Migration between Nepal and India: security and livelihood concerns
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kathmandu, Nepal
Nepal Institute of Development Studies
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (S. 169-178) Nebentitel: Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India |
| Beschreibung: | X, 178 S. graph. Darst., Kt 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789937215459 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Adhikari, Jagannath |d 1960- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)131714783 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Migration between Nepal and India |b security and livelihood concerns |c Jagannath Adhikari ; Ganesh Gurung |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Migration, security and livelihoods |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kathmandu, Nepal |b Nepal Institute of Development Studies |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a X, 178 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (S. 169-178) | ||
| 500 | |a Nebentitel: Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Migration | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a National security / India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nepalese / Social conditions / India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nepalese / Economic conditions / India | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Nepal / Emigration and immigration / History | |
| 651 | 4 | |a India / Emigration and immigration / History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1809766647232200704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES IX
LIST OF FIGURES , X
LIST OF MAPS X
CHAPTER I -1 -
MIGRATION, SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS - 1 -
1.1 INTRODUCTION -1 -
/././ OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODS *. - 2 -
1.1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE HOOK - 4 -
1.2 CONCEPTUALIZATION -4-
1.2.1 SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION - 4 -
1.2.2 CONCERN FOR HUMAN SECURITY: THE ROLE OF MIGRATION - 7 -
1.2.3 MIGRATION: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE - 9 -
1.3 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND ITS SECURITIZATION -14 -
IMMIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA: SECURITY CONCERNS - 16-
1.5 THE 'OPEN BORDER' AND 'UNRESTRICTED MIGRATION' BETWEEN NEPAL AND
INDIA: POLITICAL AND
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -29-
1.5.1 SUGAULI TREATY OF 1816 , -57-
1.5.2 THE TREATY OF 1860 -32-
1.5.3 TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP 1923 -34-
1.5.4 THE NEPAL INDIA PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP TREATY OF 1950 - 34 -
1.6NEPAL - COUNTRY SCENARIO ON MIGRATION VOLUME AND REMITTANCE ECONOMY -
35 -
1.6.1 VOLUME OF EMIGRATION FROM NEPAL - 38 -
1.6.2 VOLUME OF REMITTANCES AND ITS TRANSFER TO NEPAL - 44 -
1.7 INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN LABOUR MIGRATION -52 -
CHAPTER II -54-
MIGRATION FROM NEPAL TO INDIA - 54 -
2.1 EARLY MIGRATION -54-
2.2 MIGRATION FOR ARMY JOBS IN INDIA - 59 -
2.3 MIGRATION OI
;
WOMEN DUE TO EMPLOYMENT IN THE ARMY -68-
2.4GROWTH IN CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA -71 -
2.5 MAGNITUDE OF MIGRATION FROM NEPAL TO INDIA - 74 -
2.6 SEASONAL MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA - 80 -
2.7 REMITTANCES FROM INDIA - 81 -
CHAPTER HI -84-
MIGRATION FROM INDIA TO NEPAL -84 -
3.1
IMMIGRATION TO NEPAL AFTER UNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY
(1969)
UNTIL DOWNFALL OF THE
RANAS(1950) -85-
3.2 INDIAN MIGRATION TO NEPAL AFTER 1951 -91 -
3.3 VOLUME OF INDIAN MIGRATION TO NEPAL , - 93 -
5.5.7 INDIAN IMMIGRANTS IN TERAI, NEPAL - 95 -
3.3.2 INDIAN IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN THE ORGANIZED SECTOR IN NEPAL - 96 -
VI
MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA
3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN MIGRANTS TO KATHMANDU AND
POKHARA: - 99 -
CHAPTER IV -105-
STUDY OF NEPALI MIGRANTS - 105 -
4.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY -105-
4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS
PARTICIPATING IN MIGRATION TO
INDIA -110-
4.2.1 FAMILY SIZE -110-
4.2.2 EDUCATION -110-
4.2.3 CASTE/ETHNIC GROUPS - 112 -
4.2.4 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS - 113 -
4.2.5 HOUSING TYPE -113-
4.2.6 PROPERTY INDICATORS - 113 -
4.2.7 AGRICULTURAL LAND. - 114 -
4.2.8 FOOD SECURITY AND SHOCKS -114-
4.2.9 WEALTH STATUS - 116-
4.2.10 HOUSEHOLDINCOME -117-
4.2.11 PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE -119-
4.3 MIGRATION TO INDIA -119-
4.3.1 AGE WHEN FIRST MIGRATING - 119 *
4.3.2 PROCESS OF GOING TO INDIA - 120 *
4.3.3 LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN INDIA - 121 -
4.3.4 MARRIAGE PRIOR TO MIGRATION - 122 -
4.3.5 MIGRATION EXPENSES - 122 -
4,4 IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF THE FAMILY - 123 -
4.4.1 OCCUPATIONAL CHANGES - 123 *
4.4.2 RESIDENTIAL CHANGE - 124 *
4.4.3 ECONOMIC CHANGE - 124 *
4.4.4 NEW SKILLS LEARNED - 126 *
4.5 DESTINATIONS, PROCESS OF ADAPTION AND WORK IN INDIA -126
4.5.1 CREATING COMMUNITIES IN THE PLACE OF DESTINATION - 132 *
4.5.2 TYPES OF WORK UNDERTAKEN , - 134
4.5.3 CASTE AND WORK - 135 *
4.5.4 PROBLEMS WHILE WORKING IN INDIA -135
4.5.5 DURATION OF WORK IN INDIA -141
4.6 INCOME, SAVINGS AND TRANSFER OF MONEY TO NEPAL -144
4.6.1 INCOME AND SAVING IN INDIA -144
4.6.2 KEEPING AND TRANSFERRING MONEY TO NEPAL -146
4.6.3 EXPENSES MET BY INCOME/SAVINGS EARNED IN INDIA - 148
4.7 REINTEGRATING INTO THE SOCIETY -148
4.7.1 REASONS FOR RETURNING HOME - 148
4.7.2 CURRENT PROBLEMS -149
4.8 CASE STUDIES -149
CHAPTER V - 155
CONFLICT AND MIGRATION TO INDIA - 155
5.1 MAGNITUDE OF CONFLICT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND MIGRATION TO INDIA
-155
5.2 CONFLICT-INDUCED MIGRATION TO INDIA: FINDINGS OF THE STUDY -159
VII
MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA
5.3 RETURN OF CONFLICT-INDUCED MIGRANTS'I'ONLIPAL - 160-
CHAPTERVI -162-
CONCLUSION -162-
6.1 HUMAN SECURITY: MIGRATION AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY -162-
6.2 SECURITIZING MIGRATION: TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY
-163-
6.3 SECURITIZING MIGRATION: ROLE OF MEDIA - 166-
6.4 IMPACT OF SECURITIZATION ON MIGRATION OF NEPALIS TO INDIA -167 -
6.5 DESECURITIZING MIGRATION: REMOVING BARRIERS FOR MIGRATION -168 -
REFERENCES -169-
VIII
MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA
TABLE 1.1:
TABLE 1.2:
TABLE 1.3:
TABLE 1.4:
TABLE 1.5:
TABLE 1.6:
TABLE 1.7:
TABLE 1.8:
TABLE 2.1:
TABLE 2.2:
TABLE 2.3:
TABLE 2.4:
TABLE 3.1:
TABLE 3.2:
TABLE 3.3:
TABLE 3.4:
TABLE 3.5:
TABLE 4.1:
TABLE 4.2:
TABLE 4.3:
TABLE 4.4:
TABLE 4.5:
TABLE 4.6:
TABLE 4.7:
TABLE 4.8:
TABLE 4.9:
TABLE 4.10:
TABLE 4.11:
TABLE 4.12:
TABLE 4.13:
TABLE 4.14:
TABLE 4.15:
TABLE 4.16
TABLE 4.17
TABLE 4.18
TABLE 4.19
TABLE 4.20
TABLE 5.1:
LIST OF TABLES
FOREIGN MIGRANT WORKERS (ABSENTEE POPULATION; FIGURES IN BRACKETS ARE
PERCENT) - 39 -
NEPALI FOREIGN EMIGRANTS BY ECOLOGICAL BELT (% OF TOTAL EMIGRANTS) - 39
-
NUMBER OF NEPALIS WORKING ABROAD (EXCLUDING INDIA) IN
2006
(FIGURES IN BRACKETS
ARE PERCENT) -42-
ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF NEPALI GIRLS AND WOMEN TRAFFICKED FOR SEX WORK - 43
-
ESTIMATES OF REMITTANCES ENTERING INTO NEPAL -45-
GROWTH IN OFFICIAL STATISTICS OF REMITTANCE (IN NRS. MILLION), NEPAL,
1990/91-
2005/06 -45-
CONTRIBUTION OF REMITTANCE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY (AMOUNT IN RS
BILLION) . - 47 -
REMITTANCE FLOW IN NEPAL IN
1995/96, 2003/04
(NEPAL LIVING STANDARD SURVEY
II)
AND
2008
(NEPAL LABOUR FORCE SURVEY)
-51 -
EMIGRATION FROM NEPAL TO INDIA IN DIFFERENT CENSUS PERIODS (AS OF CENSUS
CONDUCTED IN NEPAL) -74-
DLSCREPANCY BETWEEN INDIAN AND NEPALI CENSUS ON THE ISSUE OF THE NUMBER
OF
NEPALIS (NEPAL-BORN POPULATION) IN INDIA - 75 -
SOURCES OF EMIGRATION FROM NEPAL (% EMIGRANTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF
NEPAL)
IN 2001 CENSUS -75-
REASONS FOR EMIGRATION FROM NEPAL TO INDIA (% EMIGRANTS FOR DIFFERENT
REASONS)
IN 2001 CENSUS -75-
INDIA-BORN POPULATION LIVING IN NEPAL (FIGURES IN BRACKETS ARE
PERCENTAGE - 94 *
PEOPLE BORN IN INDIA LIVING IN NEPAL BY GENDER IN DIFFERENT CENSUSES -
95 -
TOTAL WORKERS AND IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - 97 -
NEPALI WORKERS AND IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (IN A
SAMPLE
OF 3213) IN 2001 BY GENDER AND TYPE OF WORK -97-
NEPAH WORKERS AND IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN SMALL SCALE MANUFACTURING
(COTTAGE)
ESTABLISHMENTS IN 1999/2000 BY SEX AND TYPE OF WORK -98-
S AM PEE HOUSEHOLDS FROM EACH DEVELOPMENT REGION OF THE COUNTRY - 108 -
FAMILY SIZE AND SEX RATIO IN HOUSEHOLDS PARTICIPATING IN MIGRATION TO
INDIA -110
EDUCATION STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS (PERCENTAGES) -112-
CASTE COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS SURVEYED (PERCENTAGE) -112
OCCUPATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD (PERCENTAGE) -113
HOUSEHOLD GOODS OWNERSHIP BY REGION (PERCENTAGE) -114
REGIONAL WEALTH-CLASS DISTRIBUTION AMONG HOUSEHOLDS SURVEYED (%) -117
HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN RS IN
2004
(PERCENTAGE SHOWN IN BRACKETS)
-118
AGE AT FIRST MIGRATION TO INDIA (% RESPONDENTS) - 120
PROCESS OF GOING TO INDIA (PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS) -121
WITH WHOM THEY STAYED IN INDIA (PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS): -122
COST OF MIGRATION BY REGION (PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS) - 122
OCCUPATIONS BEFORE GOING TO INDIA (% HOUSEHOLDS) -124
OCCUPATION AFTER MIGRATION IN INDIA (% HOUSEHOLDS) -124
CHANGES IN PERCEIVED ECONOMIC POSITION OF HOUSEHOLDS BEFORE AND AFTER
MIGRATION
(AS REPORTED BY RESPONDENTS (%) WHO HAVE BEEN TO INDIA) - 126
SOURCES AND DESTINATIONS OF NEPALI MIGRATION TO INDIA -131
TYPES OF WORK DONE IN NEPAL -134
LENGTH OF STAY IN INDIA (PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS) -144
MONTHLY SALARY/INCOME OF NEPALI MIGRANTS WORKING IN INDIA (IRS) -145
HOUSEHOLD SPENDING OF INCOME EARNED/SAVED IN INDIA (%) BY REGION
(MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS, SO IT EXCEEDS 100) - 148
NUMBER OF
LDPS
IN NEPAL QUOTED IN VARIOUS REFERENCE MATERIALS
-156
IX
MIGRATION BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1: NUMBER OF MIGRANT WORKERS LEAVING THE COUNTRY BY TAKING
GOVERNMENT-
PERMISSION (EXCEPT TO INDIA) IN
DIFFERENT YEARS -40
FIGURE
1.2:
WORKERS GOING FOR FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTRY IN
20067-08
(EXCEPT INDIA)
- 41
FIGURE 1.3: RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL
SECTORS TO
COUNTRY'S GDP -46
FIGURE 1.4: CONTRIBUTION OF REMITTANCE (IN COMPARISON TO AGRICULTURE) TO
GDP IN NEPAL IN THE
DECADE OF 1996/97-2007/08 -48
FIGURE 1.5: CONTRIBUTION OF REMITTANCES AS COMPARED TO TOURISM ON THE
TOTAL FOREIGN
EXCHANGE EARNINGS OF NEPAI -48
FIGURE 1.6: REMITTANCE INCOME AND DEVELOPMENT AID (BOTH GRANT AND LOAN)
IN NEPAL (RS
BILLION) -49
LIST OF MAPS
MAP 4.1: STUDY DISTRICTS -109
MAP4.2: MIGRATION FROM EASTERN NEPAI -127
MAP4.3: MIGRATION FROM WESTERN NEPAI -128
MAP 4.4: MIGRATION FROM MID-WESTERN NEPAI -129
MAP 4.5: MIGRATION FROM FAR-WESTERN NEPAI -129
X |
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| indexdate | 2024-09-10T00:26:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| physical | X, 178 S. graph. Darst., Kt 25 cm |
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| publisher | Nepal Institute of Development Studies |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Adhikari, Jagannath 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)131714783 aut Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns Jagannath Adhikari ; Ganesh Gurung Migration, security and livelihoods Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal Institute of Development Studies 2009 X, 178 S. graph. Darst., Kt 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (S. 169-178) Nebentitel: Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India Geschichte Migration Wirtschaft National security / India Nepalese / Social conditions / India Nepalese / Economic conditions / India Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd rswk-swf Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd rswk-swf Indien Nepal / Emigration and immigration / History India / Emigration and immigration / History Nepal (DE-588)4041612-4 gnd rswk-swf Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd rswk-swf Nepal (DE-588)4041612-4 g Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 s Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 s Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 g DE-604 Gurung, Ganesh Verfasser (DE-588)1075340098 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028188653&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Adhikari, Jagannath 1960- Gurung, Ganesh Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns Geschichte Migration Wirtschaft National security / India Nepalese / Social conditions / India Nepalese / Economic conditions / India Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002623-1 (DE-588)4120730-0 (DE-588)4041612-4 (DE-588)4026722-2 |
| title | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns |
| title_alt | Migration, security and livelihoods Migration, security and livelihoods - a case of migration between Nepal & India |
| title_auth | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns |
| title_exact_search | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns |
| title_full | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns Jagannath Adhikari ; Ganesh Gurung |
| title_fullStr | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns Jagannath Adhikari ; Ganesh Gurung |
| title_full_unstemmed | Migration between Nepal and India security and livelihood concerns Jagannath Adhikari ; Ganesh Gurung |
| title_short | Migration between Nepal and India |
| title_sort | migration between nepal and india security and livelihood concerns |
| title_sub | security and livelihood concerns |
| topic | Geschichte Migration Wirtschaft National security / India Nepalese / Social conditions / India Nepalese / Economic conditions / India Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Migration Wirtschaft National security / India Nepalese / Social conditions / India Nepalese / Economic conditions / India Arbeitnehmer Indien Nepal / Emigration and immigration / History India / Emigration and immigration / History Nepal |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028188653&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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