Electrochromic materials and devices:
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| Sprache: | English |
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[2015]
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| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783527336104 9783527679881 9783527679874 9783527679867 9783527679850 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electrochromic materials and devices |c edited by Roger J. Mortimer, David R. Rosseinsky, and Paul M.S. Monk |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |c [2015] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 638 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elektrochromes Material |0 (DE-588)4292130-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Mortimer, Roger J. |d 1956-2015 |0 (DE-588)1077105746 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rosseinsky, David R. |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Monk, Paul M. S. |0 (DE-588)123059607 |4 edt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | VII
CONTENTS
PREFACE
XIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
XXI
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXIII
PART I ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND PROCESSING 1
1 ELECTROCHROMIC METAL OXIDES: AN INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS
AND DEVICES
3
CLAES-GDRAN GRANQVIST
1.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.2 SOME NOTES ON HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS 5
1.3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTROCHROMIC OXIDES
6
1.3.1 RECENT WORK ON ELECTROCHROMIC OXIDE THIN FILMS 7
1.3.2 OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS 9
1.3.3 CHARGE TRANSFER ABSORPTION IN TUNGSTEN OXIDE 11
1.3.4 IONIC EFFECTS 14
1.3.5 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THIN-FILM DEPOSITION PARAMETERS 18
1.3.6 ELECTROCHROMISM IN FILMS OF MIXED OXIDE: THE W - NI-OXIDE
SYSTEM 21
1.4 TRANSPARENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND ELECTROLYTES 23
1.4.1 TRANSPARENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS: OXIDE FILMS 25
1.4.2 TRANSPARENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS: METAL-BASED FILMS 26
1.4.3 TRANSPARENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS: NANOWIRE-BASED COATINGS AND
OTHER ALTERNATIVES 27
1.4.4 ELECTROLYTES: SOME EXAMPLES 29
1.5 TOWARDS DEVICES 30
1.5.1 SIX HURDLES FOR DEVICE MANUFACTURING 31
1.5.2 PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES 32
1.6 CONCLUSIONS 33
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 33
REFERENCES 33
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1067782087
VIII
CONTENTS
2 ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS BASED ON PRUSSIAN BLUE
AND OTHER METAL
METALLOHEXACYANATES
41
DAVID R. ROSSEINSKY
AND ROGER
J. MORTIMER
2.1 THE ELECTROCHROMISM OF PRUSSIAN BLUE 41
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 41
2.1.2 ELECTRODEPOSITED PB FILM AND COMPARISONS WITH BULK PB 42
2.1.3 PB PREPARED FROM DIRECT CELL REACTION, WITH NO APPLIED
POTENTIAL 45
2.1.4 LAYER-BY-LAYER DEPOSITION OF PB 46
2.1.5 PB ON GRAPHENE 46
2.1.6 ALTERNATIVE PREPARATIONS OF PB: PB FROM COLLOID AND SIMILAR
ORIGINS 46
2.1.7 ALTERNATIVE ELECTROLYTES INCLUDING POLYMERIC FOR PB
ELECTROCHROMISM 47
2.2 METAL METALLOHEXACYANATES AKIN TO PRUSSIAN BLUE 48
2.2.1 RUTHENIUM PURPLE RP 48
2.2.2 VANADIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE 48
2.2.3 NICKEL HEXACYANOFERRATE 48
2.3 COPPER HEXACYANOFERRATE 49
2.3.1 PALLADIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE 49
2.3.2 INDIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE AND GALLIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE 49
2.3.3 MISCELLANEOUS PB ANALOGUES AS HEXACYANOFERRATES 49
2.3.4 MIXED-METAL AND MIXED-LIGAND PB ANALOGUES LISTED SO
REFERENCES 50
3 ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES
BASED ON VIOLOGENS 57
PAUL M. 5. MONK, DAVID R. ROSSEINSKY,
AND ROGER J. MORTIMER
3.1 INTRODUCTION, NAMING AND PREVIOUS STUDIES 57
3.2 REDOX CHEMISTRY OF BIPYRIDILIUM ELECTROCHROMES 58
3.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INCLUDING BIPYRIDILIUM SPECIES
IN ECDS 61
3.3.1 TYPE-1 VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHROMES 61
3.3.2 TYPE-2 VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHROMES 61
3.3.2.1 THE EFFECT OF THE BIPYRIDILIUM-N SUBSTITUENT 62
3.3.2.2 THE EFFECT OF MICELLAR VIOLOGEN SPECIES 62
3.3.2.3 THE EFFECT OF FILM MORPHOLOGY 64
3.3.2.4 THE EFFECT OF THE COUNTER ANION 64
3.3.2.5 THE USE OF ELECTRON MEDIATORS AND THE FORMATION OF
ELECTRO-INACTIVE
OILS 65
3.3.2.6 THE EFFECT OF DIMERISED RADICAL CATIONS 67
3.3.3 TYPE-3 VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHROMES
68
3.3.3.1 IMMOBILISING VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHROMES 69
3.3.3.2 DERIVATISED ELECTRODES 69
3.4 EXEMPLAR BIPYRIDILIUM ECDS 72
3.4.1 THE PHILIPS DEVICE 72
CONTENTS
IIX
3.4.2 THE ICI DEVICE 72
3.4.3 THE IBM DEVICE 74
3.4.4 THE GENTEX DEVICE 74
3.4.5 THE NTERA DEVICE 76
3.4.6 THE NANOCHROMICS CELL 76
3.4.7 THE GRATZEL DEVICE 78
3.5 ELABORATIONS 78
3.5.1 THE USE OF PULSED POTENTIALS 79
3.5.2 ELECTROPOLYCHROMISM 79
3.5.3 VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE 79
3.5.4 VIOLOGENS INCORPORATED WITHIN PAPER 80
REFERENCES 81
4 ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES BASED
ON METAL HEXACYANOMETALLATE/VIOLOGEN
PAIRINGS
91
KUO-CHUAN HO,
CHIH-WEI HU,
AND THOMAS
5. VARLEY
4.1 INTRODUCTION 91
4.1.1 OVERVIEW OF PRUSSIAN BLUE AND VIOLOGEN ELECTROCHROMIC
DEVICES 92
4.2 HYBRID (SOLID-WITH-SOLUTION) ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES 93
4.2.1 PRUSSIAN BLUE AND HEPTYL VIOLOGEN SOLID-WITH-SOLUTION-TYPE
ECD 93
4.2.1.1 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PB THIN FILM
AND HV(BF
4
)
2
94
4.2.1.2 REDOX BEHAVIOURS AND VISIBLE SPECTRA OF THE PB FILM AND HV(BF
4
)
2
SOLUTION 94
4.2.1.3 OPERATING PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES OF PHECD 95
4.2.1.4 ANALOGOUS DEVICES 96
4.2.2 PB THIN FILM AND VIOLOGEN IN IONIC LIQUID-BASED ECD 97
4.3 ALL-SOLID ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES 97
4.3.1 PRUSSIAN BLUE AND POLY(BUTYL VIOLOGEN) THIN-FILM ECD 97
4.3.1.1 PREPARATION OF POLY(BUTYL VIOLOGEN) THIN FILM 97
4.3.1.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(BUTYL VIOLOGEN)
THIN
FILMS 98
4.3.1.3 ELECTROCHROMIC PERFORMANCE OF PBV-PB ECD 99
4.3.2 PRUSSIAN BLUE AND VIOLOGEN ANCHORED TI0
2
-BASED ECD 99
4.3.3 POLYPYRROLE-PRUSSIAN BLUE COMPOSITE FILM AND BENZYLVIOLOGEN
POLYMER - BASED THIN-FILM-TYPE ECD 100
4.3.3.1 PREPARATION OF PP-PB THIN-FILM 101
4.3.3.2 PERFORMANCE OF THE PP-PB THIN-FILM AND PBPQ-BASED
ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE 101
4.3.4 PB THIN-FILM AND VIOLOGEN-DOPED POLY(3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPENE)
POLYMER - BASED ECD 102
4.3.5 OTHER SOLID-STATE VIOLOGENS 103
4.4 OTHER METAL HEXACYANOMETALLATE-VIOLOGEN-BASED ECDS 104
X I
CONTENTS
4.5 PROSPECTS FOR METAL HEXACYANOMETALLATE-VIOLOGEN-BASED
ECDS 105
REFERENCES 106
5 CONJUGATED ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMERS: STRUCTURE-DRIVEN COLOUR AND
PROCESSING CONTROL
113
AUBREY L. DYER, ANNA
M. OSTERHOLM, D. ERIC
SHEN,
KEITH E. JOHNSON,
AND
JOHN R. REYNOLDS
5.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 113
5.1.1 SOURCE OF ELECTROCHROMISM IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS 113
5.1.1.1 COMMON POLYHETEROCYCLES 116
5.1.1.2 DONOR-ACCEPTOR APPROACH - THE PUSH-PULL
OF ELECTRONS 118
5.1.1.3 STERIC INTERACTIONS 120
5.1.1.4 FUSED AROMATICS 122
5.2 REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEMS 123
5.2.1 COLOURED-TO-TRANSMISSIVE POLYMERS 123
5.2.1.1 YELLOW 124
5.2.1.2 ORANGE AND RED 125
5.2.1.3 BLUE AND PURPLE 127
5.2.1.4 CYAN/GREEN 133
5.2.1.5 BLACK 135
5.2.2 ANODICALLY COLOURING 139
5.2.3 INDUCING MULTICOLOURED STATES IN ECPS 143
5.2.3.1 POLYANILINE: A MODEL ECP WITH MULTIPLE REDOX
STATES 146
5.2.3.2 COLOUR CONTROL VIA COPOLYMERISATION 147
5.2.3.3 APPENDED ELECTROCHROMES ON ECPS 148
5.2.3.4 SURFACE-CONFINED POLYMERISATION 149
5.2.3.5 COMBINING REDOX STATES - OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN A SINGLE
MATERIAL 150
5.2.3.6 COMPOSITE FORMATION WITH ELECTROCHROME DOPANTS 151
5.3 PROCESSABILITY OF ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMERS 152
5.3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERISATION 152
5.3.2 FUNCTIONALISATION OF ECPS FOR ACHIEVING ORGANIC
SOLUBILITY 156
5.3.3 AQUEOUS PROCESSABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY 158
5.3.3.1 USE OF CHARGED POLYMERS 159
5.3.3.2 ION FUNCTIONALISED POLYMERS 161
5.3.3.3 ORGANIC PROCESSING TO ACHIEVE WATER SOLUBILITY AND WATER
SWITCHABILITY 163
5.3.4 METHODS FOR PATTERNING 165
5.4 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE 168
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 169
REFERENCES 169
CONTENTS
I XI
6 ELECTROCHROMISM WITHIN TRANSITION-METAL COORDINATION COMPLEXES
AND POLYMERS
185
YU-WUZHONG
6.1 ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS AND REDOX PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION-METAL
COMPLEXES 185
6.2 ELECTROCHROMISM IN REDUCTIVELY ELECTROPOLYMERISED FILMS OF
POLY
PYRIDYL COMPLEXES 187
6.3 ELECTROCHROMISM IN OXIDATIVELY ELECTROPOLYMERISED FILMS OF
TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES 192
6.4 ELECTROCHROMISM IN SELF-ASSEMBLED OR SELF-ADSORBED MULTILAYER
FILMS OF TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES 196
6.5 ELECTROCHROMISM IN SPIN-COATED OR DROP-CAST THIN FILMS
OF TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES 200
6.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 204
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 205
REFERENCES 205
7 ORGANIC NEAR-INFRARED ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS
211
BIN YAO.JIE
ZHANG,
AND XINHUA
WAN
7.1 INTRODUCTION 211
7.2 AROMATIC QUINONES 212
7.3 AROMATIC IMIDES 216
7.4 ANTHRAQUINONE IMIDES 218
7.5 POLY(TRIARYLAMINE)S 221
7.6 CONJUGATED POLYMERS 228
7.7 OTHER NIR ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 235
7.8 CONCLUSION 236
REFERENCES 237
8
METAL HYDRIDES FOR SMART-WINDOW APPLICATIONS
241
KAZUKI YOSHIMURA
8.1 SWITCHABLE-MIRROR THIN FILMS 241
8.2 OPTICAL SWITCHING PROPERTY 242
8.3 SWITCHING DURABILITY 243
8.4 COLOUR IN THE TRANSPARENT STATE 244
8.5 ELECTROCHROMIC SWITCHABLE MIRROR 245
8.6 SMART-WINDOW APPLICATION 246
REFERENCES 247
PART II NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICE
FABRICATION
249
9
NANOSTRUCTURES IN ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS
251
SHANXIN XIONG, POOI
SEE LEE,
AND XUEHONG LU
9.1 INTRODUCTION 251
XIII
CONTENTS
9.1.1 WHY NANOSTRUCTURES? 251
9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURAL ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 252
9.1.3 PREPARATION METHOD 253
9.2 NANOSTRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METAL OXIDES (TMOS) 253
9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 253
9.2.2 SINGLE TMO SYSTEMS 257
9.2.3 BINARY TMO SYSTEMS 261
9.3 NANOSTRUCTURES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS 262
9.3.1 INTRODUCTION 262
9.3.2 POLYTHIOPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES 263
9.3.3 POLYANILINE 264
9.3.4 POLYPYRROLE 266
9.4 NANOSTRUCTURES OF ORGANIC-METAL COMPLEXES AND VIOLOGEN 267
9.4.1 INTRODUCTION 267
9.4.2 ORGANIC-METAL COMPLEXES 267
9.4.3 VIOLOGENS 268
9.5 ELECTROCHROMIC NANOCOMPOSITES AND NANOHYBRIDS 268
9.5.1 INTRODUCTION 268
9.5.2 NANOCOMPOSITES OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 269
9.5.2.1 CONJUGATED POLYMER/TMO AND TMO/TMO NANOCOMPOSITES 269
9.5.2.2 CONJUGATED POLYMER/ORGANIC SMALL-MOLECULE
NANOCOMPOSITES 272
9.5.3 NANOCOMPOSITES OF ELECTROCHROMIC/NON-ELECTROCHROMIC ACTIVE
MATERIALS 274
9.5.3.1 CONJUGATED POLYMERS AS ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 274
9.5.3.2 TMOS AS ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 275
9.5.3.3 ORGANIC SMALL MOLECULES AS ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 277
9.5.3.4 ELECTROCHROMIC NANOHYBRIDS WITH COVALENT BONDS 278
9.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE 281
REFERENCES 282
10 ADVANCES IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR
ELECTROCHROMIC
APPLICATIONS
289
ALICE LEE-SIE EH, XUEHONG LU, AND
POOI SEE LEE
10.1 INTRODUCTION 289
10.2 REQUIREMENTS OF POLYMER ELECTROLYTES IN ELECTROCHROMIC
APPLICATIONS 290
10.3 TYPES OF POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 291
10.3.1 SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES (SPES) 292
10.3.2 GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES (GPES) 292
10.3.3 POLYELECTROLYTES 293
10.3.4 COMPOSITE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES (CPES) 294
10.4 POLYMER HOSTS OF INTEREST IN ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES 294
10.4.1 PEO/PEG-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 295
10.4.2 PMMA-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 296
CONTENTS | XIII
10.4.3 PVDF-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 297
10.4.4 IONIC LIQUID-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 300
10.4.5 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE) (PPC)-BASED POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 302
10.5 RECENT TRENDS IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 303
10.5.1 FLEXIBLE, IMPRINTABLE, BENDABLE AND SHAPE-CONFORMABLE POLYMER
ELECTROLYTES 303
10.5.2 POTENTIALLY GREEN BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES USING
NATURALLY AVAILABLE POLYMER HOST 303
10.6 FUTURE OUTLOOK 30S
10.6.1 RECENT TRENDS IN ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES 305
10.6.2 CHALLENGES IN CREATING VERSATILE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR EC
DEVICES 307
REFERENCES 307
11 GYROID-STRUCTURED ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROCHROMIC AND SUPERCAPACITOR
APPLICATIONS
311
MAIKRJ. SCHERERAND ULLRICH STEINER
11.1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTROCHROMIC ELECTRODES 311
11.1.1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRUCTURING STRATEGIES 313
11.2 POLYMER SELF-ASSEMBLY AND THE GYROID NANOMORPHOLOGY 315
11.2.1 COPOLYMER MICROPHASE SEPARATION 315
11.2.2 DOUBLE-GYROID 316
11.2.3 SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS DG TEMPLATES 318
11.3 GYROID-STRUCTURED VANADIUM PENTOXIDE 320
11.3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF V
2
O
S
ELECTRODES 322
11.3.2 ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAYS BASED ON V
2
0
5
ELECTRODES 322
11.3.3 ELECTROCHROMIC V
2
O
S
SUPERCAPACITORS 324
11.4 GYROID-STRUCTURED NICKEL OXIDE 326
11.4.1 ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAYS BASED ON NIO ELECTRODES 328
11.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 329
REFERENCES 331
12 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS: ON THE EFFICIENT
METHOD FOR IMMOBILISATION OF NANOMATERIALS
337
SUSANA I. CORDOBA DE TORRESI, JOSE R. MARTINS NETO,
MARCIO
VIDOTTI,
AND
FRITZ HUGUENIN
12.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LAYER-BY-LAYER DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE 337
12.2 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY IN ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 337
12.2.1 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY OF CONJUGATED CONDUCTING POLYMERS 338
12.2.2 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY OF INTERVALENCE CHARGE TRANSFER
COLORATION MATERIALS 340
12.3 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY OF METAL OXIDES 342
12.3.1 TUNGSTEN OXIDE 344
12.3.2 HEXANIOBATE 346
12.3.3 VANADIUM OXIDE 346
XIV |
CONTENTS
12.3.4 TITANIUM OXIDE 348
12.3.5 NICKEL HYDROXIDE 349
12.4 LAYER-BY-LAYER AND ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION FOR NANOPARTICLES
IMMOBILISATION 3S1
12.4.1 COMPARING LAYER-BY-LAYER AND ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION 351
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 357
REFERENCES 357
13 PLASMONIC ELECTROCHROMISM
OF METAL OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS
363
ANNA
UORDES, EVAN L. RUNNERSTROM,
SEBASTIEN D. LOUNIS,
AND DELIA J. MILLIRON
13.1 INTRODUCTION TO PLASMONIC ELECTROCHROMIC NANOCRYSTALS 363
13.2 HISTORY OF ELECTROCHROMISM IN METAL AND SEMICONDUCTOR
NANOCRYSTALS 368
13.3 DOPED METAL OXIDE COLLOIDAL NANOCRYSTALS AS PLASMONIC
ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 377
13.3.1 COLLOIDAL SYNTHESIS OF DOPED METAL OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS 377
13.3.2 PLASMONIC ELECTROCHROMIC ELECTRODES BASED ON COLLOIDAL ITO AND
AZO NANOCRYSTALS 379
13.3.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR NANOCRYSTAL-BASED PLASMONIC
ELECTROCHROMICS 382
13.4 ADVANCED ELECTROCHROMIC ELECTRODES CONSTRUCTED FROM COLLOIDAL
PLASMONIC NCS 383
13.4.1 NIR-SELECTIVE MESOPOROUS ARCHITECTURED ELECTRODES BASED ON
PLASMONIC COLLOIDAL NANOCRYSTALS 384
13.4.2 DUAL-BAND NANOCRYSTAL-IN-GLASS COMPOSITE ELECTRODES BASED ON
PLASMONIC COLLOIDAL NANOCRYSTALS AND CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCHROMIC
MATERIALS 385
13.4.3 OTHER ADVANCED COMPOSITE ELECTROCHROMIC ELECTRODES OBTAINED
FROM NON-COLLOIDAL APPROACHES 391
13.4.3.1 HYBRID ELECTROCHROMIC NANOCOMPOSITES 391
13.4.3.2 INORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITES FOR ADVANCED COUNTER
ELECTRODES 392
13.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 393
REFERENCES 394
PART III APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS 399
14 SOLUTION-PHASE ELECTROCHROMIC
DEVICES AND
SYSTEMS
401
HARLAN J. BYKER
14.1 INTRODUCTION 401
14.2 EARLY HISTORY OF SOLUTION-PHASE EC 402
14.3 THE WORLD S MOST WIDELY USED ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIAL 405
14.4 COMMERCIALISATION OF EC DEVICES 406
14.5 REVERSIBILITY AND STABILITY IN SOLUTION-PHASE EC SYSTEMS 409
14.6 THICKENED AND GELLED SOLUTION-PHASE SYSTEMS 411
CONTENTS I XV
14.7 NERNST EQUILIBRIUM, DISPROPORTIONATION AND STABILITY 413
14.8 CLOSING REMARKS 415
REFERENCES 416
15 ELECTROCHROMIC SMART WINDOWS FOR DYNAMIC DAYLIGHT AND SOLAR ENERGY
CONTROL IN BUILDINGS
419
BJERN PETTERJELLE
15.1 INTRODUCTION 419
15.2 SOLAR RADIATION 421
15.3 SOLAR RADIATION THROUGH WINDOW PANES AND GLASS STRUCTURES 421
15.4 SOLAR RADIATION MODULATION BY ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS 425
15.5 EXPERIMENTAL 427
15.5.1 GLASS SAMPLES AND WINDOW PANE CONFIGURATIONS 427
15.5.2 UV-VIS-NIR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 428
15.5.3 EMISSIVITY DETERMINATION BY SPECULAR IR REFLECTANCE 428
15.5.4 EMISSIVITY DETERMINATION BY HEAT FLOW METER 428
15.5.5 EMISSIVITY DETERMINATION BY HEMISPHERICAL REFLECTANCE 429
15.5.6 ACTUAL EMISSIVITY DETERMINATIONS IN THIS STUDY 430
15.6 MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION METHOD OF SOLAR RADIATION GLAZING
FACTORS 430
15.6.1 ULTRAVIOLET SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE 430
15.6.2 VISIBLE SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE 431
15.6.3 SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE 431
15.6.4 SOLAR MATERIAL PROTECTION FACTOR (SMPF) 432
15.6.5 SOLAR SKIN PROTECTION FACTOR (SSPF) 433
15.6.6 EXTERNAL VISIBLE SOLAR REFLECTANCE 434
15.6.7 INTERNAL VISIBLE SOLAR REFLECTANCE 434
15.6.8 SOLAR REFLECTANCE 435
15.6.9 SOLAR ABSORBANCE 436
15.6.10 EMISSIVITY 436
15.6.10.1 EMISSIVITY IN GENERAL 436
15.6.10.2 EMISSIVITY BY SPECULAR IR REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS 437
15.6.10.3 EMISSIVITY BY HEAT FLOW METER APPARATUS 437
15.6.10.4 EMISSIVITY BY HEMISPHERICAL REFLECTANCE 440
15.6.11 SOLAR FACTOR (SF) 440
15.6.11.1 SOLAR FACTOR IN GENERAL 440
15.6.11.2 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OF GLAZING TOWARDS THE OUTSIDE AND
INSIDE 441
15.6.11.3 SECONDARY HEAT TRANSFER FACTOR TOWARDS THE INSIDE FOR MULTIPLE
GLAZING 441
15.6.11.4 THERMAL CONDUCTANCE 442
15.6.11.5 SOLAR FACTOR FOR SINGLE GLAZING 445
15.6.11.6 SOLAR FACTOR FOR DOUBLE GLAZING 446
15.6.11.7 SOLAR FACTOR FOR TRIPLE GLAZING 447
15.6.12 COLOUR RENDERING FACTOR (CRF) 449
XVI |
CONTENTS
15.6.13 ADDITIONAL HEAT TRANSFER 451
15.6.14 NUMBER OF GLASS LAYERS IN A WINDOW PANE 452
15.6.15 GENERAL CALCULATION PROCEDURES 452
15.7 SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF SOLAR RADIATION
GLAZING FACTORS 452
15.7.1 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR FLOAT GLASS AND LOW EMITTANCE GLASS 453
15.7.2 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR DARK SILVER COATED GLASS 455
15.7.3 SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS 456
15.7.4 SOLAR RADIATION GLAZING FACTORS FOR FLOAT GLASS, LOW EMITTANCE
GLASS, DARK SILVER COATED GLASS AND TWO-LAYER AND THREE-LAYER
WINDOW PANE CONFIGURATIONS 461
15.7.5 SOLAR RADIATION GLAZING FACTORS FOR ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS 465
15.7.6 MISCELLANEOUS OTHER ELECTROCHROMIC PROPERTIES 470
15.7.6.1 GENERAL 470
15.7.6.2 COLOUR COORDINATES 470
15.7.6.3 ELECTROCHROMIC EFFICIENCY 471
15.7.6.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION, MEMORY AND SWITCHING TIME 472
15.7.6.5 DURABILITY 472
15.7.6.6 ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW CONFIGURATION 473
15.7.6.7 REFLECTANCE-INDUCED LIMITATIONS 474
15.8 COMMERCIAL ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS AND THE PATH AHEAD 475
15.9 INCREASED APPLICATION OF SOLAR RADIATION GLAZING FACTORS 476
15.10 CONCLUSIONS 476
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 477
15.
A APPENDIX: TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF SOLAR RADIATION GLAZING
FACTORS 477
15.B APPENDIX: TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTANCE 488
REFERENCES 492
16 FABRIC ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAYS
FOR ADAPTIVE CAMOUFLAGE, BIOMIMICRY,
WEARABLE DISPLAYS
AND FASHION 503
MICHAEL T. OTLEY, MICHAEL
A. INVERNALE,
AND GREGORY
A. SOTZING
16.1 INTRODUCTION 5 03
16.1.1 COLOUR-CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES BACKGROUND 504
16.1.2 PREVIOUS WORK 505
16.1.3 CONDUCTIVITY TRENDS OF PEDOT-PSS IMPREGNATED FABRIC AND THE
EFFECT OF CONDUCTIVITY ON ELECTROCHROMIC TEXTILE 510
16.1.4 THE EFFECTS OF COLOURED-BASED FABRIC ON ELECTROCHROMIC
TEXTILE 513
16.1.5 OTHER ELECTROCHROMIC FABRIC 514
16.2 NON-ELECTROCHROMIC COLOUR-CHANGING FABRIC 517
16.2.1 THERMOCHROMIC FABRIC 517
16.2.2 PHOTOCHROMIC FABRIC 517
16.2.3 LED AND LCD TECHNOLOGY 518
CONTENTS | XVII
16.3 CONCLUSION 519
REFERENCES 521
PART IV DEVICE CASE STUDIES,
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ISSUES AND
ELABORATIONS
525
17 ELECTROCHROMIC FOIL:
A CASE STUDY
527
CLAES-GDRAN GRANQVIST
17.1 INTRODUCTION 527
17.2 DEVICE DESIGN AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHROMIC FOIL 528
17.3 COMMENTS ON LIFETIME AND DURABILITY 532
17.4 ELECTROLYTE FUNCTIONALISATION BY NANOPARTICLES 538
17.5 COMMENTS AND CONCLUSION 541
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 542
REFERENCES 542
18 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
(LCA) OF ELECTROCHROMIC SMART WINDOWS
545
UWE POSSET
AND MATTHIAS HARSCH
18.1 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS 545
18.2 APPLICATION OF LCA TO ELECTROCHROMIC SMART WINDOWS 549
18.3 LCA OF NOVEL PLASTIC-FILM-BASED ELECTROCHROMIC
DEVICES 560
18.4 LCA FOR EC TARGET APPLICATIONS 564
18.4.1 AUTOMOTIVE SUNROOF CASE 564
18.4.2 APPLIANCE EXAMPLE: WINDOW CASE FOR A HOUSE-HOLD
OVEN 566
18.4.3 AIRCRAFT CABIN WINDOW CASE 567
18.5 CONCLUSION 568
REFERENCES 568
19 ELECTROCHROMIC GLAZING IN BUILDINGS: A CASE
STUDY
571
JOHN MARDALJEVIC, RUTH KELLY
WASKETT,
AND BIRGIT PAINTER
19.1 INTRODUCTION 571
19.1.1 DAYLIGHT IN BUILDINGS 572
19.1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF VIEW 572
19.2 VARIABLE TRANSMISSION GLAZING FOR USE IN BUILDINGS 573
19.2.1 CHROMOGENIC GLASS 573
19.2.2 VTG PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 5 74
19.2.3 EC PRODUCT DETAILS AND PRACTICALITIES 577
19.2.4 OPERATIONAL FACTORS 578
19.2.5 ZONING OF EC GLAZING 580
19.2.6 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION USING BUILDING SIMULATION TOOLS 582
19.2.7 OCCUPANT-BASED STUDIES 583
19.3 CASE STUDY: THE DE MONTFORT EC OFFICE INSTALLATION 584
19.3.1 BACKGROUND 584
XVIII |
CONTENTS
19.3.2 INSTALLATION OF THE EC GLAZING 5S5
19.3.3 SUBJECTIVE DATA COLLECTION 587
19.3.4 MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 587
19.3.5 THE DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION SPECTRUM WITH EC GLAZING 588
19.4 SUMMARY 591
REFERENCES 591
20 PHOTOELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES
593
KUO-CHUAN HO, HSIN-WEI
CHEN,
AND CHIH-YU
HSU
20.1 INTRODUCTION 593
20.2 STRUCTURE DESIGN OF THE PECDS 594
20.2.1 SEPARATED-TYPE PECD (TYPE I): THE DYE-SENSITISED TI0
2
LAYER IS
SEPARATED FROM THE ELECTROCHROMIC LAYER 594
20.2.1.1 INORGANIC MATERIALS AS EC LAYERS 599
20.2.1.2 CONJUGATED CONDUCTING POLYMER MATERIALS AS EC LAYERS 604
20.2.2 COMBINED-TYPE PECD (TYPE II): THE DYE-SENSITISED TI0
2
LAYER IS
COMBINED WITH THE ELECTROCHROMIC LAYER 610
20.2.3 NON-SYMMETRIC-TYPE PECDS (TYPE III): THE ACTIVE AREA OF THE
DYE-SENSITISED TI0
2
LAYER IS NON-SYMMETRIC TO THE ELECTROCHROMIC
LAYER 613
20.2.4 PARALLEL-TYPE PECDS: WHERE THE DYE-SENSITISED TI0
2
LAYER IS
PARALLEL AND SEPARATED WITH THE ELECTROCHROMIC LAYER. THE
ELECTROLYTES FOR BOTH LAYERS ARE DIFFERENT FOR THEIR OPTIMAL
PERFORMANCE 616
20.2.5 PROSPECTS 619
REFERENCES 620
APPENDIX DEFINITIONS OF ELECTROCHROMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICE PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
623
ROGER J. MORTIMER,
PAUL M. S.
MONK,
AND DAVID R. ROSSEINSKY
A.L
CONTRAST RATIO CR 623
A.2
RESPONSE TIME T 624
A.3
WRITE-ERASE EFFICIENCY 624
A.4
CYCLE LIFE 624
A.5
COLORATION EFFICIENCY RJ 625
REFERENCES 625
INDEX
627
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Mortimer, Roger J. 1956-2015 Rosseinsky, David R. Monk, Paul M. S. |
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| author_facet | Mortimer, Roger J. 1956-2015 Rosseinsky, David R. Monk, Paul M. S. |
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| id | DE-604.BV042772093 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:09:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527336104 9783527679881 9783527679874 9783527679867 9783527679850 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028202367 |
| oclc_num | 923562460 |
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| owner | DE-29T DE-11 DE-92 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-11 DE-92 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXVIII, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Electrochromic materials and devices edited by Roger J. Mortimer, David R. Rosseinsky, and Paul M.S. Monk Weinheim Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA [2015] © 2015 XXVIII, 638 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elektrochromes Material (DE-588)4292130-2 gnd rswk-swf Elektrochromes Material (DE-588)4292130-2 s DE-604 Mortimer, Roger J. 1956-2015 (DE-588)1077105746 edt Rosseinsky, David R. edt Monk, Paul M. S. (DE-588)123059607 edt DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028202367&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Electrochromic materials and devices Elektrochromes Material (DE-588)4292130-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4292130-2 |
| title | Electrochromic materials and devices |
| title_auth | Electrochromic materials and devices |
| title_exact_search | Electrochromic materials and devices |
| title_full | Electrochromic materials and devices edited by Roger J. Mortimer, David R. Rosseinsky, and Paul M.S. Monk |
| title_fullStr | Electrochromic materials and devices edited by Roger J. Mortimer, David R. Rosseinsky, and Paul M.S. Monk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochromic materials and devices edited by Roger J. Mortimer, David R. Rosseinsky, and Paul M.S. Monk |
| title_short | Electrochromic materials and devices |
| title_sort | electrochromic materials and devices |
| topic | Elektrochromes Material (DE-588)4292130-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektrochromes Material |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028202367&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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