The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Santiago, Chile
ECLAC
2001
|
Schriftenreihe: | Libros de la CEPAL
65 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Beschreibung: | "May 2001"--T.p. verso. - "LC/G.2127-P"--T.p. verso. - Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002 Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163) Centers on the consequence of the reforms implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean in the last two decades. Trade and financial liberalization and the privatization of production activities have radically altered the rules of the game governing labor and business. The macroeconomic policy changes that accompanied or preceded the reforms sometimes strengthened the latter 's specific objectives, especially the growth of exports, but on other occasions they had the opposite effect. That combination of factors prompted the emergence of new market structures and transformations in microeconomic behavior. This book is part of a project carried out by ECLAC, in conjunction with researchers from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru), to study the impact of the reforms. Income distribution in the region is the most unequal in the entire world, a situation that has been true for as long as the statistics have been kept. This publication identifies three contributing factors that help explain Latin America 's high level of inequality |
Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) |
ISBN: | 1417557257 9781417557257 9211212936 9789211212938 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zcb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV042965164 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 151030s2001 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
020 | |a 1417557257 |c electronic bk. |9 1-4175-5725-7 | ||
020 | |a 9781417557257 |c electronic bk. |9 978-1-4175-5725-7 | ||
020 | |a 9211212936 |9 92-1-121293-6 | ||
020 | |a 9789211212938 |9 978-92-1-121293-8 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)57046319 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV042965164 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
082 | 0 | |a 339.2 |2 22 | |
100 | 1 | |a Morley, Samuel A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean |c Samuel A. Morley |
264 | 1 | |a Santiago, Chile |b ECLAC |c 2001 | |
300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Libros de la CEPAL |v 65 | |
500 | |a "May 2001"--T.p. verso. - "LC/G.2127-P"--T.p. verso. - Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002 | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163) | ||
500 | |a Centers on the consequence of the reforms implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean in the last two decades. Trade and financial liberalization and the privatization of production activities have radically altered the rules of the game governing labor and business. The macroeconomic policy changes that accompanied or preceded the reforms sometimes strengthened the latter 's specific objectives, especially the growth of exports, but on other occasions they had the opposite effect. That combination of factors prompted the emergence of new market structures and transformations in microeconomic behavior. This book is part of a project carried out by ECLAC, in conjunction with researchers from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru), to study the impact of the reforms. Income distribution in the region is the most unequal in the entire world, a situation that has been true for as long as the statistics have been kept. This publication identifies three contributing factors that help explain Latin America 's high level of inequality | ||
650 | 4 | |a Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine | |
650 | 4 | |a Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région) | |
650 | 4 | |a Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine | |
650 | 4 | |a Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région) | |
650 | 7 | |a POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 7 | |a Equality |2 fast | |
650 | 7 | |a Income distribution |2 fast | |
650 | 7 | |a Inkomensverdeling |2 gtt | |
650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
650 | 4 | |a Income distribution |z Latin America | |
650 | 4 | |a Income distribution |z Caribbean Area | |
650 | 4 | |a Equality |z Latin America | |
650 | 4 | |a Equality |z Caribbean Area | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Einkommensverteilung |0 (DE-588)4013898-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Soziale Ungleichheit |0 (DE-588)4055736-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 4 | |a Lateinamerika | |
651 | 7 | |a Karibik |0 (DE-588)4073241-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
651 | 7 | |a Lateinamerika |0 (DE-588)4074032-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Karibik |0 (DE-588)4073241-1 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Einkommensverteilung |0 (DE-588)4013898-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Soziale Ungleichheit |0 (DE-588)4055736-4 |D s |
689 | 0 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
689 | 1 | 0 | |a Lateinamerika |0 (DE-588)4074032-8 |D g |
689 | 1 | 1 | |a Einkommensverteilung |0 (DE-588)4013898-7 |D s |
689 | 1 | 2 | |a Soziale Ungleichheit |0 (DE-588)4055736-4 |D s |
689 | 1 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
710 | 2 | |a United Nations |b Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=122037 |x Aggregator |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-4-EBU | ||
940 | 1 | |q FLA_PDA_EBU | |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028391032 | ||
883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804175290270744576 |
---|---|
any_adam_object | |
author | Morley, Samuel A. |
author_facet | Morley, Samuel A. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Morley, Samuel A. |
author_variant | s a m sa sam |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV042965164 |
collection | ZDB-4-EBU |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)57046319 (DE-599)BVBBV042965164 |
dewey-full | 339.2 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 339 - Macroeconomics and related topics |
dewey-raw | 339.2 |
dewey-search | 339.2 |
dewey-sort | 3339.2 |
dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04244nmm a2200733zcb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV042965164</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">151030s2001 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1417557257</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">1-4175-5725-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781417557257</subfield><subfield code="c">electronic bk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-4175-5725-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9211212936</subfield><subfield code="9">92-1-121293-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789211212938</subfield><subfield code="9">978-92-1-121293-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)57046319</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV042965164</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">339.2</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Morley, Samuel A.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean</subfield><subfield code="c">Samuel A. Morley</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Santiago, Chile</subfield><subfield code="b">ECLAC</subfield><subfield code="c">2001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (169 p.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Libros de la CEPAL</subfield><subfield code="v">65</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"May 2001"--T.p. verso. - "LC/G.2127-P"--T.p. verso. - Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Centers on the consequence of the reforms implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean in the last two decades. Trade and financial liberalization and the privatization of production activities have radically altered the rules of the game governing labor and business. The macroeconomic policy changes that accompanied or preceded the reforms sometimes strengthened the latter 's specific objectives, especially the growth of exports, but on other occasions they had the opposite effect. That combination of factors prompted the emergence of new market structures and transformations in microeconomic behavior. This book is part of a project carried out by ECLAC, in conjunction with researchers from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru), to study the impact of the reforms. Income distribution in the region is the most unequal in the entire world, a situation that has been true for as long as the statistics have been kept. This publication identifies three contributing factors that help explain Latin America 's high level of inequality</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Equality</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Income distribution</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Inkomensverdeling</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Income distribution</subfield><subfield code="z">Latin America</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Income distribution</subfield><subfield code="z">Caribbean Area</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Equality</subfield><subfield code="z">Latin America</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Equality</subfield><subfield code="z">Caribbean Area</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Einkommensverteilung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4013898-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Soziale Ungleichheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055736-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Lateinamerika</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Karibik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073241-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Lateinamerika</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074032-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Karibik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073241-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Einkommensverteilung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4013898-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Soziale Ungleichheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055736-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Lateinamerika</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074032-8</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Einkommensverteilung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4013898-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Soziale Ungleichheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055736-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="710" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">United Nations</subfield><subfield code="b">Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=122037</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-4-EBU</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">FLA_PDA_EBU</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028391032</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | Lateinamerika Karibik (DE-588)4073241-1 gnd Lateinamerika (DE-588)4074032-8 gnd |
geographic_facet | Lateinamerika Karibik |
id | DE-604.BV042965164 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:13:56Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 1417557257 9781417557257 9211212936 9789211212938 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028391032 |
oclc_num | 57046319 |
open_access_boolean | |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) |
psigel | ZDB-4-EBU FLA_PDA_EBU |
publishDate | 2001 |
publishDateSearch | 2001 |
publishDateSort | 2001 |
publisher | ECLAC |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Libros de la CEPAL |
spelling | Morley, Samuel A. Verfasser aut The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean Samuel A. Morley Santiago, Chile ECLAC 2001 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Libros de la CEPAL 65 "May 2001"--T.p. verso. - "LC/G.2127-P"--T.p. verso. - Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002 Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-163) Centers on the consequence of the reforms implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean in the last two decades. Trade and financial liberalization and the privatization of production activities have radically altered the rules of the game governing labor and business. The macroeconomic policy changes that accompanied or preceded the reforms sometimes strengthened the latter 's specific objectives, especially the growth of exports, but on other occasions they had the opposite effect. That combination of factors prompted the emergence of new market structures and transformations in microeconomic behavior. This book is part of a project carried out by ECLAC, in conjunction with researchers from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru), to study the impact of the reforms. Income distribution in the region is the most unequal in the entire world, a situation that has been true for as long as the statistics have been kept. This publication identifies three contributing factors that help explain Latin America 's high level of inequality Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région) Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région) POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions bisacsh BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics bisacsh Equality fast Income distribution fast Inkomensverdeling gtt Wirtschaft Income distribution Latin America Income distribution Caribbean Area Equality Latin America Equality Caribbean Area Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd rswk-swf Lateinamerika Karibik (DE-588)4073241-1 gnd rswk-swf Lateinamerika (DE-588)4074032-8 gnd rswk-swf Karibik (DE-588)4073241-1 g Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 s Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 s 1\p DE-604 Lateinamerika (DE-588)4074032-8 g 2\p DE-604 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Sonstige oth http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=122037 Aggregator Volltext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Morley, Samuel A. The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région) Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région) POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions bisacsh BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics bisacsh Equality fast Income distribution fast Inkomensverdeling gtt Wirtschaft Income distribution Latin America Income distribution Caribbean Area Equality Latin America Equality Caribbean Area Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4013898-7 (DE-588)4055736-4 (DE-588)4073241-1 (DE-588)4074032-8 |
title | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean |
title_auth | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean |
title_exact_search | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean |
title_full | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean Samuel A. Morley |
title_fullStr | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean Samuel A. Morley |
title_full_unstemmed | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean Samuel A. Morley |
title_short | The income distribution problem in Latin America and the Caribbean |
title_sort | the income distribution problem in latin america and the caribbean |
topic | Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région) Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région) POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions bisacsh BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics bisacsh Equality fast Income distribution fast Inkomensverdeling gtt Wirtschaft Income distribution Latin America Income distribution Caribbean Area Equality Latin America Equality Caribbean Area Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Revenu / Répartition / Amérique latine Revenu / Répartition / Caraïbes (Région) Inégalité sociale / Amérique latine Inégalité sociale / Caraïbes (Région) POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Macroeconomics Equality Income distribution Inkomensverdeling Wirtschaft Income distribution Latin America Income distribution Caribbean Area Equality Latin America Equality Caribbean Area Einkommensverteilung Soziale Ungleichheit Lateinamerika Karibik |
url | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=122037 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT morleysamuela theincomedistributionprobleminlatinamericaandthecaribbean AT unitednationseconomiccommissionforlatinamericaandthecaribbean theincomedistributionprobleminlatinamericaandthecaribbean |