Misioni holandez: koloneli Tomson
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Tiranë
Shtëpia Botuese "Argeta-LMG"
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in englischer und in niederländischer Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 371 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789995717155 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Misioni Holandez - Koloneli Tontson
305
Dutch Military Mission
in Albania in the years 1913 —1914
- Summary -
The Declaration of Independence of Albania on 28 November
1912 was a historic event for the fate of the new State. Its recognition by
the Great Powers was achieved with the support of Austria ֊ Hungary, It-
aly and Germany. Princedom of Albania was declared herEdithary, neutral
state, under the guarantee of the Great Powers. While the government of
Ismail Kemal Vlora was still working and had structured the local author-
ities, the Great Powers created ICC, the ICC for the supervision of state
activity. They decided to send a military mission to organize the Albanian
Police Force, as a neutral country like Albania would not create an army.
As the Swedish government did not accept the job because of other com-
mitments, the Great Powers turned to the Netherlands on 1 August 1913.
Dutch Government responded positively on September 19, 1913. Minis-
try of War in The Hague began preparations for the election of directors
and officers of all Military Mission to Albania.
Albania was object of the Balkan Wars. After the London Con-
ference, the Treaty of Bucharest sanctioned otherfractures of Albanian
territories. Secret meetings were being held in European chancelleries.
Only Vienna insisted on the protection of territorial integrity of the Alba-
nian State. Germany expressed interest but did not support the Austrian
- Hungarians in their efforts. Also Italy, which did not accept the access of
Serbia in the Adriatic Sea. France continued to support Serbia, which had
large contracts for arms supplies. Russia as well supported Serbia. Great
Britain was trying to keep the balance with the Great Powers and maintain
its influence in the former - lands of the Ottoman Empire.
Based on this situation, with a decree of Queen Wilhemlina, the
Dutch government appointed on October 20,1913 as head of the military
Dutch mission in Albania, two commissioned officers, General De Veer
and Colonel Tomson. They arrived in the Albanian capital of that time,
306
Fluturak Germenji
Vlora, on 10 November 1913 and had an pre-inspection trip to set the
tasks and logistics for the arrival of other officers. While in the Hague the
selection of officers to be part of the mission had begun. They would be
assigned by a decree of Queen Wilhemlina.
Officially, The Dutch Military Mission in Albania started on De-
cember 24, 1913, when Queen Wilhemlina decreed the appointment of
General De Veer and Colonel Tomson, the Albanian Gendarmerie ser-
vice. After sending the report to the two top Dutch officers, The Hague,
gave orders to prepare officers to be sent on mission in Albania. With the
direct care under Queen Wilhemlina, Minister of War, Bosbom, sent a
circular to all military commands, assigning officers to prepare me for this
important mission, which “wouldrise up the name of the Netherlands.”
List of officers, comprising Dutch Military Mission to Albania, was com-
pleted on January 23,1914. It was also sent to General De Veer and Col-
onel Tomson in Vlora. The Dutch Ministry of War administration in the
Netherlands conducted final actionsto complete the official list of all offi-
cers to be sent to Albania, as well as determining their movement. With a
Royal Decree dated February 24,1914, signed by Queen Wilhemlina, the
Dutch officers assigned to serve in the Albanian Police Force, were given
a higher military rank. Fifteen officers selected would constitute the Dutch
Military Mission in Albania, as a Peacekeeping Military Mission and coor-
dinator for the new Albanian State.
The Dutch Military Mission commander was General Willem J. H.
De Veer. He was a career officer in the military, ex effective Regiment 3rd
Field Artillery. He was 56 years of age when he arrived in Albania. Initially
helped draft the documentation on behalf of the Joint Chief of Staff and
the structures of the Ministry of War. General De Veer, led most of the
military operations, especially in the protection of the southern provinces.
He attended military actions on the ground, often documented massacres
of Greek soldiers, especially in the area of Gjirokastra. Well known is the
description of Greek massacres in Hillside Village, the axis.
The most authoritative Dutch officer was the Mission Depu-
ty-Chief Colonel W Lodevijk J. K. Tomson. During that time, he was
one of the most prominent Dutch officers in the Kingdom of the Neth-
erlands, regarding the military education and experience, as well as the
intellect and the concrete military and political commitments. Even as a
human nature, Colonel Tomson was very open-minded and open. Colonel
Misioni Holandez - Koloneli Tomson
307
Tomson was the most promising officer of the Dutch Military Mission to
Albania in 1913-1914. He was 44 years old when he came in Vlora.
Tomson had divided the country into five zones. In the first zone,
which was Korea, was appointed Major Snellen van Vollenhoven and Cap-
tain Jetze Doorman, who also covered the Southwest. The second area
Gjirokastra, was under the command of Major Wouter de Waal and Cap-
tain Julius H. Sonne. In the third area, which included the central part,
Elbasan, was appointed Major Hugo Verhulst and Captain Hendrik G.
A. Reimers. In Durres, the capital, three officers were assigned as military
commanders and organizers, Major Johan M. Sluys, Major Lucas Roelfse-
ma and Captain Jan H. Sar. In the fifth area, which included Shkodra and
northern Albania, was appointed commander Major Henry J. L. Kroon
and Captain Jan Fabius, who played an important role as artillery com-
mander in Durres, during the fight with rebels. Even Major Kroon, as-
sisted with numerous forces in North Highlands in Durres which were
surrounded by rebels. He replaced Major Sluys, as commander of the De-
fense of Durres, after the assassination of Colonel Tomson. Captain Carel
de Jongh was appointed as Assistant General De Veer and engaged with
artillery and military actions in the Vlora - Tepelene, as well as fighting
for the protection of Durres. Lieutenant Gerard Mallinckrodt, Colonel
Tomson was the assistant. Major Tidoo Redingius was military doctor and
helped to build hospitals in Vlore and Durres.
Dutch officers traveled with the newly created members of Al-
banian Police Force. Military duty was more important to them, as career
military officers. The press of that time in Vlora, Shkodra and Korça de-
scribed their actions and attitudes, especially the fights and battles, like
those of Major Joan E. Snellen van Vollenhoven and Captain Jetze Door-
man in Korça.
General De Veer, as part of his tasks, followed Albanian troops
movements and fighting and their marches. After taking Vranishti, by
force of arms, as the soldiers of Spiro Milo declared “1 limara Indepen-
dence” and did not let entry of the Albanian forces the same tactics were
used for Mallakaster, Tepelene and Permet.
The Group of Dutch officers in the area of Korea has created a
strong collaboration with the area of Berat-Skrapar-Kolonje. General De
Veer ispencted the military organization in Mallakaster and Berat in 1914,
making the necessary recommendations and assured a better collaboration
308
Fluturak G'ermenji
with the local authorities and volunteers. This was necessary as the gov-
ernment was unable to supply munitions and food as rebels would attack
repeatedly the convoys towards South.
The Sitatuion was more difficult in the area of Tepelena — Gji-
rokastra. General De Veer and his team inspected near Tepelena, based
on reports of Major Wouter de Waal. He, together with Captain Julius
H. Sonne, conducted few confrontations with the greek forces and had
them removed from the villages of Tepelena. It was there where the most
horrifying and unprecedented massacres were done. Near Hormova, in
the Hill church, the Greeks had locked and killed inside the church all the
Muslim men. General De Veer reported to KNK, while the Captain Carel
de Jongh made photos of such massacres that shocked the Europe of that
time. More than 200 corps dismembered.
The other officers continued their military duties in Dürres. Based
on the orders of Colonel Tomson, Commander Sar trained the soldiers
and supervised the work of the defense trenches system of the city. Ma-
jor Roelfsema had created a cavalry gendarmerie, part of which escorted
Prince Vidi, in his movements. Captain Fabius was appointed to orga-
nize the artillery, after receiving ten canons (the new model “Skoda’*) with
the respective ammunition. In the same time, Colonel Tomson, together
with Commander Sluys, Captain Sar and major Roelfsema, viewed in ther-
ain the defense plan of Dürres. Colonel’s Tomson Plan for the defense
of Dürres and for the attack predicted in June 17, was deconspirated.
The Rebels, commanded by foreign officers, attacked Dürres on June 15,
1914 when Colonel Tomson was inspecting the firs lines of defense at the
Bridge of Dajlan.
The crucial witness was Major Lucas Roelfsema, who fought
with the commander in the field. He remembers: “Unexpectedly Colo-
nel Tomson turend at me saying “I am wounded!”. I saw to small holes
in Tomson’s uniform, one on the right arm, near the neck vein and the
other above it in the same side. I ran immediately with the wounded near
the closest building, to remove him from the battlefield. Colonel Tomson
spoke again: “Let them come and take me!” and unexpectedly collapsed,
after 30 steps. Men, that arrived, tried to revive him but with no success.
The doctor came immediately, but could only identify the death caused by
die internal bleeding due to the main artery hemorrhage”.
at evening, the news spread in Dürres and more. The Royal Court,
Misioni Holandez - Koloneli Tomsott
309
Government and people of Dürres started the preparation of the last
farewell to Colonel Tomson who gave his life for the creation of Albanian
State. As Syrja Vlora remembers, “At 7:30 the body of Colonel Tomson
arrived in the Royal Court Palace. The King, personally, put on the coffin
the medal “Eagle of Albania”, which He personally created.” Prince Vidi
writes: “Death of Colonel Tomson shocked me extremely. He worked
hard, selfless for the fortification of Dürres and training of military units.
His hones character and his immeasurable loyalty, will have a special part
in my memories”.
There is a wide bibliography for Colonel Tomson as well as many
publications, not only in the Albanian press but also the Dutch one. Other
publications have been in Austria and Italy.
His history began with 1913-1914 and continues to date. The fig-
ure of Colonel Tomson was presented in the Albanian press, since he
arrived, in November of 1913. Many news, correspondences, articles and
comments were published on the Dutch Colonel “that gave his life for the
foundations of the Albanian State”, as Professor Skender Luarasi writes.
Honoring for Colonel Tomson will continue forever as his name is written
in the altar of the Albanian Nation.
The activity of the Dutch Military Mission in Albania is studied in
schools and is an example of cooperation between the Netherlands and
Albania.
370
Fluturak Germenji
Pasąyra e lendes:
Parathenie nga Moikom Zeqo.3
Pėrshėndetje nga Flamur Tartari.7
1. Shėnim per lexuesit.9
2. Pjesa e parė: Orekset ballkanike.11
3. Parathenie historike.14
4. Formimi i Lidhjes Ballkanike.21
5. Principata e re e Shqipėrisė.29
6. Lufterat Ballkanike, Kalendar 1912-1914.37
7. Kronike universitare amerikane .61
8. Lufta e Parė Botėrore ne Shqipėri.67
9. Pjesa e dyte: Holandezėt ne Shqipėri.73
10. Ardhja mbretėrore e Tomsonit. *.75
11. Udhetimi i Holandezėve. 85
12. Takimi me Esat Pashen.91
13. Nė Kryeqendrėn e Veriut.97
14. Vlorė, fillim dimri. 105
15. Oficerėt Holandezė nė Xhandarmėrinė Shqiptare.„.117
16. Mes intrigavę dhe dimrit.161
17. Pjesa e tretė: Dimri Shtetėror. 169
18. Pranvera e vetme e Princit.171
19. Oborri Mbretėror.179
20. Lufta nėjug. 187
21. Dimri i fanatikėve. 197
22. Rebelėt dhe Princ Vidi.211
Misioni Holandez - Koloneli Tomson 371
23. Holandezët dhe Shteti Shqiptar.217
24. Fotot në Shqipëri. 227
25. Beteja e Durrësit.233
26. Thyerja e ushtrisë së Vidit. 243
27. Pas ikjes së Vidit. 249
28. Pjesa є katërt: Nderim dhe mirënjohje.257
29. Nderimi për Tomsonin.259
30. ShtypipërTomsonin. 271
31. Jehona në Holandë.281
32. Vlerësime nga historianët.295
33. Luie nga Shqipëria.305
34. Bibliografia. 310
35. Përmbledhje në guhën holandeze.314
36. Përmbledhje në guhën angleze. 319
37. Fotot e Misionit Holandez nga Dr. R. Elsie.325
38. Fotot nga Shoqata “Miqtë e Tomsonit”.343 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)927432165 (DE-599)BVBBV042900125 |
| era | Geschichte 1913-1914 gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:27:11Z |
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| isbn | 9789995717155 |
| language | Albanian |
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| publisher | Shtëpia Botuese "Argeta-LMG" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gërmenji, Fluturak 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1077055382 aut Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson Fluturak Gërmenji Koloneli Tomson Tiranë Shtëpia Botuese "Argeta-LMG" 2014 371 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in englischer und in niederländischer Sprache Wilhelm I. Albanien, Fürst 1876-1945 (DE-588)101078161 gnd rswk-swf Thomson, Lodewijk 1869-1914 (DE-588)1077068476 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1913-1914 gnd rswk-swf Militärmission (DE-588)4472329-5 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 gnd rswk-swf Thomson, Lodewijk 1869-1914 (DE-588)1077068476 p Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 g Militärmission (DE-588)4472329-5 s Wilhelm I. Albanien, Fürst 1876-1945 (DE-588)101078161 p Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Geschichte 1913-1914 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028328309&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028328309&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gërmenji, Fluturak 1948- Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson Wilhelm I. Albanien, Fürst 1876-1945 (DE-588)101078161 gnd Thomson, Lodewijk 1869-1914 (DE-588)1077068476 gnd Militärmission (DE-588)4472329-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)101078161 (DE-588)1077068476 (DE-588)4472329-5 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4042203-3 |
| title | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson |
| title_alt | Koloneli Tomson |
| title_auth | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson |
| title_exact_search | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson |
| title_full | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson Fluturak Gërmenji |
| title_fullStr | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson Fluturak Gërmenji |
| title_full_unstemmed | Misioni holandez koloneli Tomson Fluturak Gërmenji |
| title_short | Misioni holandez |
| title_sort | misioni holandez koloneli tomson |
| title_sub | koloneli Tomson |
| topic | Wilhelm I. Albanien, Fürst 1876-1945 (DE-588)101078161 gnd Thomson, Lodewijk 1869-1914 (DE-588)1077068476 gnd Militärmission (DE-588)4472329-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wilhelm I. Albanien, Fürst 1876-1945 Thomson, Lodewijk 1869-1914 Militärmission Albanien Niederlande |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028328309&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028328309&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT germenjifluturak misioniholandezkolonelitomson AT germenjifluturak kolonelitomson |