Admiterea României comuniste în ONU: între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Iaşi
Inst. European
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Academica
236 : Seria Relaţii internaţionale |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 289 S. |
| ISBN: | 9786062400811 |
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Abstract
This book analyses the diplomatic efforts of Romania/People’s
Republic of Romania to accede to the United Nations Organization during
1947-1955. The initial enthusiasm of the Romanians, generated by the end of
the Second World War and the organization of a new world, was tempered by
the ideological rivalries of the Cold War.
Since 1947, when the first request for admission was debated at the UN,
Romania was going through a long series of international humiliations that have
led to Bucharest adopting a more hostile attitude towards West. For the
communist regime in Romania, access to the UN became a foreign policy
priority. Such a success would have given internal legitimacy to a communist
party which came to power with foreign support, but also international
acknowledgement of affiliation to the institutionalized community. Bucharest
strongly desired accession to the United Nations, considering that this was the
best way to assert themselves on the world stage, to promote their particular
interests but also to serve the greater objectives of the Eastern bloc led by
Moscow.
The first part of the book concerns the history of the United Nations in
the first decade of its existence and reviews the major issues facing the global
institution: the attitude towards crises and wars (Palestine, Greece, Iran, India-
Pakistan, Korea), the functionality of the UN bodies, the clash of great powers
at the UN, economic debates, the issue of human rights. The new UN
institution, although inspired by the former League of Nations, had numerous
new features. Mankind had put its hopes in this institution, after six years of
bloody war. Unfortunately, the UN operations were based on the consensus of
the Grand Coalition that won the war and on the understanding between the
great powers. When it fell apart, the bottlenecks and inefficiencies have started
to appear in the global institution. In addition, the global ideological dispute that
broke out paralyzed the activities of various UN bodies and brought on a state
of general disappointment. We also try to portray how the post-war Romanian
society had a benevolent attitude towards the United Nations project until the
communist regime came to power. The Romanians, who had to make
substantial sacrifices due to the war, also had hoped that a new world
organization where justice, peace and respect for international law would
prevail and bring Romania benefits.
283
ADMITEREA ROMÂNIEI COMUNISTE ÎN ONU
The second part offers an analysis of Romania’s first attempts to gain
admission to the UN, in the years in which the frame-work of the Cold War had
not yet clearly been defined. Making use of the interwar diplomatic traditions,
Romania tried to rely on France, Belgium and Latin American states to get a
positive vote in the Security Council. Also in the late 40s there was little
opposition from the part of the United States of America towards Romanian
intentions of integration in the global institution. The several rejections of
RPR’s admission application indicated the escalation of a political and
ideological conflict developing between East and West, which would continue
in the following decades. The United States moved the battle for the admission
of new members into the juridic arena, asking for the support of the
International Court of Justice in obstructing the East. At first, Bucharest
believed that the opposition from the West was short-lived, caused by small
strategic agreements between the superpowers, but with the launch of the
Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Pact, it became
more clear that the world was about to organize itself into two political and
military rival blocs. The Romanian Communist Party abandoned all foreign
policy initiatives in the hands of Moscow, adopted the Soviet way of managing
international relations and went on the offensive towards the West through the
means of a vulgar demagogy. Romania’s attitude towards the United Nations
thus suddenly changes from friendly to extremely critical.
Starting with the year 1950, the outbreak of the Korean War will
fundamentally change the postwar international relations. The two sides will be
fully antagonized and accusations reach a high level. Romania will also be
involved in this image war accusing the Americans at the UN of war crimes and
crimes against humanity. In response, Washington, which had the most
influence at the UN General Assembly, initiated several resolutions against
countries in Eastern Europe, accusing them of human rights violations. On this
matter, Romania will be humiliated for the years to come by the United Nations.
Our analysis also depicts the harassment by the US of the Romanian diplomacy,
in various forms. Communist Romania was denounced at the UN for violating
the Peace Treaty of 1947, being accused of political repression that was put into
practice within its borders and was put under an economic blockade by
America. Also, the Romanian diplomats that were on American soil were
harassed by the United States Secret Service, were subject to different setups
meant to discredit them and were prevented from doing their job. Often, they
could not even reach the UN headquarters in New York due to the denial of
visas and travel permits on American soil. As the Cold War reached maximum
tensions, any of Bucharest’s hopes of joining the UN Bucharest dissipated. In
the early 50s, the admission of new states to the UN was not even seriously
284
Abstract
discussed. It was blocked because no superpower wanted to supplement the
influence of the other within the United Nations.
The last part presents the international context in which the two
superpowers reached a consensus on the issue of accepting new members
(1955). After Stalin’s death and the truce in Korea, between the two
superpowers arose a certain spirit of reconciliation. Against this background
several international problems have been resolved. Based on a decision of
allowing a “group admission”, 16 countries, including communist Romania,
enjoyed the benefits arising during the first international relief. Romania’s entry
into the UN gave great satisfaction to the communist government in Bucharest,
which overcame its pariah status in the world of the international relations.
Romanians saw their flag raised at the UN, were included in the technical
services of the United Nations and were accepted in the political and
economical committees. But the diplomats sent from Bucharest to United
Nations, lacking any real international experience, proved to be loyal to the
Soviets at their first participation in the work of the global institution. Once
again it was proven that although the admission into the UN was useful to the
RCP in legitimizing itself to its own people, foreign policy was an area in which
Moscow’s interests were the first priority.
Keywords: United Nations, UNO, Communist Romania, Cold War, Diplomacy
285
Résumé
Le présent ouvrage analyse les efforts dyplomatiques de la
Roumanie/République Populaire de Roumaine d’accéder à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, dans la période 1947-1955. L’enthousiasme initial des
Roumains, généré par la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale et l’organisation
d’un nouveau monde, a été tempéré par les rivalités idéologiques de la Guerre
Froide. A partir de 1947, quand la première demande d’admission était mise en
débat à ONU, la Roumanie est passée par une longue série d’humiliations
internationales qui mèneront à une attitude d’hostilité de la part des autorités de
Bucarest à l’égard de l’Occident. Pour le régime communiste de Roumanie,
l’accès à l’ONU devenait un objectif prioritaire de politique extérieure. Un tel
succès aurait non seulement légitimé à l’intérieur un parti communiste venu au
pouvoir avec l’appui étranger, mais lui aurait également assuré une
reconnaissance internationale, d’affiliation à la communauté institutionnalisée.
Les autorités de Bucarest ont poursuivi avec insistance l’accès aux Nations
Unies, considérant que c’était le meilleur moyen de s’affirmer sur la scène
mondiale, de promouvoir leurs intérêts particuliers, mais aussi de servir avec
fidélité les grands objectifs du bloc oriental dirigé par Moscou.
La première partie de l’ouvrage vise l’histoire des Nations Unies
pendant la décennie de début de son existence et passe en revue les problèmes
principaux auxquels était confrontée l’institution mondiale: l’attitude envers les
crises et les guerres (la Palestine, la Grèce, l’Iran, l’Inde-Pakistan, la Corée), le
fonctionnement des organismes de l’organisation, la collision des grandes
puissances à l’ONU, les débats économiques, le problème du respect des droits
de l’homme. La nouvelle institution des Nations Unies, bien qu’elle se fût
inspirée de l’ex-Ligue des Nations, avait suffisamment de caractéristiques
différentes. Après 6 ans de guerre sanglante, tous les espoirs de l’humanité
étaient liés à cette institution. Malheureusement, le fonctionnement de l’ONU se
basait sur le consensus de la Grande Coalition qui avait gagné la guerre et sur la
bonne entente entre les superpuissances. Quand celle-ci s’est dissipée, sont
apparus des blocages qui ont révélé l’inefficacité de l’institution mondiale. En
plus, la dispute idéologique éclatée au niveau global a paralysé l’activité des
différents organismes des Nations Unies et a provoqué un état de désespoir
général. Nous essayons également de souligner le fait que la société roumaine
de l’après-guerre a eu une attitude bienveillante à l’égard du projet des Nations
Unies, jusqu’à l’instauration du régime communiste. Et les Roumains, qui
287
ADMITEREA ROMÂNIEI COMUNISTE ÎN ONU
avaient fait de grands sacrifices pendant la guerre, ont espéré qu’une nouvelle
organisation du monde, où devaient prédominer la justice, la paix et le respect
pour le droit international, apporterait des bénéfices à leur pays.
Dans la seconde partie sont analysées les premières tentatives de la
Roumanie de se faire admettre dans l’ONU, à l’époque où la Guerre Froide ne
s’était pas encore manifestée de manière très précise. En faisant appel à
certaines traditions diplomatiques de l’entre-deux-guerres, la Roumanie a
essayé de se baser sur la France, la Belgique et sur les États de l’Amérique
Latine pour obtenir un vote positif dans le Conseil de Sécurité. De même, il faut
préciser qu’à la fin des années ‘40 il n’y avait pas une opposition très dure des
États Unis de l’Amérique devant les intentions roumaines de s’intégrer dans
l’institution mondiale. Le rejet à maintes reprises de la candidature de la
République populaire de Roumanie indiquait toutefois que le conflit politique et
idéologique entre l’Est et l’Ouest devenait de plus en plus aigu et il continuera
ainsi pendant les décennies suivantes. Les États Unis ont déplacé la lutte pour
l’admission de nouveaux membres dans le domaine juridique aussi, en
demandant l’appui de la Cour Internationale de Justice dans pour faire de
l’obstruction à l’entrée des pays de l’Est. Au début, les autorités de Bucarest ont
considéré que l’opposition de l’Occident était une manifestation de moment,
causée par de petits malentendus stratégiques entre les superpuissances, mais
après la mise en pratique de la Doctrine Truman, du Plan Marshall et du Pacte
Nord Atlantique, il est devenu beaucoup plus clair que le monde était en train de
s’organiser en deux blocs politiques et militaires adversiares. Le Parti
Communiste Roumain abandonnait toutes les initiatives de politique extérieure
dans les mains de Moscou, s’appropriait le langage soviétique des relations
internationales et passait à une offensive démagogique vulgaire à l’adresse de
l’Occident. L’attitude de la Roumanie envers les Nations Unies changeait
brusquement, passant d’une extrême à l’autre : de bienveillante, elle devenait
fort critique.
À partir de l’année 1950, l’éclat de la guerre de Corée changera
totalement les relations internationales de l’après-guerre. Les deux camps
deviendront complètement antagonistes et les accusations réciproques iront
jusqu’au plus haut niveau. La Roumanie s’impliquera elle aussi dans cette
guerre d’image, en accusant dans le cadre de l’ONU les Américains de crimes
de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité. En réplique, Washington, qui détenait
la suprématie dans l’Assemblée Générale de l’ONU, a initié plusieurs
résolutions contre les États de l’Europe de l’Est, en les accusant de transgresser
les droits de l’homme. La Roumanie sera d’ailleurs humiliée pendant des
années, sur ce sujet, aux Nations Unies. Notre analyse relève également le
harcèlement exercé par les États Unis, sous diverses formes, contre la
diplomatie roumaine. La Roumanie communiste était dénoncée à l’ONU de
288
Résumé
transgresser le Traité de Paix de 1947, était accusée pour la politique de
répression pratiquée à l’intérieur du pays et supportait un blocage économique
de la part de l’Amérique. De même, les diplomates roumains trouvés sur le
territoire américain étaient chicanés par les services secrets des États Unis,
étaient discrédités par des machinations diverses et empêchés de faire leur
métier. Souvent, ils ne pouvaient même pas rejoindre le siège de l’ONU de New
York parce qu’on ne leur accordait pas le visa ou le permis de circulation sur le
territoire américain. Vu que la Guerre Froide était aboutie à des formes qui
engendraient beaucoup de tension, tout espoir des autorités de Bucarest
d’acceder à l’ONU se dissipait. Au début des années ‘50, l’admission de
nouveaux États à l’ONU n’était même plus discutée comme une question
importante ou sérieuse. Tout était bloqué car aucune des superpuissances ne
désiarit supplémenter l’influence de l’autre à l’intérieur des Nations Unies.
La dernière partie de l’ouvrage présente le contexte international dans
lequel les deux superpuissances arrivaient à un accord dans la question de
l’acceptation de nouveaux membres (1955). Après la mort de Staline et la
conclusion d’un armistice en Corée, un certain esprit de conciliation a
commencé à se manifester entre les deux superpuissances. Sur ce fond, ont été
résolus plusieurs problèmes internationaux. Conformément à une décision
d’“admission en bloc”, 16 États, parmi lesquels la Roumanie communiste, ont
bénéficié des avantages créés pendant la première détente internationale.
L’entrée de la Roumanie à l’ONU a représenté une grande satisfaction pour le
gouvernement communiste de Bucarest, qui dépassait ainsi le statut de paria
dans les relations internationales. Les Roumains ont vu leur drapeau hissé aux
Nations Unies, ont été cooptés dans les services techniques de l’ONU et ont été
reçus dans les commissions politiques et économiques. Pourtant, les diplomates
envoyés par Bucarest aux Nations Unies, dépourvus d’une expérience
internationale réelle, témoignaient le maximum de fidélité envers les
soviétiques à leur première participation aux travaux de l’institution mondiale.
Encore une fois s’avérait le fait que, même si l’intégration à l’ONU servait au
PCR pour sa légitimation devant son propre peuple, la politique étrangère était
un domaine où Moscou détenait une parfaite primauté.
Mots-clés: Les Nations Unies, ONU, Roumanie communiste, La Guerre Froide, Diplomatie
289
Cuprins
Prefaţă (Adrian CIOROIANU) / 9
Introducere /13
Partea I NAŢIUNILE UNITE LA ÎNCEPUT DE DRUM (1945-1955) / 19
ONU - De la entuziasmul postbelic la blocajele Războiului Rece. O istorie
zbuciumată / 21
Formarea Naţiunilor Unite. Carta, Adunarea Generală şi Consiliul de Securitate /21
Gestionarea crizelor. Secretarii generali ai ONU în primul deceniu /30
Dimensiunea economică şi socială a ONU. Drepturile omului /36
Admiterea de noi membri la începutul Războiului Rece ֊ o problemă sensibilă / 42
Conferinţa de la San Francisco şi formarea ONU (1945). Receptarea
Naţiunilor Unite în România în primii ani postbelici / 50
Victoria Naţiunilor Unite, moartea preşedintelui Roosevelt şi speranţele într-o nouă
lume /50
Explicarea noii structuri a Naţiunilor Unite şi a principiilor constitutive / 56
Partea a U-a ADMITEREA ÎN ONU - OBIECTIV PRIORITAR AL
ROMÂNIEI (1947-1949) / 65
Momentul marilor speranţe. Prima încercare de admitere în ONU (1947) / 67
Noul context internaţional. România depune cererea de intrare în ONU / 67
Primul vot la ONU. Consiliul de Securitate ia în dezbatere cererea României / 74
Al doilea vot la ONU. Culisele respingerii candidaturii româneşti în 1947 / 79
Formarea blocurilor ideologice. Opoziţia Occidentului faţă de admiterea
unor noi state comuniste (1948) / 89
Acomodarea diplomatică între state la începutul Războiului Rece / 89
Poziţia României în faţa Naţiunilor Unite. Implicarea Curţii Internaţionale de
Justiţie în chestiunea admiterii de noi membri / 93
Un diplomat roman la ONU raportează. O perspectivă marxistă asupra lucrărilor
Adunării Generale / 99
Un nou eşec al României în Consiliul de Securitate (1949) /107
Interpretarea evenimentelor internaţionale într-o cheie ideologică /107
Cererea Bucureştiului este din nou respinsă. Prima rezoluţie privind încălcarea
drepturilor omului în România /111
5
Partea a III֊a RĂZBOIUL CALD (COREEA) ŞI TRANSFORMAREA
NAŢIUNILOR UNITE ÎN SPAŢIU AL DISPUTEI EST-VEST
(1950-1954)/119
Diplomaţia în timpul războiului din Coreea. România şi încălcarea
drepturilor omului în Europa de Est (1950) / 121
Existenţa unui diferend între România şi SUA. Acuzarea României Ia ONU /121
Izbucnirea războiului în Coreea şi efectele asupra Naţiunilor Unite / 131
Obstrucţionarea diplomaţilor români din SUA de către autorităţile americane /136
Pierderea încrederii în ONU. Primele şicane „nediplomatice” făcute de
americani (1951) /143
Nemulţumiri româneşti asupra situaţiei de la ONU / 143
O iniţiativă peruană: depunerea dovezilor de îndeplinire a condiţiilor din articolul 4
al Cartei / 149
Colaborarea internaţională de la entuziasm la speranţe spulberate. Blocaje
şi discuţii sterile privind admiterea de noi membri (1952) /153
Uniunea Sovietică „apără” pacea în lume şi cauza României / 153
Invalidarea proiectelor sovietice privind admiterea în grup la Naţiunile Unite /159
Diplomaţia României şi Naţiunile Unite în 1952 / 165
Războiul Rece la apogeu. Noi tactici americane de blocare a statelor
comuniste şi hărţuirea diplomaţilor est-europeni (1953) / 171
Acţiuni de intimidare a diplomaţilor români pe teritoriu american /171
Vizita în România a secretarului executiv al Comisiei Economice a ONU pentru
Europa. Formarea unui Comitet al Bunelor Oficii /176
Noi provocări la adresa reprezentanţilor Bucureştiului în America /181
Activităţi româneşti în agenţiile specializate ale ONU (1954) /187
Noul activism al guvernului român în direcţia unor organisme din reţeaua Naţiunilor
Unite/187
Eşecuri româneşti la ONU. Primul succes: decizia de primire în UNESCO /191
Noi probleme pentru diplomaţia română /198
Partea a IV֊a ROMÂNIA ÎN ONU (1955-1956) / 207
Admiterea României în ONU (1955). Efect al dinamicii sistemului
internaţional de state / 209
Relaţiile dintre România şi ONU în 1955 / 209
Atitudinea marilor puteri, a Adunării Generale ONU şi a Consiliului de Securitate în
privinţa admiterii de noi membri. Rezoluţia 955(X) /215
Celebrarea succesului / 224
Ridicarea drapelului României la ONU. Activităţi de acomodare ale
diplomaţiei române cu instituţia mondială (1956) / 229
6
Cooptarea românilor în organizarea internă a Naţiunilor Unite. Relaţia cu secretarul
general ONU / 229
Căutarea unui sediu pentru delegaţia României. Primele activităţi la New York ale
lui Athanase Joja şi ale echipei sale / 234
Politica fidelităţii comuniste. Prima participare românească la lucrările
Adunării Generale a ONU (1956) / 243
Sfârşitul destinderii. Crizele din Ungaria şi Suez / 243
Directivele conducerii comuniste de la Bucureşti pentru delegaţia României la ONU.
Beneficiile prezenţei româneşti la Naţiunile Unite / 250
Concluzii / 259
Evenimente importante în relaţia România-ONU (1947-1956) / 263
Bibliografie / 271
Indice de nume / 277
Abstract / 283
Resume / 287
7 |
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| author | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1059433869 |
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| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | p n pn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042933680 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931628735 (DE-599)BVBBV042933680 |
| era | Geschichte 1947-1956 gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV042933680 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:29:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786062400811 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028360392 |
| oclc_num | 931628735 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 289 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Inst. European |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Colecţia Academica |
| series2 | Colecţia Academica |
| spelling | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1059433869 aut Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică Paul Nistor Iaşi Inst. European 2014 289 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Academica 236 : Seria Relaţii internaţionale Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1947-1956 gnd rswk-swf Beitritt (DE-588)4120988-6 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 b Beitritt (DE-588)4120988-6 s Geschichte 1947-1956 z DE-604 Colecţia Academica 236 : Seria Relaţii internaţionale (DE-604)BV035808626 236 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360392&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360392&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică Colecţia Academica Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd Beitritt (DE-588)4120988-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)333-5 (DE-588)4120988-6 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică |
| title_auth | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică |
| title_exact_search | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică |
| title_full | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică Paul Nistor |
| title_fullStr | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică Paul Nistor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică Paul Nistor |
| title_short | Admiterea României comuniste în ONU |
| title_sort | admiterea romaniei comuniste in onu intre negocieri diplomatice si discreditare simbolica |
| title_sub | între negocieri diplomatice şi discreditare simbolică |
| topic | Vereinte Nationen (DE-588)333-5 gnd Beitritt (DE-588)4120988-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vereinte Nationen Beitritt Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360392&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028360392&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035808626 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nistorpaul admiterearomanieicomunisteinonuintrenegocieridiplomaticesidiscreditaresimbolica |