Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering
16 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 449 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527337323 9783527697489 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 300 | |a XXI, 449 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175241743695872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Volume 16
Electrochemistry
of Carbon Electrodes
The book sets the standard on carbon materials for electrode design.
For the first time, the leading experts in this field summarize the
preparation techniques and specific characteristics together with
established and potential applications of the different types of carbon-
based electrodes. An introductory chapter on the properties of carbon
together with chapters on the electrochemical characteristics and
properties of the different modifications of carbon such as carbon
nanotubes, graphene, carbon fiber, diamond or highly ordered pyrolytic
graphite provide the reader with the basics on this fascinating and
ubiquitous electrode material. Cutting-edge technologies such as
carbon electrodes in efficient supercapacitors, fuel cells, molecular
electronics, or electrodes prepared by screen-printing are discussed,
giving a complete but concise overview about the topic. The clearly
structured book helps newcomers to grasp easily the principles of
carbon-based electrodes, while researchers in fundamental and applied
electrochemistry will find new ideas for further research on related key
technologies.
Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.2
1.2.1.3
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.3.1
1.2.3.2
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
List of Contributors XIII
Series Editors Preface XIX
Preface XXI
Properties of Carbon: An Overview 1
Shengxi Huang, Johan Ek Weis, Sara Costa, Martin Ka/bac, and
Mildred 5. Dresselhaus
Overview of Properties 1
Different Forms of Carbon 2
Graphene 2
Optical Properties 2
Electrical Properties and Tunability 4
Spectroscopic Properties 5
HOPG 11
Carbon Nanotube 12
Structure and Electronic Properties 12
Spectroscopy and Spectroelectrochemistry of Carbon
Nanotubes 14
Graphene Nanoribbon 18
Diamond 20
Porous Carbon 20
Outlook 21
References 21
Electrochemistry at Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG):
Toward a New Perspective 31
Aieix G. Güell Sze-yin Tan, Patrick ft Unwin, and Guohui Zhang
Introduction 31
Structure and Electronic Properties of HOPG 33
Structure and Formation 33
Electronic Properties 39
Implications for Electrochemical Studies 44
Formative Studies of HOPG Electrochemistry 45
VI
Contents
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2
2.4.1.3
2.4.1.4
2.4.1.5
2.4.1.6
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.5
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.1.1
3.4.1.2
3.4.2
3.4.2.1
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
Early Macroscopic Voltammetric Measurements and
Correlations 45
Macroscopic Voltammetry and Modeling 49
Alternating Current (AC) Voltammetric Methods 50
Critical Comparison of Macroscopic Data 50
Microscopic Views of Electrochemistry at HOPG 53
Outer-Sphere Redox Systems 53
Scanning Micropipette Contact Method 53
Nafion Film-Covered HOPG 55
Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (SECCM) 56
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) 60
SECM ֊ AFM Studies 61
Recent Macroscopic Studies 62
Complex Multistep Reactions: Neuro transmitter
Oxidation 64
Adsorbed Systems 68
Diazonium Functionalization of HOPG 71
Conclusions 73
Acknowledgments 75
References 75
Electrochemistry in One Dimension: Applications of Carbon
Nanotubes 83
Emiliano N. Primo, Fabiano Gutiérrez, María D. Rubianes, Nancy F. Ferreyra,
Marcela C. Rodríguez, María. L. Peda no, Au re lien Gasnier,
Alejandro Gutierrez, Marcos Eguílaz, Pablo Dafmasso, Guillermina Laque,
Soledad Bollo, Concepción Parrado, and Gustavo A. Rivas
Carbon Nanotubes: General Considerations 83
Structure and Synthesis of CNTs 84
Structure of CNTs versus Electrochemical Properties 86
Strategies for the Preparation of Carbon Nanotube֊Based
Electrodes 89
Functionalization 89
Covalent Functionalization 90
Noncovalent Functionalization 90
Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes Using Different
Binders 106
Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPE) 108
Prospective Work 108
References 109
Electrochemistry of Graphene 121
Hoi lie V. Patten, Matéj Velicky, and Robert A.W. Dryfe
Overview of Graphene Properties 121
Preparation of Graphene 123
Contents
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.5
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
5.2.1.2
5.2.1.3
5.2.1.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.2.1
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.6
5.7
5.8
Top-Down Fabrication of Graphene 123
“Bottom-Up” Routes to Graphene Production 128
Capacitance of Graphene Electrodes 130
Electron Transfer Kinetics at Graphene Electrodes 137
Modification and Doping of Graphene for Applications in
Electrocatalysis 149
Conclusion and Future Directions 151
Abbreviations 152
Symbols 152
References 153
The Use of Conducting Diamond in Electrochemistry 163
Julie V. Macpherson
Introduction 163
Boron-Doped Diamond: Electrical Properties 164
Growth of Synthetic Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrochemical
Applications 166
High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) Growth 166
Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth 167
Electrode Geometries and Arrangements 170
Characterization of BDD Electrochemical and Material
Properties 174
Assessment of Surface Morphology 174
Extended Solvent Window and Low Capacitance 175
Raman Interrogation of sp2/sp3 Ratio in BDD 177
Outer-Sphere Redox Species Characterization 180
Effect of Surface Termination on the Electrochemical Response
of BDD 182
Inner-Sphere Versus Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer
Mechanisms 182
Hydrogen- and Oxygen-Terminated Diamond 183
Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Kinetics at Hydrogen- Versus
Oxygen-Terminated Electrodes 186
Polycrystalline Versus Single-Crystal Electrochemistry 190
Electrochemical Imaging of Polycrystalline BDD 191
Single-Crystal BDD Electrochemistry 193
Imparting Catalytic Activity on BDD 195
Metal Nanoparticle-Coated BDD Electrodes 195
Ion Implantation 197
Chemical Functionalization of BDD Electrodes 197
Electroanalytical Applications of BDD 199
Conclusions 201
Acknowledgments 202
References 202
VIH Contents
6 Modification of Carbon Electrode Surfaces 211
6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4 Muhammad Tanzirui Alam and J. Justin Gooding Introduction 211 Covalent Modification 212 Reduction of Diazonium Cation 212 Oxidation of Amine 220 Oxidation of Carboxylate 223 Oxidation of Alcohol 225 Hydrogenation and Halogénation of Carbon 226 Noncovalent Modification 228 7c-7t Stacking 228 Surfactant 231 Future Directions 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235
7 Carbon Materials in Low-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 241 Michael Bron and Christina Roth
7.1 7.1.1 Introduction 241 Brief History of the Most Prominent Carbon Materials Applied in Fuel Cell Research 242
7.1.2 7.1.2.1 7.1.2.2 7.1.2.3 Carbon Characterization 246 Raman Spectroscopy 247 Small-Angle Scattering Techniques 249 Surface Chemistry by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Fine Structure (NEXAFS) 249
7.1.2.4 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.3.1 7.3.3.2 7.3.3.3 7.4 Other Methods and In situ Studies 251 Carbon as Support Material in Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 251 Carbon Blacks 254 CNTs and Graphene 255 (Ordered) Mesoporous Carbons 257 Graphitization as a Means to Fight Carbon Corrosion 258 Carbon as Catalytically Active Component in Fuel Cells 259 ORR Activity of Carbons 259 N-Doped Carbons and Functionalized CNTs 260 Modification of Carbon Black and Other Carbon Materials 261 CNT-Based Materials 262 Graphene 262 Nanostructured Carbon Grown over Metal Catalysts 262 Carbon as Structure-Forming Element in Porous Fuel Ceil Electrodes 263
7.4.1 How the Support Material Affects the Electrode Structure 264
264
Contents
։x
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.5.1
7.4.5.2
7.4.6
7.4.6.1
7.4.6.2
7.5
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.5
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
9.3.6
How the Chosen Fabrication Step Affects the Electrode
Structure 266
How Electrode Structuring Holds Promise to Improve Electrode
Performance 267
Classical Electrode Designs 268
Advanced Designs 268
Horizontal Structuring by LbL 269
Nanostructured Electrodes 270
Novel Concepts 270
Electrospinning in Fuel Cell Technology 271
“Self-Assembly” by Pickering Emulsions 272
Summary and Outlook 274
Acknowledgments 275
References 275
Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Carbon Electrodes in Aqueous
Electrolytes 285
Elżbieta Frçckowiak, Paula Ratajczak, and François Béguin
Introduction 285
Fundamentals on Carbon/Carbon Electrical Double-Layer
Capacitors 286
Carbons and Electrolytes for Electrical Double-Layer
Capacitors 290
Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors Based on Carbon
Electrodes 290
Electrolytes for Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors 295
Attractive Electrochemical Capacitors in Aqueous Solutions 296
Extension of Stability Window in Neutral Aqueous Electrolytes 296
Determination of Cell Potential Stability Limits by Floating 300
Capacitance Enhancement through Faradic Reactions at the
Carbon-Electrolyte Interface in Aqueous Media 305
Conclusions and Perspectives 308
References 309
Carbon Electrodes in Electrochemical Technology 313
Derek Pletcher
Introduction 313
Comments on the Carbons Met in Electrochemical Technology 314
Manufacture of Chemicals 315
The Chlor-Alkali Industry 316
Aluminum Extraction 317
The Extraction of Group 1 and 2 Metals 318
Fluorine Generation 318
Ozone Generation 319
Hydrogen Peroxide 322
X
Contents
9.3.7 Other Strong Oxidizing Agents 323
9.3.8 Organic Products 323
9.4 Water and Effluent Treatment 327
9.4.1 The Removal of Organics 328
9.4.1.1 Boron-Doped Diamond 328
9.4.1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Chemistry 329
9.4.1.3 Other Technologies 329
9.4.2 The Removal of Inorganics 330
9.5 Flow Batteries 331
References 332
10 Carbon Electrodes in Molecular Electronics 339
Adam Johan Bergren and Oleksii Ivashenko
10.1 Introduction 339
10.2 Fabrication 344
10.3 Novel Allotropes of Carbon in Molecular Electronics 350
10.3.1 Graphene 350
10.3.1.1 Electrochemistry of Graphene (see also Chapter 4) 350
10.3.1.2 Graphene in Molecular Electronics 351
10.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 355
10.3.2.1 Electrochemistry of CNT Electrodes 357
10.3.2.2 Electronic Properties of CNTs 357
10.3.2.3 CNT-Based Electronic Devices 357
10.4 Charge Transport 360
10.4.1 Charge Transport Depends on the System 365
10.4.2 Mechanism Transitions 367
10.5 Conclusions and Prospects 367
Acknowledgments 368
References 368 11
11 Carbon Paste Electrodes 379
Ivan Švancara and Kurt Kalcher
11.1 Introduction: Carbon Paste Electrodes-The State of the Art 379
11.2 Carbon Paste as the Electrode Material 380
11.2.1 Basic Considerations and Classification 380
11.2.2 Characterization of Two Main Carbon Paste Components 384
11.2.2.1 Carbonaceous Moiety 384
11.2.2.2 Binder/Pasting Liquid Moiety 386
11.2.3 Physicochemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon
Pastes and the Respective Carbon Paste Electrodes 387
11.2.3.1 A Few Notes to the Preparation of Common Carbon Paste
Mixtures 387
11.2.3.2 Typical Properties and Behavior of Traditional Carbon Paste
(Electrode) 388
11.233
11.2.4
11.2.5
113
113.1
113.2
1133
113.4
113.5
11.4
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
Specific Features of New Types of Two-Component Carbon
Pastes 391
Survey of Applications of Two-Component and Unmodified Carbon
Pastes 394
Current Trends in Using Carbon Pastes and Some Future
Prospects 398
Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes 399
Modification-How to Alter the Electrode Properties in an
Intentional Way 399
Modification Processes 400
Types of Modifiers 401
Carbon Paste Biosensors 406
Applications of CMCPEs and CP-Biosensors in Surveys, Facts, and
Numbers 408
Latest Achievements in Electroanalysis with CMCPEs and
CP-Biosensors and Perspectives for the Future 412
References 413
Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes 425
Stephen Fletcher
Introduction 425
Conductivity of Composites 426
Carbon Polymorphs 427
Oxygen Functionalities 427
Activated Carbons 428
Binder—Solvent Combinations 429
PVDF Properties 430
PVDF Solubility 432
Flexible Substrates 433
Screen Printing Process 434
Screen Printing Materials 435
Ink Flow 436
Substrate Wetting 436
Commercial Ink Additives 437
Binder Percentage 438
Multilayered Electrodes 438
IR Drop 439
Areal Capacitance 439
Equivalent Circuit 440
References 441
Index 445
|
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| id | DE-604.BV042934302 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:13:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527337323 9783527697489 |
| language | English |
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| oclc_num | 930835219 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29T DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29T DE-83 |
| physical | XXI, 449 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
| series2 | Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
| spelling | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes ed. by Richard C. Alkire ... Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2015 XXI, 449 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering 16 Elektrode (DE-588)4014247-4 gnd rswk-swf Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenstoff (DE-588)4164538-8 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenstoff (DE-588)4164538-8 s Elektrode (DE-588)4014247-4 s Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 s DE-604 Alkire, Richard C. 1941- (DE-588)136277446 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-69750-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-69749-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-69751-9 Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering 16 (DE-604)BV004176465 16 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360994&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360994&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering Elektrode (DE-588)4014247-4 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Kohlenstoff (DE-588)4164538-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014247-4 (DE-588)4014241-3 (DE-588)4164538-8 |
| title | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes |
| title_auth | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes |
| title_exact_search | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes |
| title_full | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes ed. by Richard C. Alkire ... |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes ed. by Richard C. Alkire ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes ed. by Richard C. Alkire ... |
| title_short | Electrochemistry of carbon electrodes |
| title_sort | electrochemistry of carbon electrodes |
| topic | Elektrode (DE-588)4014247-4 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Kohlenstoff (DE-588)4164538-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektrode Elektrochemie Kohlenstoff |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360994&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360994&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004176465 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alkirerichardc electrochemistryofcarbonelectrodes |