Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Institutul pentru studierea problemelor minorităţilor naţionale
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Documenta et studia minoritatum
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 452 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9786068377353 |
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The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons’
Culture in 18th and 19th Centuries
The literature concerning the Gypsy/Roma is growing year after year. In Western
countries Gypsy/Romani studies represent an academic field striving to gain a dis-
tinct profile while simultaneously trying to enter a dialogue with various fields from
both humanities and social sciences - which results in a preoccupation with certain
themes and testing various scientific paradigms. In the Eastern European countries
one may distinguish between national schools of thought (z.e. Hungarian, Slovak
or Bulgarian) which, since their inception in the 19th century as a specific field of
inquiry, have been more or less in a continuous dialogue with both the German and
the Anglo-American models. Political changes in Eastern Europe after WWII inhib-
ited knowledge transfer in general; moreover, in certain cases (z.e. Romania) research
in the field was even discouraged and forbidden. The fall of the Iron Curtain brought
a new enthusiasm that could be traced both among Roma representatives as well
as among non-Roma researchers. Although the raw material is quantitatively well
represented with regard to the present day Romania and, even if the area has be-
come a somehow compulsory “laboratory" for most scholars engaged with empiri-
cal fieldwork relevant for the topic, it is rather surprising to see how precariously the
subject is reflected within the Romanian bibliography. Yet, if social science studies
are quantitatively better represented, the historical dimension of the topic has rarely
become a serious enterprise. Surveying the relevant Transylvanian Saxon literature
from the beginning of the 20th century gives evidence for the marginality of the
topic; for e.g., Gypsies/Romani have been only briefly mentioned in either village/
town monographs or in several random articles written by Transylvanian Saxons
after 1990. The object of the introductory chapter of this book deals with, on the one
hand, the present state of the research about the Roma in the context of the relations
with the recent Western paradigms, and, on the other, with the Transylvanian Saxon
traditions as well as with recent contributions.
The scarcity of both the secondary literature and the local traditions compels
the researcher interested in the representation of the Gypsies/Roma in the cultures
of their neighbours to alternate between several discursive ֊ cognitive strategies
frequented within cultural- and/or social history. This situation imposes the prac-
tice of a hybrid discourse; as such, my own alternation between cultural history
and social history approaches to explain Transylvanian Saxon’s representation of
the Gypsy/Roma informs about the resilience of some cliches and tropes; however,
it also provides support for a comparative approach.
The deconstructive discourse analysis betraying a post-structuralist thinking
offers the chance to outline the coilaged nature of Gypsy/Roma’s Otherness. The
path 1 follow is to track the tropes in use and explain their origins and their instru-
mental uses within the cognitive-cultural discourse of the Transylvanian Saxons
during the 18th and the 19th centi
The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons’ Culture in 18th and 19th Centuries
I investigate the construction of an ethnic radical otherness in Transylvania
considering the permanent balance between Enlightened and Romantic para-
digms which ideologically dominated the timespan delimiting my undertaking,
with their common element consisting in the enactment of an open domestic ori-
entalism which involved a process of barbarization/primitivization of the repre-
sented Other.
While the various press narratives reveal the construction of a circumstantiate
Gypsy/Roma, le. an image derived from everyday interactions, ethnographic, his-
toriographic, folkloristic, statistical materials - dedicated either entirely to the top-
ic or spread in the pages of pedagogical, press, calendar literature - referred to a
generic Gypsy/Roma in highly essentialized and often decontextualized ways. The
fact is that all sources circulated the same stereotypes. More precisely, so-called
academic works were inclined to take for granted pieces of information gathered
from Western sources, sometimes casting aside everyday interactions. The me-
lange between qualitatively and quantitatively uneven information made the im-
age of the Gypsies/Romani become the portrait of an ambiguous, unknown but
constantly radical other.
Sharing the belief that the knowledge production about Otherness is highly
conditioned by the themes considered central within the process of self-definition
of the producers of cultural-cognitive discourse, I selected those topics which
Transylvanian Saxons repeatedly took as identity markers in representing the
Gypsies/Romani. Therefore, in the empirical chapters of my book I investigate sev-
eral tropes such as: the ethnic genealogy, the religious life, the spatial mobility, the
various crime register, the representation of the woman and, finally, the musical
entertainment attributed to the portrait of the group. All these written sources
convey an image built on facts, rumours and scientific undertakings of more or
less authority, thoughtfully elaborated by German speaking authors from either
Transylvania or Western Europe. Their inquiries provide a chance to identify the
prejudices and long-term stereotypes and explain what stood behind the forma-
tion of these. Essentially, they tell more about the normativity shared by knowl-
edge producers and their various limitations than about the Gypsies/Romani
which have been constantly cast outside them.
Several narratives illustrate a deeply rooted racist attitude and a non-dissim-
ulated derogative language often expressed through a variety of ethnophaulims.
Having either indigenous or exogenous origins, they moulded the discourse of
Transylvanian Saxons but never led to either persecutions similar to those in
Western cultures or to the final solution. Although Transylvanian Saxons also em-
phasized the negative attributes of the Gypsies/Romani ֊ by often diminishing the
role of the everyday and provincial nuanced realities, instances of subtypization
can be noticed. While paradigms elaborated in the Western literature may have
pervaded the discourse of the Transylvanian Saxons, they never served to legiti-
mize an agenda promoting radical anti-Gypsy/Roma policies. Instead, regardless
of their ideological imprint, the narratives they embraced and circulated on differ-
ent channels can be viewed as methods to reinforce both the power relations and
the boundaries between ethnic groups living in the multi-ethnic region of Tran-
sylvania.
Cuprins
Prefaţă 9
Mulţumiri 13
1. Introducere 15
1.1. Şcoli contemporane şi maniere de investigare.
Scurtă privire critică 17
1.2. Romul/„ţiganur în producţia de cunoaştere transilvăneană
din ultimul secol 30
1.3. Mirajul imitaţiei şi alternativele
unei viziuni comparative 50
2. Căutând originea, cartografiind etnicitatea, certificând provenienţa
străină a romilor în secolele XVII1-XIX 59
2.1. Explorarea identităţii în spaţiul cultural german:
genuri, ştiinţe şi curente ideologice 59
2.1.1. Curente (pre)antropologice în veacurile XVIII-XIX 59
2.2. în căutarea erudită a identităţii de sine şi a celorlalţi:
orientalismul german în secolele XVIII-XIX 65
2.3. Ce este un rom? între imagerie şi originea
unor sintagme identificatoare 69
2.3.1. Etichete, exonime şi dezbateri influente
în definirea „ţiganului” azi 71
2.3.2. Social şi naţional în procesul de ierarhizare a popoarelor.
Locul originii romilor în procesul de autodefinire
a comunităţii reflectoare 76
2.3.2.1. Cunoaştere şi ideologie în desemnarea romilor 76
2.3.2.2. Demonstraţii cu pretenţii ştiinţifice.
Discurs erudit şi reinventarea originilor
şi a etnicităţii romilor 79
2.4. Heterodesemnarea celuilalt în Transilvania secolelor XVIII-XIX:
puncte de referinţă majore 93
2.4.1. Saşii transilvăneni despre originea romilor 95
2.4.2. Momentul Wlislocki şi „bunul sălbatic”
oriental/transilvănean 120
3. Despre viaţa religioasă a romilor transilvăneni în cultura săsească
din secolele XVIII-XIX 127
3.1. Funcţionalitatea istorico-antropologică a identităţii religioase.
Consideraţii generale şi posibilităţi analitice 127
3.1.2. Amprente identitar-confesionale ale religiozităţii creştine 129
5
3.2. între devianţă religioasă şi necredinţă ֊
romul în societatea europeană 133
3.2.1. Cadre creştine. Despre cunoaşterea
şi reflectarea romului în Europa 135
3.2.1.1. Raţiunile şi evoluţia unei heteroimagini 135
3.2.1.2. Născocirea unei autoidentităţi.
De la redempţiune la intenţia edificatoare
(romii ca pelerini sau surghiuniţi religioşi) 142
3.3. Identitatea şi alteritatea religioasă în cadru transilvan.
Juridic şi confesional în Transilvania secolelor XVII-XIX 145
3.3.1. Toleranţa ca principiu politico-cuitural
şi romii transilvăneni 148
3.4. De Ia apartenenţa formală la negarea unei oneste
afiliaţii confesionale: un prim nivel al monitorizării identităţii
confesionale rome în discursul săsesc 151
3.5. Priviri antropologice: religia păgânilor primitivi 164
3.5.1. O tranziţie cu multe reculuri:
de la negaţie la păgânism, la formula primitivismului sincretic 165
4. Primitivul sau/şi asocialul ֊ romul ca rătăcitor 177
4.1. Nomadul în discursul cultural european al secolelor XVIII-XIX 177
4.2. Paradigme în context transilvan. Orientalismul domestic
şi relevanţa tropului „nomadism” 184
4.3. De la nomadul primitiv la vagabondul ca expresie a asocialului 195
4.4. Perspective săseşti: nomadismul de la anomie culturală
la înregistrarea într-o grilă criminală 203
5. Delincvenţa esenţializată şi reprezentarea romului în cultura săsească 231
5.1. Acte anomice, deviante sau criminale:
mizele lor sociale şi modalităţile de reprimare 232
5.1.1. Sursele creării deviantului/criminalului 234
5.2. Crima şi alteritatea în (pre)modernitate.
Cadre culturale şi paradigme analitice 237
5.2.1. Fundamentele ideologice ale reprezentării
şi exerciţiul cotidian al supravegherii şi implementării 241
5.3. Discursuri dilematice: posturi ale devianţei sociale
şi interesul pentru etnicitatea criminalilor 244
5.4. Discursul juridic provincial şi delincventa romului 248
5.5. Caracterologii naţionale şi profiluri de delincvenţi
în producţiile etnografice săseşti 254
5.6. Insolitul producţiilor mass-media
şi devianţa/crima cotidiană 261
5.7. Prolegomene la un repertoriu criminalizat 262
5.7.1. Presa transilvăneană şi romul criminalizat:
privire stilistică şi cantitativă 264
6
5.7.2. Naraţiuni criminale şi reacţiile oficiale în presa săsească 266
5.7.2.1. Romul ca autor ai falsurilor şi al altor înşelăciuni 276
5.7.2.2. Romul şi pericolul incendiilor 281
5.7.2.3. O angoasă aparte: răpirea copiilor 284
6. Femeia romă transilvăneană - între real şi imaginar 295
6.1. Alteritatea feminină: între categoriile de gen, clasă şi etnicitate 295
6.2. Dimensiunea relaţională a imaginii femeii rome 298
6.3. Femeia romă ca membră a unui (micro)grup dispreţuit -
optici europene şi voci transilvane 300
6.3.1. Locul femeii în cultura romă 310
6.3.2. De la o subcultură a sărăciei şi un registru
ocupaţional defăimat, la o cultură feminină a infracţiunii 318
6.3.3. Femeia romă şi lumea „ocultă” ֊ proiecţii heteroidentitare 326
6.3.3.1. O dilemă: profeta dezastrelor,
protectoarea căminelor ori preoteasa pre/necreştină? 330
7. Rapsodul transilvan 341
7.1. Muzica romilor între agende culturale, subiectivitate
şi producţia externă de discurs heteroidentitar 341
7.2. Muzica drept alternativă ocupaţională a săracului şi a nomadului 346
7.3. Infirmarea/Confirmarea unui tipar cognitiv în gamă
(post)iluministă: romii muzicanţi transilvăneni 349
7.3.1. Diversitatea regională a romului transilvănean.
O meserie etnicizată într-o lume tradiţională 354
7.4. Muzica drept o vocaţie esenţializată: de ia expresia propriei
identităţi etnice la formula hibridizărilor naţionale 365
7.5. Muzica „ungurească-ţigănească”, o hibridizare stigmatizantă 373
7.5.1. Romul rapsod ca medium pentru mesajul politic:
de la o identitate rănită la una concurenţială 384
7.5.2. Rapsodul rom şi agenda politică a normativilor:
celebrarea unităţii vs. cântarea revoltei 388
7.6. De la adversitate la o cale de compromis: muzica săsească
şi formaţiile rome 397
8. Concluzii 407
Bibliografie 411
Romii în cultura săsească în secolele al XVIIHea şi al XIX-lea 449
The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons' Culture in 18th and 19th Centuries 451
7 |
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| author | Zăloaga, Marian 1978- |
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| author_sort | Zăloaga, Marian 1978- |
| author_variant | m z mz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042929490 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)930470045 (DE-599)BVBBV042929490 |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1800 |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien Siebenbürgen |
| id | DE-604.BV042929490 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:03:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068377353 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028356341 |
| oclc_num | 930470045 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M496 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M496 DE-12 |
| physical | 452 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Institutul pentru studierea problemelor minorităţilor naţionale |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Documenta et studia minoritatum |
| spelling | Zăloaga, Marian 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1079478981 aut Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea Marian Zăloaga The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons' culture in 18th and 19th centuries Cluj-Napoca Institutul pentru studierea problemelor minorităţilor naţionale 2015 452 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documenta et studia minoritatum Zusammenfassung auf Englisch unter dem Titel: The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons' culture in 18th and 19th centuries Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürger Sachsen (DE-588)4054836-3 gnd rswk-swf Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd rswk-swf Darstellung (DE-588)4200624-7 gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd rswk-swf Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 g Geschichte 1700-1800 z DE-604 Siebenbürger Sachsen (DE-588)4054836-3 s Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 s Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 s Darstellung (DE-588)4200624-7 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028356341&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028356341&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Zăloaga, Marian 1978- Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea Siebenbürger Sachsen (DE-588)4054836-3 gnd Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd Darstellung (DE-588)4200624-7 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054836-3 (DE-588)4057329-1 (DE-588)4200624-7 (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4050473-6 (DE-588)4067777-1 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4054835-1 |
| title | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea |
| title_alt | The Roma in the Transylvanian Saxons' culture in 18th and 19th centuries |
| title_auth | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea |
| title_exact_search | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea |
| title_full | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea Marian Zăloaga |
| title_fullStr | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea Marian Zăloaga |
| title_full_unstemmed | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea Marian Zăloaga |
| title_short | Romii în cultura săseasca în secolele al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea |
| title_sort | romii in cultura saseasca in secolele al xviii lea si al xix lea |
| topic | Siebenbürger Sachsen (DE-588)4054836-3 gnd Stereotyp (DE-588)4057329-1 gnd Darstellung (DE-588)4200624-7 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siebenbürger Sachsen Stereotyp Darstellung Ethnische Identität Roma Volk Zigeuner Rumänien Siebenbürgen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028356341&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028356341&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zaloagamarian romiiinculturasaseascainsecolelealxviiileasialxixlea AT zaloagamarian theromainthetransylvaniansaxonsculturein18thand19thcenturies |