Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa:
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
ATE - Ars et Technica Explicans
2015
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| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski"
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Typology and chronology of late bronze age and early iron age bronze socketed spearheads in Southeastern Europe. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 556 S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786199034828 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONCLUSION
REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE SPEARHEADS FROM
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THIS KIND OF WEAPONS IN THE
EUROPEAN METALLURGICAL PROVINCE
In case we apply the theory of E. Chernikh, we can state the region under investigation falls within
the territory of the European and Eastern Mediterranean metallurgical provinces. It has been already
mentioned that the border between them still has not been traced. In chapter III it was established that
the provenance of individual spearheads (from the European or Eastern Mediterranean province) could
be proven based on their technology of manufacturing. We know for sure that these two entities have
different organization of metalworking and produce different sets of bronze implements. A significant
role in the contacts between both provinces plays a part of the Balkan Peninsula (Northern Greece,
Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria) as its metallurgical industry during the LBA is distinguished by a
set of artifacts combining influence from the South as well as from the North. The local imitations of
Mycenaean rapiers in Bulgaria and Albania demonstrate this circumstance well. In some cases they
were combined with Mycenaean types of spears or in the opposite case (and much more interesting
one) - Mycenaean rapiers combined with spears from Central European types and Mycenaean pottery
as those discovered in the course of research of a necropolis by Aiani and Varibop (Kapapf|TOo-
Mevreaibr] 2000, 603 - 606). In the already outlined buffer zone we can note some regional features
of the local production: certain finds from the territory of Dalmatia, Albania, Epirus and the Greek
part of Macedonia have been made with sockets of polygonal section invented in the Aegean, and at
the same time they possess additional ribs flanking the mid one and characteristic of the workshops
in the Carpathian Basin (for instance the spearhead from Dukat - PI. 95, 1), or belong to shapes and
types invented in the region (shape E, Types I, III, VII, XVI; shape H, Types I, VIII, X; shape L; shape
F; shape K, Types I, V). Concurrently, some local types are also present (type of Pazhok) produced
with hammered out sockets with a ring at the mouth characteristic of the Aegean.
In its turn, the local production in Bulgaria is distinguished by the absence of pieces with
polygonal sockets19, as well as with the absence of representatives of shapes F and L. Up to now, we
have just a single type of Aegean origins made in Ancient Thrace with a cast instead of hammered
out socket. We have to note that so far the total number of bronze spearheads and moulds for casting
them is rather small and the current observations can be easily changed with the advent of new finds.
The presentment above applies entirely to the territory of FYR of Macedonia also known for the very
small amount of artifacts.
As O. Höckmann (Höckmann 1980b) has analyzed thoroughly the differences between the
particular workshops in the Mycenaean world, we shall pay more detailed attention to the local
differences of spearheads industry in the Carpathian Basin and Transylvania. This region is somewhat
isolated from the rest of Europe by the ranges of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan. On the
grounds of the distribution of already defined shapes of the blade and types, we can make some
observations concerning the local production of spearheads in the course of the Bronze Age and
also distinguish the characteristic features of the particular metallurgical centers established in the
Carpathian Basin, Transylvania or the Balkans.
19 There are two such spearheads kept in the museum of National Institute of Archaeology. Unfortunatelly there
is no available information about their provenance (PI. 91, 5; PI. 156, 1). It is possible that they were found abroad.
268
The state of research has reached the required level to let us make comparison between the
pieces from Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Croatia on the one hand, and those coming from
Italy, Ukraine, Poland and Czech Republic - on the other. It will allow outlining some common trends
and local features in the spearheads production in the mentioned part of Europe.
We can consider the bronze spearheads with two large semicircular loops at the blade (Basal-
looped spearheads) as especially characteristic of the local production in the eastern direction, in the
territory of modern Ukraine. They appear in various types and sizes (Klocko 1995, Abb. 13,2 - 3; Abb.
14 - 17; Abb. 18,1; Abb. 21, 3), often decorated similarly to the piece from Odaile Podari or the moulds
from Balane^ti - patterns that remind about the group of Gegabeltelanzenspitzen from the Russian
steppes. As a matter of fact, its westernmost representative comes from the hoard from Borodino.
Still another characteristic regional feature comes to be the development of type Krasniy mayak here
included in shape C. At the same time, they produced also shape G, as it offers evidence of overseas
contacts between the Northern Black Sea and Crete Island. The features of the local production in
Ukraine listed above make it especially easy to distinguish the imports from Transylvania or the
Carpathian Basin (Klocko 1995, Abb. 18, 3; Abb. 19, 1.4; Abb. 20, 1). Simultaneously, they define
clearly the unique nature of bronze spearheads industry in the area of the Northern Black Sea during
the LBA which differs significantly from the pieces made in the Southeastern Europe.
North of the Carpathian Range, in modern Poland, we can note that the production of spearheads
has been influenced to some extent by the centers in Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Primarily,
the types of Bagterp, Valsomagle, Forchheim, etc. have to be mentioned coming to Poland from these
regions, and also some spearheads from the western Baltic types (Gedl 2009, 29, 41, 47, 49). In case
we go into details, the following features of the local industry can be observed: a) The representatives
of shape C are small in number, and according to their morphological features they can be defined
as close to Scandinavian ones; b) Shape K is under-represented in comparison with the Carpathian
Basin; c) In general shapes E and H prevail among the Polish finds. While shape H comes very close
to the pieces south of the Carpathians, shape E considerably resembles the finds from Denmark,
Northern Germany and Scandinavia; d) In Poland are to be found spearheads with decoration of
horizontal ribs arranged on the socket otherwise rare in the Carpathian Basin and Transylvania, and
also pieces decorated with triangles which, however, find their parallels in the North rather than in
Hungary, Slovakia or Romania.
In the territory of modern Czech Republic they used shape E, H and K, whose representatives
come very close to the ones from Hungary or Romania, for instance. However, some finds as the
spearheads from Kletnice, Hulin, Sitbor, Praha - Vysegrad, Male Brezno, Rataje, Rydec, etc. show
that similarly to Poland, the region has kept contacts with the workshops in the Northern Germany or
Scandinavia (Rihovsky 1996, 40 - 41; T. 12, 109; T. 20, 222; Kytlikova 2007, T. 12, B 3; T. 43, 3; T.
89, 142; T. 117, B 1). Probably from here, in an earlier period, these influences entered the Carpathian
Basin judging from the spearhead from Nitrianski Hradok (PI. 83, 5). Its decoration, combined with
rectangular rivet holes in the socket, clearly revealing its affiliation to the traditions of the North; the
piece from Breaza belonging to the northern type of Limeburger and so far missing any analogies in
modern Romania (Boroffka 1991, 3); and an accidental find from Hungary (PI. 90, 2) its decoration,
composed of additional ribs arranged at an angle to one another at the blade - socket junction, identical
to the one of a series of pieces from the Northern Germany (Jacob-Friesen 1967, Taf. 105, 2 - 9).
Moving southwards, we have to note that unfortunately the finds from Austria still have not
been a subject of thorough investigation.
In the Apennine Peninsula the spearheads of shape C are few in number (Bruno 2007, T. 1, 1;
T. 45, 220 ֊ 221). The pieces with protruding angles of the blade prevail, that is to say the shape does
not occur in a pure outline in contrast to the Carpathian Basin. Shapes E and H are broadly spread,
followed by K. The employment of spearheads with small holes in the blade base is also remarkable
269
(Bruno 2007, T. 60, 295 — 297; T. 61; T. 62, 300 - 302), which is not to be a characteristic feature in
the investigated region before the beginning of the EIA.
This brief review of the studies of the areas bordering the Carpathian Basin and the Balkans
shows clearly that the shapes E, H, K and to a lesser extent C are universal for the territories between
the Black Sea to the east and Germany to the west, and the Baltic Sea and the Balkans in the north
and south. In the outlined range they have been produced locally at a series of places, often with
some changes of the design, thus resulting in a great typological variety. Also remarkable is the broad
employment of stepwise cross-section of the blade occurring from Romania to the East to Northern
Germany in the West. Against this background, there stands out Greece, where such artifacts are
missing entirely.
The short overview presented on the development of the socketed spearheads in the states
bordering the region of investigation gives grounds to distinguish the features of the metallurgical
centers, in case we take the terminology of E. Chernikh, inherent of particular geographical areas
in Southeastern Europe. If we go in detail, we can say the typological development of the bronze
spearheads from the Carpathian Basin, Transylvania and the northern areas of the Balkan Peninsula
is characterized by the following features:
- Unlike Switzerland, Germany or Scandinavia, spearheads with holes in the blade base, known
also as Ôsenlanzenspitzen, are missing here.
- Types from the area of Southern Scandinavia and Northern Germany appear hardly ever in
the Carpathian Basin, as well as the decoration on the socket mouth of a band of incised horizontal
lines and often combined with horizontal ribs, characteristic of the above regions (Jacob-Friesen 1967,
T. 12, 4; T. 13, 5; T. 17, 1.3; T. 30, 1; T. 35, 1.5; T. 42, 1, etc.).
- The broader spread of shape C comes to be also a local feature as in the neighboring regions
it does not occur so often, and is absent completely in the Aegean.
- Shape A is more poorly developed in comparison with the Eastern Mediterranean, and shapes
B, I and J are in fact absent completely.
- Shapes D, F and L can be pointed to as characteristic of the work of the craftsmen in the
Carpathian Basin and Transylvania.
Local features of the decoration:
- The decoration of style Pfahlbau is missing in the investigated region. It is broadly spread
west - Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic and Italy.20 As an exception we may point to some
pieces from Muša yama as they fall into the contact zone of the Balkan Peninsula with the Apennines
and the Alps and may be considered as import.
- In general, the number of spearheads with decoration of hatched triangles on the socket is
rather small compared to some other areas of the European continent (see p. 138).
- Many of the spearheads in the Carpathian Basin have additional ribs flanking the midrib.
We can distinguish a couple of variants in the region. Their mapping shows that some of them (A, B
and C) are to be especially favorite in the area of the Northeastern Hungary, Eastern Slovakia and
Southwestern Ukraine (maps 28,29 and 31). For the first time they occurred in Hungary evidenced by
the finds from Hernâdkak and Uzd.
- Still another pattern often appearing on the spearheads in the investigated region is composed
of oblique notches and incised lines arranged at the socket mouth. The mapping of the finds shows this
decoration is to be found mostly in the southern area of the Carpathian Basin, between Drava River
and Balaton Lake (map 24).
- Shapes F and L occur more seldom in Transylvania than in the Carpathian Basin. The
additional decorative ribs are rarer, and the pattern of oblique notches on the socket is absent almost
completely.
20 See p. 141
270
- The combination of inscribed angles at the base of the midrib together with sheaves of
horizontal lines on the socket wall are also to be considered as a local feature. Despite its broad
spreading, we can suppose it has been invented for the first time in the Carpathian basin exactly (see
p. 139).
From the review above it follows that a couple of large areas can be easily delimited in the
territory of the European continent where the production of spearheads has acted upon different
traditions. Their features clearly outline the region of the Carpathian Basin and Transylvania as one
independently developing particular shapes and types of spearheads. The data accumulated so far
suggest the area of Northern Hungary, Eastern Slovakia and Southwestern Ukraine can be pointed to
as leading in this regard as a series of types derive from there. At the same time, the region between
Sava River and Balaton Lake also stands out for the more frequent employment of the hexagonal
cross-section of the midrib and the decoration of oblique notches on the socket mouth. Third we can
point to the areas of Transylvania and Siebenbürgen where shapes F and L appear less than in the
Carpathian Basin. The additional ribs are rarer, and the patern of oblique notches is almost absent.
In the South, the territories of Bulgaria and Albania can be described as a buffer zone between
the Carpathian Basin and the Eastern Mediterranean, where the techniques of production, decorative
patterns and types of spearheads merge freely.
Against the background of all these features, the weaponry from the Mycenaean world from the
period of MM III till the early LH III B is to be outlined quite easily. First we can do it according to
the kind of the socket and the different technology of production (see p. 155). The following features
of the region can be listed as well:
- Most of the shapes in use in the region derive from the Near East thus resulting in occurrence of
some types common to the Eastern Mediterranean. We can indeed say the same for part of the shapes
characteristic of the Carpathian Basin, some of them apparently affected by Anatolia. However, after
the production of spearheads in the region has gained strength, their development runs independently
whiles the Mycenaean world traditionally keeps close contacts with the Levant and Anatolia (Cline
1995, 149; Bryce 2003, 191 sq.).
- Shapes A, B, I and J can be defined as characteristic of the Aegean region. In case we compare
the weapons from the EBA and LBA, we shall note the abandonment of shape K; it occurs once again
as late as LH III B. The absence of shape C is obvious in particular, as well as of the spearheads of
stepwise cross section of the blade.
- The decoration of the spearheads is remarkable for its precise workmanship. Here we have
to mention the pieces from Archanes, Dendra, Tsapher Papoura and Mirsinokhorion. At the same
time one may perceive that the different compositions of geometrical elements often appearing on the
spearheads from the rest of the European continent have not been reproduced on the local pieces even
in the period of LH III B ֊ C when a series of foreign types penetrated the Mycenaean world.
To complete this analysis we have to make also a comparison between the pieces from the
Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean - Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Turkey and Egypt, as a part of them
have been already considered by de Maigret (de Maigret 1976). Since 1976 the investigations in this
region enriched considerably the data base and yet there is not any summarizing work. Some future
studies would shed light on the development of weaponry in the Near East and its impact on the
warfare and metallurgy in Southeastern Europe.
In conclusion we can confirm the opinion expressed also in the bibliography that the spearheads
are conservative and do not go through major changes in the course of time (EyioKJiHeB 1985, 27). The
early types of shapes C, E, H and K in the Carpathian Basin support this view as they continued their
life through a couple of centuries to reach the period of Ha A2/B, often outlasting types that originated
later. However, in contemporary Greece the types changed oftener thus provoking various suppositions
in literature. Despite the differences between both civilization models ֊ the Aegean and the Central
European ones, we can think about regular bilateral contacts reflected by the spearheads as early as
271
the first half of the LBA. Exactly the opposite is the case with the rapiers spreading in this period only
northwards or with the swords from the second half of the LBA which in turn moved only southwards.
Alongside this conservatism, some later types of spearheads convey information of changes in
the warfare in the Carpathian Basin and part of the Balkans in the period of Bz D/Ha A1 that are not
revealed by other kinds of weapons. During this period two new shapes of the blade and several types
emerged and soon were adopted for manufacturing in the Aegean. They show the growing role of the
spearmen in the ancient society and the transformation of the spear into a major weapon in fighting at
average or close destination well described in the Iliad.
APPENDIX 1
TYPOLOGICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SAUROTERS DURING THE LBA IN SOUTHEASTERN
EUROPE
Here, with no claims to completeness21, we shall consider the sauroters fixed at the opposite
termination of the spear shaft. The word of aaopoxep comes from the Old Greek. Judging from its
literal translation “lizzard killer” we can suppose the ancient warriors used this end of the spear to
protect themselves from poisonous reptiles often to be met in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean.
After Höckmann Homer used two different words “oauprf|p” and “oupia%o ;” which were applied to
various kinds of spears - syysa (long and heavy lance for close quarter combat) and with Soups (more
versatile spear) (Höckmann 1980b, 125).
It is noteworthy that this kind of finds is not very diverse typologically. They come to be a direct
evidence of the use of spears in a close combat as they allow to put in a blow with both end of the
weapon, as well as to drive it into the ground for greater support. Thereby the shaft is protected from
splitting off as well. According to S. Hansen, they are smaller in number than the spearheads. In Central
Europe, in the course of the 13th - 12th c. B.C. they used relatively small conical sauroters. There was
apparently an increase of the amount of finds during the 11th - 10th c. B.C. (Born, Hansen 2001, 141).
The sauroters can be divided into two groups according to their shape: A) sauroters missing a
blade and representing in fact a metal cone; and B) sauroters supplied with a blade similarly to the
spearheads. The main difference is that the midrib always protrudes above the outline of the blade
(König 2004,129).The German-speaking literature uses the term of Flügelsauroter (Bader 2009, 130).
Four types have been distinguished in group A comprising pieces of various sizes and cross-
sections (PI. 169 ֊ 171). So far, the earliest known sauroter comes from Maratokefalon, and A. Evans
is dating it in the period of EM I - MM I a (Avila 1983, 80). Alongside it, a bone sauroter from
Lovinac, Croatia is also noteworthy (PL 169, 5). It is possible that bone sauroters actually predate
metal ones but one needs more finds to prove it.
It seems the expansion of the warfare and the employment of spears in a close combat in the
Carpathian Basin demands putting a blade also on the sauroters of our group B. Thus the possibilities
of using spears increase no matter which end is up or if the spear is broken into two pieces. Three
types are distinguished having different sizes, position and shape of the blade (PI. 172 ֊ 173). The
distribution of some of them goes outside the region under investigation.
21 For more information see p. 191 and ff.
272
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Списък на съкращенията използвани в текста.................................. 7
Транслитерация.............................................................. 8
Предговор................................................................... 9
Увод....................................................................... 11
ГЛАВА I. Върхове за копия. Типология, датировка и разпространение.......... 17
Критерии за изграждане на типологията............................. 17
Форма А........................................................ 23
Форма В........................................................ 36
Форма С........................................................ 41
Форма D........................................................ 50
Форма Е........................................................ 52
Форма F........................................................ 73
Форма G........................................................ 78
Форма Н........................................................ 86
Форма 1........................................................107
Форма J........................................................111
Форма К....................................................... 113
Форма L........................................................134
ГЛАВА II. Украса на върховете за копия и сауротерите...................... 137
A. Негативна украса...............................................137
Б. Позитивна украса...............................................144
B. Видове напречни сечения на средно ребро........................149
ГЛАВА III. Технология на производството....................................155
ГЛАВА IV. Употреба.........................................................165
ГЛАВА V. Произход и хронологическо развитие на върховете за копия в
Югоизточна Европа.................................................171
Заключение. Регионални особености на върховете за копия от Югоизточна Европа в
контекста на развитието на този вид оръжие в Европейската металургична
провинция......................................................185
Приложение I. Типологическо и хронологическо развитие на сауротерите през
КБЕ в Югоизточна Европа....................................... 191
Приложение II. Списъци на цифровите и буквени означения на карти 24 - 34
197
Приложение III.................................................................207
1. Списък н а върховете за копия с гравирани линии,
успоредни на страните на острието ............................... 207
2. Списък на върховете за копия с декоративни ребра,
успоредни на страните на острието................................ 207
3. Списък на върховете за копия с декоративни ребра,
успоредни на средното ребро...................................... 208
4. Списък на върховете за копия с четири ребра разположени на острието.208
5. Списък на върховете за копия с производствени дефекти...............209
Приложение IV..................................................................211
Каталог на бронзовите върхове за копия, намерени на
територията на България.............................................. 211
ENGLISH SUMMARY. Typology and Chronology of Late Bronze Age and
Early Iron Age Bronze Socketed Spearheads in Southeastern Europe......221
Catalogue of bronze spear- and javelinheads in Bulgaria........................273
List of illustrations..........................................................278
Списък на съкращенията използвани при цитиране................................ 292
Цитирана литература ...........................................................293
Предметен показалец............................................................303
Индекс на населените места споменати в текста..................................304
Табла с илюстрации.............................................................315
Карти..........................................................................513
Таблици
551
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Leštakov, Ljuben |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1075323126 |
| author_facet | Leštakov, Ljuben |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Leštakov, Ljuben |
| author_variant | l l ll |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042728779 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)920520461 (DE-599)BVBBV042728779 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 2000 v. Chr.-500 v. Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2000 v. Chr.-500 v. Chr. |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südosteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV042728779 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:08:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786199034828 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028159833 |
| oclc_num | 920520461 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 556 S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | ATE - Ars et Technica Explicans |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" |
| series2 | Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" |
| spelling | Leštakov, Ljuben Verfasser (DE-588)1075323126 aut Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa Ljuben Leštakov 1. izd. Sofija ATE - Ars et Technica Explicans 2015 556 S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" 1 PST: Typology and chronology of late bronze age and early iron age bronze socketed spearheads in Southeastern Europe. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Zugl.: Sofija, Sofijski Universitet "Sv. Kliment Ochridski", Diss., 2009 Geschichte 2000 v. Chr.-500 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Bronzespeerspitze (DE-588)1077340982 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Bronzespeerspitze (DE-588)1077340982 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s DE-604 Geschichte 2000 v. Chr.-500 v. Chr. z Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" 1 (DE-604)BV042756902 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028159833&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028159833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Leštakov, Ljuben Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa Archeologičeski izsledvanija na SU "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Bronzespeerspitze (DE-588)1077340982 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)1077340982 (DE-588)4058449-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa |
| title_auth | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa |
| title_exact_search | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa |
| title_full | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa Ljuben Leštakov |
| title_fullStr | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa Ljuben Leštakov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa Ljuben Leštakov |
| title_short | Tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite vărchove za kopija ot kăsnata bronzova i načaloto na rannoželjaznata epocha v Jugoiztočna Evropa |
| title_sort | tipologija i chronologija na bronzovite varchove za kopija ot kasnata bronzova i nacaloto na rannozeljaznata epocha v jugoiztocna evropa |
| topic | Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Bronzespeerspitze (DE-588)1077340982 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bronzezeit Eisenzeit Bronzespeerspitze Südosteuropa Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028159833&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028159833&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042756902 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lestakovljuben tipologijaichronologijanabronzovitevarchovezakopijaotkasnatabronzovainacalotonarannozeljaznataepochavjugoiztocnaevropa |