
10 Morphology 289
10.1 Morphology in Mandarin 289
10.1.1 Lexicon, syntax and morphology 289
10.1.2 Free and bound morphemes 291
10.1.3 Characters, syllables and morphemes 293
10.2 Nouns 298
10.2.1 Prefixes 298
Contents
ix
10.2.2 Suffixes 300
10.2.3 Localizing expressions 309
10.3 The formation of adverbs with s hi ‘be’ and you ‘be there’ 311
10.4 Resultative verbs 312
10.5 Reduplication 317
10.5.1 Verbs 317
10.5.2 Adjectives 319
10.5.3 Classifiers 320
10.5.4 Kinship terms and language of the home 321
10.5.5 The endearment tones 321
11 Function words 323
12 The Chinese script 359
12.1 Archeology 359
12.2 The imperial period 360
12.3 Features of the Chinese script 365
12.3.1 Graphical form 365
12.3.2 Language and script 371
12.3.3 7 # 1 iushu ‘the Six Categories of the Script’ 378
12.3.4 Statistics 380
12.4 Character classification 385
12.4.1 Radicals 387
12.4.2 Other graphical classifications 392
12.5 New developments 394
12.5.1 Script reforms 394
12.5.2 The digital revolution 402
Appendix A The International Phonetic Alphabet 409
Appendix B Syllable inventory in Pinyin 410
Appendix C Phonological inventory of Beijing Mandarin 412
Appendix D The transcription of Mandarin 414
Glossary 429
References 443
Index 463
X
Contents
Figures and Tables
Figure 1.1 The languages of China xxiv-xxv
Table 1.2 Chinese language names 8
Table 2.1 Minimal contrasts in English and Mandarin 13
Figure 2.2 The tones of Beijing Mandarin in their citation forms 14
Table 2.3 The traditional analysis of Chinese tones 17
Table 2.4 Beijing Mandarin tone names 17
Figure 2.5 Tone letters for Beijing Mandarin 19
Figure 2.6 Pitch levels of the neutral tone 20
Figure 2.7 Tone sandhi patterns with the third tone 24
Figure 2.8 Optional tone sandhi patterns 26
Table 2.9 Lexical tone sandhi 26
Table 2.10 The Mandarin syllable 31
Table 2.11 Inventory of consonants and semivowels 33
Figure 2.12 Speech organs and speech sounds 33
Table 2.13 Mandarin tonemes and their features 56
Table 2.14 Consonant phonemes and their features 58
Table 2.15 Single vowels perceived as the final -e [ta] 62
Table 2.16 Vowels phonemes and their features 65
Table 2.17 Finals phonemically 66
Figure 2.18 Prosody 69
Table 3.1 Subordination with and without de 73
Figure 4.1 Personal names in a telephone directory 91
Figure 4.2 Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par Memorial 94
Table 4.3 Kinship terms 96
Table 4.4 Personal pronouns 107
Table 4.5 Demonstrative pronouns: beings, things, matters 107
Table 4.6 Demonstrative pronouns: place 111
Table 4.7 Demonstrative pronouns: manner 113
Table 5.1 Coverbs 132-133
Table 5.2 Denoting distances with lz ‘separated from’ 137
Figure 5.3 A traffic sign in Hong Kong 140
Table 5.4 Causative constructions withjiao ‘call’ and rang ‘let’ 143
Table 5.5 Passive constructions with bei 151
xi
158
162
183
190
190
197
229
239
250
250
263
263
264
265
281
283
284
287
287
297
310
312
358
361
363
363
366
367
368
368
369
370
Syntactic constellations for Woyijing bd anmidnyao gei ta chi
wan le.
Auxiliary verbs
Good, better, best
Adverbs, free adverbs and conjunctions
Clauses joined by adverbs, free adverbs and conjunctions
Temporal constellations for Women chi de hen kaixin. and
Shuo de qingchu.
Two aspect particles
Functions of the particle de
Cardinal numerals
Powers of ten in Mandarin and in English
The ten stems and the twelve branches
The sexagenary cycle
Character numbers and Arabic numbers on a liquor label
Chinese numerical notations
Time measurements in common use
The days of the week
Earlier, current and later times
Units in the market system and in the metric system
Other common units of measure
Bound morphemes in Chinese dictionaries
Localizing expressions
Adverbs with and without shi ‘be’ and you ‘be there’
The oracle-bone script
Qin # writing
Writing in brush and ink
Traditional script styles
Stroke order in Chinese characters: the basics
How to write Hi jiao ‘pepper’ and 41 Jiang ‘border’
Modern handwriting: simplified characters in felt marker
Modern handwriting: traditional characters in ballpoint pen
Character strokes in brush and pen compared
The Roman alphabet in Mandarin
xii
Contents
Table 12.11 Chinese punctuation marks 371
Figure 12.12 Fantasy characters: the artistic application of a productive
principle 373
Table 12.13 Character counts through the ages 381
Table 12.14 Character frequency and modern text coverage 383
Table 12.15 List of 214 traditional radicals 386
Figure 12.16 Looking up a character by radical 389
Figure 12.17 Other graphical classifications 393
Table 12.18 Periods in the introduction of simplified characters 395
Table 12.19 Guiding principles for the creation of simplified characters 396
Table 12.20 Stroke counts in traditional and simplified characters 398
Table 12.21 Script reforms: fewer strokes and increased similarity 400
Figure 12.22 Chinese character software: input method based on Pinyin 404
Figure 12.23 Keyboard with Roman script and Chinese input methods 404
Figure 12.24 Handwritten digital input 406
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| spelling | Wiedenhof, Jeroen 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)172944139 aut A grammar of Mandarin Jeroen Wiedenhof, Leiden University Amsterdam ; Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Company [2015] xxiii, 477 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grammatik Chinese language Grammar Mandarin dialects Grammar Chinese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Nordchinesisch (DE-588)4303978-9 gnd rswk-swf Nordchinesisch (DE-588)4303978-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028398838&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | A grammar of Mandarin |
| title_auth | A grammar of Mandarin |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Mandarin |
| title_full | A grammar of Mandarin Jeroen Wiedenhof, Leiden University |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Mandarin Jeroen Wiedenhof, Leiden University |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Mandarin Jeroen Wiedenhof, Leiden University |
| title_short | A grammar of Mandarin |
| title_sort | a grammar of mandarin |
| topic | Grammatik Chinese language Grammar Mandarin dialects Grammar Chinese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Nordchinesisch (DE-588)4303978-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grammatik Chinese language Grammar Mandarin dialects Grammar Chinese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Nordchinesisch |
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