Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach: (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija)
Звенигород і Звенигородська земля у XI - XIII століттях соціоісторична реконструкція
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lʹviv
Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 532 S., [20] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789660274846 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
Research of the history of Rus’ as the kingdom of cities is the inexhaustible theme at the studies
of Middle Ages. During the processing of written sources and formation of the base of archaeological
sources number of cities where large-scale excavations were carried out is gradually increasing.
However, the most of these monuments are only a small fraction of thousands of nameless larger and
smaller settlements. In this case scientific value of annalistic capital cities, researched on broad areas
for the history of development of urban processes in Rus1 can t be overestimated. After all, every city,
despite their identical economic, juridical and political conditions of development had its own face as
the phenomenon of social nature. A number of local features were reflected at the latter. The city of
Zvenyhorod is appeared as one of such peculiar urban organ isms. History of the phased formation and
study of its sources is a good example. They became the base for gradual solution of the problems of
localization, genesis, prosperity and destruction of the cities by particular aspects. The long-term
nature of the excavations, which were carried out with chronological interruptions (sometimes very
large), small areas of current excavations, various methodological foundations of researches together
became a significant obstacle that moves back integral impression of development of Zvenyhorod to a
long-term perspective. As a result, during several decades of researches large collections of artefacts
(containing a certain amount of information) were the dominant material, while imagination of social
topography of the city has fragmentary character, caused by the limitation of excavations, which were
opened during each field season. Only when research covered all parts of the monument (though
fragmentary) an objective possibility and necessity occurs to make a general appreciation of collected
material and highlights the integral characteristics of planning structure of Zvenyhorod and find out
features of the construction patterns of its different parts. In addition, researched area of the
monument is the foundation that allows to make broad conclusions and to discover different aspects
of functioning of the city on background of dynamics of its development in space and time. It is
important to note here, that in general 10772.6 square meters was discovered in Zvenyhorod for today:
717 sq.m - on the city-fort, 4229.6 sq. m. - on fortified city around the city-fort, 3878 sq. m - in the
suburbs and 1948 sq. m. ֊ in the settlement near the city walls. These data allow to establish the area of
parts of the city and its overall dimensions: city-fort - 1 ha, fortified city around the city-fort - 12 ha
suburbs ֊ 126.5 ha. So city-fort, fortified city around the city-fort and suburb together occupied 139.5
ha. Considering the settlement near the city walls, lying within the lowlands and forming structural
and territorial integrity with the city, Zvenyhorod occupied an area that extended from west to east for
11 miles, and from north to south ֊ 7 km (77 sq. km). Thus, a complex of obtained results dearly
displays Zvenyhorod from the shadow of generally accepted opinion about it as a small secondary
town.
At the history of study of Zvenyhorod several important stages were emphasized, which
summarizing the research, create some kind of base for the expansion and deepening of knowledge
about the city. So, soon after appearing of the interest to Zvenyhorod evidences at chronicles were the
main source base for its research. But the events connected with Zvenyhorod repeatedly described by
chronicler did not contain clear topographic guides that would show its location. This circumstance
of the study of history of Eastern Europe from ancient times till Middle Ages, which took place in
XIX century, has generated a lively debates dedicated to localization of Zvenyhorod, associated with
events in North-West Rus . Almost half-century uncertainty (not devoid of tendency directed to
derogation of role and size of the city) was finished by M. Hrushevskyi in 1899. He based partly on the
new type of sources that started to form in Zvenyhorod (archaeological artifacts), has convincingly
SUMMARY
proved that the city was located at the source of Bilka river - left tributary of Western Bug river.
Archaeological survey of the hill-fort and its surroundings became the achievement of the interwar
period. As a result, process of population of this area in prehistoric days with separation of several
ancient cultures that characterize this territory as highly suitable for the development of settlement
structures was reflected in general. On this background, the appearance of Zvenyhorod represented
the next stage of adoption of this place, which was strategically advantageous for safe life of the
settlement, developed in new socio-economic conditions. Researchers replenished collections of
artifacts and distinguished rebuilding horizons of the Late Middle Ages and modern times, made the
first reconstruction of city planning structure (Ja. Pasternak, L. Chachkowski). The three-part
structure of the city (city-fort, suburbs and settlement near city walls), determined the course of the
line of fortifications. It should be emphasized that the relics of pre-Mongol Zvenyhorod suffered such
a devastating collapse during the next centuries, that illustration of every different aspect of the
functioning of ancient city require separate scientific evidence and support of the factual material. By
the way, this circumstance is always accompanied excavations during postwar years, which generally
had a negative impact on the scientific opinion about the scale of Zvenyhorod. As a result, at
generalizing works, published in 1950-1960 s (M. Tikhomirov, P. Rappaport) area of the city was
identified primarily with a small-scale hill-fort. This idea is so firmly established at the scientific
literature, dedicated to the subject that remained unchanged even after the publication of new material
about monumental architecture, data on extensive international trade relations, existence of vast
system of crafts, aimed at a broad local market, etc. This opinion was also critical for evaluating of
certain events by historians, in particular, for the fact of giving of Zvenyhorod as dominion for
Vladimirko Volodarevych. For example, M. Kotlyar still convinced that Volodymyrko got a throne in
Zvenyhorod perhaps, in order to prevent his claims on older brother s dominion and thus a small
separate principality - Zvenyhorod appeared. Only based on the imagination of Zvenyhorod, as a
small hill-fort, you can believe that Volodymyrko could claim on older brother dominion -
Przemysl.
Forty postwar years were extremely important for the study of Zvenyhorod. Step by step,
knowledge about the nature of building of separate structural parts of the city gradually expanded and
complemented. In this context, location of the city-fort that significantly changed the picture of the
system of planning of the city center was found rather late. Areas near and far from the territory
outside of fortifications was studied fragmentary, by small excavations. As a result, it was confirmed
population of island surfaces within the swampy lowlands. It allows taking a different view to the
nearest neighborhood of the hill-fort and its place in the overall planning structure of Zvenyhorod.
Instead, large-scale exploration of one of the low-lying areas of suburb, where wooden relics were
discovered, brought very important results. It was the first time for the territory of Halych Rus when a
clear idea of the appearance of the city, formation of estates and planning of buildings in their limits
and, most importantly, the dynamics of development of this construction and features of wooden
architecture was presented. Obtained data allowed comparing Zvenyhorod with the widely studied
capital cities of Medieval Rus , to note general trends for Rus at construction of cities and to emphasize
those local features of planning structure that gave to Zvenyhorod its unique look. Special attention is
focused at the reconstruction of the fortifications. Source base that is available today is insufficient for
comprehensive conclusions about the design features of fortification, but allows to prove the basic
techniques underlying the construction and planning of defensive lines, which were installed for
protect both the city center and surrounding settlements. All collected material causes a deeper
interpretation of famous chronicle reports dedicated to Zvenyhorod, gives a key to understanding the
role of the city on the military and political arena, where events took place in XII - first half of
XIII centuries on the territory of Zvenyhorod, Halych and Halych-Volhynia princedoms. Thus the
peculiarities of development of the city, character of its planning structure and building clarified issues
of background and beginning of its formation, associated with the development of the state of
Rostislavychi in Sub-Carpathian region.
486
SUMMARY
Based on studies which were carried out, we have a reason to assert about at least three phases
(construction horizons) in the genesis of Zvenyhorod. In the time of first historical mention (1087) on
the culmination of the hill with an area of 1 ha and 20 m in a height, which is situated on the center of
cape-like plateau in swamps, the citadel, fortified around the perimeter by wall made of the wooden
fences and cages. Discovered construction of craft character allows to shift the beginning of settlement
construction to the second half or even the last quarter of XI century. At this time, Przemyśl was the
main city of the large southwestern outskirt, which belonged to the domain of Grand Prince and was a
part of the Volhyn principality. The city was official residence of eldest of Rostislavychi brothers -
Rurik, apparently formally as a vassal, carrying military service, but actually as feudal prince.
The fact that long before the Council of Liubech (1097) younger brother Vasylko received his
city of Terebovlia as a dominion shows the weak control of these lands by the authority of Grand
Prince, which at that time has its own problems. In these circumstances it is hard to imagine that Rurik
and Vasylko deprived their brother Volodar. Based on archaeological material, Vasylko continued to
develop castle in Terebovlia that exists from the beginning of XI century. Instead, Volodar chose a new
location for his sedes regni . Whoever was the chief architect of Zvenyhorod, but a choice of place for
the future city was brilliant. Within the entire Zvenyhorod land only this area has unique natural relief
that in its original form has properties of complete defensive line. The last one is represented by hill
ridge that surrounds the oval plain of about 10000 ha. Second line of obstacles - impassable turf bogs
opened to those ,who overcame the mountains and steep hills, jagged by deep precipices. It laid among
islands and water places in the beds of numerous streams which flow down from the mountains and
fill up Bilka river that became fierce during the floods that turned the plain into a huge impassable
lake. High hill, on the top of which a city-fort was placed, had terrace-like natural slopes that became
escarpment and improve defense walls. The area around the foot of the hill looked like a wave-like
relief that coming down to wet lowlands, which was the safest side of this area. Actually, first
craftsmen, who were involved in serving the princely court, settled on these slopes. Constructions,
deep in ground, were located randomly from the north, west and south sides. The eastern area where
ditch and possibly the defensive walls with tower was constructed, remained the most threatening side.
Outside, along the line of fortifications the townsmen s settlements gradually developed. On the
territory of city-fort wooden church and the well, faced by stones to the bottom, were built at this time.
Arrangement of the entrance to the city was one of the major problems since the foundation of
Zvenyhorod. For this purpose the long dam was built. It crossed whole marshy valley in north-south
line. The road along was paved with logs. It was opened on the segment of 90 m from the north side of
the hill-fort. It is unknown whether local streams available for transportation of wood to the valley, so
the most of prepared timber from the surrounding forests were actually being taken to dry ground by
paved road. This dam apparently was at that time the only one in the city, because defensive ditch,
filled with water also needed some hydro-engineering structures. The defensive ditch itself had an
interesting construction. It surrounds the city-fort as an arc, beginning from the hill s culmination,
then down the hill in a north direction to the water. On the slope the ditch was narrow and of course
dry. Instead, on the flat area it was expanded to more than 4 m, filled with water and became serious
obstacle.
Despite the limited space of dry land, wide perspectives of growth was founded at the
development of Zvenyhorod, which according to results of researches, have several directions: 1)
further to the east along the crest of plateau; 2) within the area of dry islands in marshes; 3) on the
slopes around lowlands. Thus, establishing of settlement on the plains its founders keep in mind its
further rapid development into the big city. Expedience of such plans could be caused by only one
factor - the intention to create a capital city. Such hypothesis is also confirmed by building plane of
suburbs, where from the west side of the city-fort workshops (skinning-sewing, bronze casting)
appeared, and from the north-east ֊ sheepfolds, several economical and one residential constructions
were built. But the first restructuring of the eastern part of fortified city around the city-fort, according
to periodization of objects, initiated by Volodar before inheritance of throne in Przemyśl (1092) was
the most significant. Then the original fortification from lower part of city-fort was purposefully
487
SUMMARY
ruined and new line of defense ditch and probably of the ramparts and walls, which were moved about
75 meters to the east, were constructed. Larger construction complex was grown under the protection
of fortifications on the expanded area.
After the death of the eldest brother Rurik, Volodar moved into Przemyśl, but the mechanism of
development of Zvenyhorod was already running. During the first quarter of XII century densely
populated settlement appeared, weakly, but gradually suburbs were built Within the eastern suburb
trade area was formed, were St. Paraskeva Pyatnitsa wooden church was constructed. In the north-
eastern suburb building of manors gain momentum within previously parceled land lots. The number
of workshops increased here, but construction on the territory of almost all residential buildings
including two-story ones was especially significant. Results of the researches allow confirming that the
infrastructure of the city in that period was focused not only at the internal economic needs. Fully
preserved birch bark manuscript reveals one of the aspects, related to international trade. Appearance
of the imported items at the everyday life of the population and processing of import raw materials
and semi-finished products by local workshops was the consequence of development of foreign
economic activity of the city.
Unfortunately, we still can t answer the question, whether islands of dry land scattered in the
swamps were populated, or were slopes around the valley built up, or whether there city cemetery in
the territory of main dry area.
So, even after moving to Przemyśl, Volodar kept control Zvenyhorod. His close connection with
it is confirmed by birch bark manuscript mentioned above. In addition, there is many reasons to
believe that along with Przemyśl, Zvenyhorod was the second largest city in all the land of Przemyśl.
Following the legal rules, concerning the rights of inheritance of the throne, Volodar bequeathed
Przemyśl to his eldest son Rostislav. As for heritage, obtained by Volodymyrko, this issue not found
solution at the scientific literature, dedicated to the subject. On the contrary, as was noted above, the
opinion dominates that the throne in Zvenyhorod and dominion, connected with it were a kind of
pittance for taming of the ambitions of youngest son. Nevertheless, based on the results of the study of
Zvenyhorod, the situation is defined somewhat differently. Volodymyrko received from his father not
just some kind of settlement and a piece of land into the bargain. He got the largest city in the
Principality after Przemyśl. It was a city, founded by Volodar. The fact that the city was extended and
rebuilt under the close supervision of the prince, can show that it was favorite child for Vasylko,
settlement about the future of which he had ambitious plans. At the time of Volodar s death
Zvenyhorod was already a city, central part of which had a well-developed infrastructure. For example,
difference between the suburbs and fortified city around the city-fort was perceptible. Workshops of
free craftsmen who have not cultivated land were situated on the last one, while population of the
suburbs was engaged in agriculture (bright proof of which - presence of spits and binding of shovels in
buildings). Specialized workshops with furnaces on fortified city around the city-fort, separated from
the agriculture and made products for the needs of prince s court and the local market. Some of the
products was also intended for foreign trade, which increased wealth of citizens and prince s treasury.
So, Volodar, bequeathing Zvenyhorod to ambitious Volodymyrko, was confident that the city was
given in a good hands. Income from Zvenyhorod land, detached as a dominion could be sufficient
means for the implementation of Zvenyhorod. The prosperity of newly created principality depended
on the energy, intelligence, organizational skills of the young prince. Judging by the fact, how
Zvenyhorod further developed, Volodar deliberately distributed the inheritance. Thus, after obtaining
of such tidbit (and he could get nothing as the youngest son) Volodymyrko allegedly had no reasons to
encroach on Przemyśl throne. However hostility broke out between the brothers. Its reason was not
noted by chronicler, but if it concerned the throne in Przemyśl perhaps this would be written.
Third (top) construction horizon of Zvenyhorod was connected with rule of Volodymyrko
Volodarevych (1124-1141). At that time the city reached the peak of its prosperity. There were
unprecedented in scale construction works. First, all residential and craft buildings in the eastern part
of fortified city around the city-fort (such work also took place on the whole area around the city-fort)
were demolished, the old fortifications were eliminated. The territory expanded by moving the
488
SUMMARY
defensive line 100 m to the east. Stone buildings were constructed at the culmination of this area -
church, tomb and prince s palace. Special attention was paid to the system of fortifications, which was
radically rebuilt. The whole territory of fortified city around the city-fort was surrounded around the
perimeter by defensive walls. Extensive works on the changing of river beds, construction of dams and
dikes were carried out. As a result, central part of city was surrounded on the perimeter by another -
water line of defense.
System of hydro-engineering structures was designed in such way that water filled most of the
lowlands around the city for a short period of time when it was needed. All this turned Zvenyhorod
into an inaccessible stronghold. This fact is well reflected at the annalistic reports. Buildings within the
fortified city around the city-fort acquired regular character, where among multifunctional workshops
certain production processes dominate. There is a reason to suppose that around the foot of the city-
fort within several craft parcels four wooden churches existed. Appearance of suburbs was also
changed. Internal planning within area of estates of the northeastern suburb was finally formed. There
block of the estates of rich boyars with fiefdom workshops allocated. Construction of the road was
rebuilt according to the advanced techniques. Settlements near the city walls are also not left
unattended. First of all, the islands of dry land in the swamps, nearest to the city were built up. These
islets were connected to mainland and, if it was possible, between each other by bridges on posts. On
the largest islands several cloisters appeared, which included churches, cemeteries and monastery
households. Due to the increasing of density of constructions and lack of free space, city cemeteries
were shifted outside the city boundaries. Slopes around lowlands also were populated at that time.
Fortified boyars manors, surrounded by villages stay out there. Whole borders of principality were
also well fortified, especially from the side of Volhyn. Majority of villages, towns, fortresses known
today within the territory that belonged to the dominion of Zvenyhorod, allow suggesting significant
population of the region. In these circumstances, Zvenyhorod became the largest and most important
feudal center of the principality, where income from agricultural environs was gathered. Boyars’
manorial households played the leading role here. The wealth that came to Zvenyhorod as taxes from
land rent and agricultural products, determined the development of crafts and trade. Collections of
artifacts discovered in Zvenyhorod and identified with the products of local workshops show a high
level of craft production, especially jewelry, bone carving, glass-making, sewing, woodworking,
blacksmithing and others. Connection of fiefdom crafts with international trade caused growing of
wealth, which is fixed by luxury goods within estates and especially in wonderful wooden mansions
that did not concede the richest homesteads of largest cities in Rus’ - Kyiv and Novgorod. Wooden
houses and temples were built according to the techniques of civil and church architecture common
for Rus’. Summing up, it can be noted that Zvenyhorod principality which was rather small compared
to other Old Rus’ principalities during the rule of Volodymyrko developed into a well-fortified, rich
mini-state. All economic, political and cultural life of the region was focused in its main center. After
the shifting of the capital to Halych in 1141, Zvenyhorod does not come into decay. Instead,
Zvenyhorod become a true gateway to the Halych land and kept the functions of the administrative,
economic and spiritual center with impressive fortification system. Its existence was finished by
invasion led by Batu Khan. After destruction of the city, the Mongol army had, in fact, already free way
to Halych. Perhaps it caused the fact that Zvenyhorod, like a phoenix, not raised from the ashes.
Shroud of centuries covers from us the tragedy of inhabitants of Zvenyhorod during the
beginning and the next decades under the Mongols rule. Archaeological materials, collected by
researchers, allow defining the scale of this disaster at least in general.
Thus, attack of Batu Khan’s troops on Zvenyhorod had devastating consequences. Finds of a
huge number of human bones (which are still extracted from ground during agricultural works even
now, after many years of rebuilding), allow to suggest that the area around the city including suburbs
was covered with corpses. The largest amount of human bones was discovered near fortifications: on
Zahorodysche near the defensive wall with slanted palisade, on the island of Velyky and from the south
side of the foot of city-fort -in front of the south gate. It can be assumed that strong resistance of
Zvenyhorod also caused heavy losses of Mongol-Tatar army.
489
SUMMARY
Complete remains of six people who were lying in situ on the spot of death represent important
information about this massacre. Considered above skeletons from internal defense ditch in the
western part of fortified city around the city-fort demonstrate the fact that women during the battle
fight on the walls alongside men. Among the two men who fell into the ditch, was a woman whose
skull has traces of the hole that should be inflicted with a blunt object. Skeletons of three men found in
the south-western outskirt of Zahorodysche are even more expressive. There, on the open area of
western suburb near the city, fierce battle occurred. All these persons were beheaded. Dynamic of
poses of two deceased allow to assume that it happened during the battle. However, the third man’s
(burial № 3) both hands were bent at the elbows so strongly that hands lying under scapula and spine
in upper part of the back. Having left arm, broken in two places, warrior was captured. His head was
cut off in such way that trace from cut by sharp edges can be seen on the outgrowth of mandible.
A number of signs indicating that after massacre bodies of citizens of Zvenyhorod left lying for
some time at the open air. Nobody left to bury them. It is not known how the Mongols behave after the
destruction and looting of the city: or they left the ashes and moved the whole armada to conquer new
prey, or left some garrisons in devastated Zvenyhorod. This is not a rhetorical question, because some
finds confirm the presence of the Mongol-Tatars in the city. Whatever it was, but after a few months
population return to Zvenyhorod. Probably, people hided in canyons of surrounding hill ridge. They
obtained difficult mission - to organize field battles. As it was noted above, bodies were so decomposed
that water (in a defense trench and also on Zahorodysche) easily destroyed anatomical integrity of the
skeletons. The only thing that could be done in this situation is to cover bones by a thin layer of soil.
The most striking thing in this situation was the fact that people, who must doing such hard (especially
in moral and psychological aspect) work, showed mercy to victims, putting their hands on the
abdomen, thus gave last Christian favor to fellow citizens.
Life in Zvenyhorod began to restore, but the city was not rebuilt. Such assertion confirmed by
presence of cemeteries where ordinary dead were buried. Overlapping of graves one by another, as it
can be clearly observed on the territory of city-fort, indicating long-term process. Remarkably, that
deceased were buried in different parts of the city, but certainly around the ruined temples. These
tombs cut through floor of church, faced by tiles and the remains of ruined wooden houses. And then
we come to an important question: where live the people who were buried on these cemeteries, which
status had these dwellings under the new government and generally which was this rule? Some finds,
mentioned above, can be associated with Mongol-Tatars. Thus, unique bone onlay which consists of
two plates with surface, covered by circular ornament, was found on the territory of the city. This
product had the form of flat rod, which from the one side ends by conical extension, and from the
other - was decorated with carved human face. Ja. Pasternak interpreted this item as unique artifact,
and found analogy for it among the Mongol-Tatars antiquities from XIII-XIV centuries from Old
Saray stored in collection of the Hermitage.
Another find was recently discovered on the southern part of the fortified city around the city-
fort - binding of thin leather strap. Product cast in high quality silver and covered with a thick layer of
gold. Binding has the shape of a plate with skirting, on its inner surface rods for attachment to the base
preserved. The face of the product are decorated by the head of mythical animal. The search for
analogies of that binding has not been successful yet. But an outstanding value of the object is
indisputable. Analyzing the image, we concluded that it represents a stylized image of a dragon.
Combined with trefoil, we have a reason to identify this item with the complex of Mongol-Tatar
antiquities, actually with elite warriors’ belt suite that spread at the Golden Horde in the 20-40-th of
XIII century.
In the context of finds, described above, the circumstances of emergence of the mound in the
northern settlement near the city walls of Zvenyhorod in Cerkovna Storonka Place is clearly defined.
The height of the barrow reached 6 m and its diameter 8.5 m. At the level of the ancient horizon under
the mound remains of a child were found, surrounded by clusters of pottery and animal bones. To the
right of the skull the bear claw lying. At the mound of the barrow, except fragments of thick-walled
pots, iron artifact of unknown function, knife, iron ring (fragment of horse harness?) and steel with a
490
SUMMARY
characteristic shaped cutout of internal edge were found. A similar kind of steel is known from
Novgorod, where it was found in a layer dated on the base of dendrochronological analysis to
XIII century. There is no reason to associate this grave with Christian residents of Zvenyhorod.
Perhaps it was exactly the grave near the church of St. Nicholas, about which local folks said that it
must not be disturbed . Most likely, the appearance of the barrow must be identified with another
ethnic community, in fact with Mongol-Tatar. At the same time this burial, and especially bone cover
of the handle and gilded binding of belt suite show the presence of certain contingent of Mongol-Tatar
garrison.
In the completely destroyed city this military post was necessary for control, first, of all territory
subordinated to Zvenyhorod, and second - to counteract the revival of power of the city. After
destruction of such powerful outpost at the entrance to Halych land, Batu Khan has provide to himself
unrestricted domination over the conquered territory.
In summary, we should emphasize the importance of discovery of the chronological horizon of
the second half of XIII-XIV centuries that was determined for Zvenyhorod for the first time. Acquired
material, first, reveals the scale of destruction of the city; second, briefly indicates still unknown (or not
identified) elements of planning structure; and, third, demonstrates new phase of dwelling and
economic development. Thus, within a specified chronological cutoff several parcels of cemeteries
were fixed that were disposed immediately after Mongol-Tatars invasion in destroyed urban regions,
but around the ruined temples. Construction of the first buildings, among which housing and
production objects can be distinguished, within the fortified city around the city-fort began not earlier
than XIII-XIV centuries, and probably even in the first half of the XIV century, when L viv became the
major center of this region.
491
ЗМІСТ
ВІД АВТОРА.....................................................................7
ПЕРЕДМОВА......................................................................9
Розділ І
ДЖЕРЕЛЬНА БАЗА, ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ ТА ІСТОРІЯ АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ.............12
1.1. Джерела...............................................................12
1.2. Історіографія.........................................................18
I. 3. Історія досліджень городища, його пригородів і округи................35
Розділ II
ТЕРИТОРІЯ ЗВЕНИГОРОДА І СУСІДНІ ТЕРЕНИ У ДОІСТОРИЧНУ ДОБУ ТА
РАННЬОСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКИЙ ПЕРІОД..................................................61
II. 1. Найдавніші сліди заселення території городища і його околиць........62
II. 2. Звенигород і сусідні терени у добу “племінних княжінь”..............73
Розділ III
ЛІТОПИСНІ ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ:
місце і роль Звенигорода у політичних взаєминах на Русі.......................83
Розділ IV
РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНА ТОПОГРАФІЯ................................................... 106
Розділ V
ПЛАНУВАЛЬНА СТРУКТУРА І ЗАБУДОВА ЗВЕНИГОРОДА.................................121
V. 1. Дитинець...........................................................121
V. 2. Окольний город................................................... 138
V.2.I. Північна частина окольного города............................ 138
V.2.2. Східна частина окольного города...............................142
V.2.3. Південна частина окольного города.............................186
V.2.4. Західна частина окольного города..............................234
V. 2.5. Укріплення окольного города..................................262
Розділ VI
ПРИГОРОДИ і ПЕРЕДМІСТЯ.......................................................278
VI. 1. Західний, південний та східний пригороди...........................278
VI.2. Північно-східний пригород...........................................ЗОЇ
VI. 2.1. Конструкція дороги..........................................303
VI.2.2. Споруди верхнього будівельного горизонту.....................311
VI.2.3. Споруди середнього будівельного горизонту....................324
VI.2.4. Споруди нижнього будівельного горизонту......................359
VI.2.5. Основні риси конструкцій будівель і їхніх елементів..........370
VI.2.6. Вулиці і провулки, проходи, перелази і острог................383
VI.2.7. Садиби: межі, датування і періодизація забудови..............389
VI.2.8. Загальна характеристика розвитку північно-східного пригорода.405
VI.3. Передмістя: топографія і планувальна структура.....................411
Розділ VII
ЗВЕНИГОРОДСЬКА ЗЕМЛЯ: територія і кордони...................................428
ВИСНОВКИ....................................................................451
БІБЛІОГРАФІЯ................................................................457
SUMMARY.....................................................................485
ТАБЛИЦІ.....................................................................492
ПЕРЕЛІК СКОРОЧЕНЬ...........................................................532
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hupalo, Vira Deonizivna 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076171087 |
| author_facet | Hupalo, Vira Deonizivna 1958- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hupalo, Vira Deonizivna 1958- |
| author_variant | v d h vd vdh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042802125 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)921806943 (DE-599)BVBBV042802125 |
| era | Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1000-1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte Geschichte 1000-1400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Zvenyhorod Lemberg (DE-588)1076175538 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zvenyhorod Lemberg |
| id | DE-604.BV042802125 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:09:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789660274846 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028231799 |
| oclc_num | 921806943 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 532 S., [20] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | 880-01 Hupalo, Vira Deonizivna 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1076171087 aut 880-02 Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) Vira Hupalo 880-03 Lʹviv Inst. Ukraïnoznavstva Im. I. Krypʺjakevyča 2014 532 S., [20] Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1000-1400 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Zvenyhorod Lemberg (DE-588)1076175538 gnd rswk-swf Zvenyhorod Lemberg (DE-588)1076175538 g Geschichte 1000-1400 z DE-604 Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028231799&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028231799&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Гупало, Віра ut 245-02/(N Звенигород і Звенигородська земля у XI - XIII століттях соціоісторична реконструкція Віра Гупало 264-03/(N Львів Інст. Українознавства Ім. І. Крип'якевича |
| spellingShingle | Hupalo, Vira Deonizivna 1958- Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)1076175538 |
| title | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) |
| title_auth | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) |
| title_exact_search | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) |
| title_full | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) Vira Hupalo |
| title_fullStr | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) Vira Hupalo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) Vira Hupalo |
| title_short | Zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u XI - XIII stolittjach |
| title_sort | zvenyhorod i zvenyhorodsʹka zemlja u xi xiii stolittjach socioistorycna rekonstrukcija |
| title_sub | (socioistoryčna rekonstrukcija) |
| topic | Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlungsarchäologie Funde Zvenyhorod Lemberg |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028231799&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028231799&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hupaloviradeonizivna zvenyhorodizvenyhorodsʹkazemljauxixiiistolittjachsocioistorycnarekonstrukcija |