Comparative constitutional law:
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| Ausgabe: | Third edition |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804174939073282048 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Comparative constitutional law
Autor: Jackson, Vicki C
Jahr: 2014
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Preface to the Third Edition........................................................................ v Preface to the Second Edition ...................................................................ix Preface to the First Edition.....................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................xix Table of Cases.............................................................................................. lui Table of Authorities................................................................... lxi Editorial Notice ..........................................................................................xci Chapter I. Introduction: Reproductive Rights and Comparative Constitutional Law................................................................................1 A. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Abortion Decisions........................................2 B.
Abortion and Constitutional Law in Canada and Germany.................71 C. Concluding Note on Comparisons.........................................................152 Chapter II. What Is Comparative Constitutional Law?....................159 A. The Value of Comparative Constitutional Study: Competing Perspectives............................................................................................161 B. Comparing Legal Decisions...................................................................173 Chapter III. Constitutions and Constitutionalism............................231 A. General Considerations.........................................................................231 B. Constitutions Without Constitutionalism............................................261 Chapter IV. Creating Constitutions: Constitutional Moments and Transitions...................................................................................297 A. Constitutional Legitimacy: Processes and Substance.........................297
B. Constitutional Change and Constitutional Legitimacy......................337 C. Constitutional Regime Change: Principle and Compromise in Eastern Europe......................................................................................377 Chapter V. Constitutional Entrenchment, Courts and Democracy............................................................................................409 A. Constitutionalism Without a Constitution?.........................................409 B. Constitutionalism Without Entrenchment?.........................................447 C. Constitutional Review Without a Bill of Rights...................................486 Chapter VI. Constitutional Courts: Structure and Procedure.......499 A. Structure and Function of Constitutional Courts: An Introduction............................................................................................500 B. Structure, Composition, Appointment, and Jurisdiction....................536 C. Adjudicatory Procedures.......................................................................591 Chapter VII. Constitutional Courts and Constitutional Adjudication........................................................................................627 A. Foundational Cases, Judicial Coups d’Etat, Incrementalism?...........628
Summary of Contents B. Judicial Reasoning: Proportionality and Constitutional Texts..........694 C. Judicial Legitimacy and Judicial Efficacy............................................742 D. Justiciability, Judicial Activism, and the Effects of Different Forms of Judicial Review on Legislative Roles....................................747 ?; Chapter VIII. Separation of Powers: Governments, Courts and Emergency Powers............................................................................833 | A. Comparative Structures of Representative Government....................833 | B. Legislative and Executive Powers and Commitment to I Hostilities...............................................................................................839 j C. Legislative and Executive Power in Emergencies...............................867 ? D. Emergencies, Foreign Affairs and Courts: Of Justiciability and I Political Questions.................................................................................921
1 Chapter IX. Federalism: Power Sharing and Minority __ j Protection.............................................................................................955 A. Federal Structure and Political Power: U.S., Canada, Germany, j Switzerland and Europe........................................................................958 ; B. Federalism and the Protection or Accommodation of Minorities: Canada, Belgium, Ethiopia, and the U.S...........................................1080 C. Federalism, the Assumption of State Boundaries, and the Limits ofLaw?..................................................................................................1179 Chapter X. Pluralism, Rights, and Democracy.................................1207 A. The United States and Race: Selected Constitutional Texts and Cases.....................................................................................................1208 B. Pluralism and Democracy: The Positive State and Affirmative Action in India......................................................................................1259
C. Pluralism, Group-Based Rights and Gender Equality......................1349 Chapter XI. Religious Pluralism and Constitutional Law.............1401 A. Introduction..........................................................................................1402 B. Problems of “Establishment”...............................................................1422 C. Problems of Religious Liberty and Cultural Preservation................1464 Chapter XII. Freedoms of Expression and Association..................1495 A. Regulating Speech to Prevent Subversion or Other Forms of General Social Disorder.......................................................................1496 B. A European Perspective on Free Speech/Free Press Freedoms........1525 C. Free Speech and Hate Speech, with Notes on Commercial Speech and Campaign Speech.........................................................................1539 D. Defamation and the Constitutional Protection of Expression..........1635 Chapter XIII. Constitutions and the Positive State........................1669 A. State Action, Nongovernment Conduct and Rights...........................1669 B. Social Welfare Rights: An Introduction..............................................1691 Index 1803
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to the Third Edition ........................................................................v Preface to the Second Edition ...................................................................ix Preface to the First Edition.....................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................xix Table of Cases..............................................................................................liii Table of Authorities..................................................................................lxi Editorial Notice .............................................. xci Chapter I. Introduction: Reproductive Rights and Comparative Constitutional Law................................................................................1 A. The U.S. Supreme Court’s Abortion Decisions........................................2 Roe v. Wade................................................................................................5
Note on Doe v. Bolton.............................................................................23 Questions and Comments on Roe and Doe.............................................24 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey..............24 Questions and Comments on Casey........................................................70 B. Abortion and Constitutional Law in Canada and Germany.................71 1. The Morgentaler Decision: Some Background Notes on Abortion and the Constitution in Canada......................................71 Morgentaler, Smoling and Scott v. The Queen..............................72 Questions and Comments on Morgentaler ...................................105 2. Introduction to the German Abortion Decisions..........................106 West German Abortion Decision: A Contrast to Roe v. Wade, translated by Robert E. Jonas and John D. Gorby, in 9 John Marshall J. of Prac. Proc. 605 (1976):...................108 Questions and Comments on the 1975
German Abortion Decision...................................................................................124 Abortion and Reunification in Germany......................................125 Second Abortion Decision, German Federal Constitutional Court................................................................ 126 Questions and Comments on the 1993 German Abortion Decision...................................................................................148 C. Concluding Note on Comparisons.........................................................152 Chapter II. What Is Comparative Constitutional Law?....................159 A. The Value of Comparative Constitutional Study: Competing Perspectives............................................................................................161 Donald P. Kommers, The Value of Comparative Constitutional Law, 9 J. Marshall J. of Practice Procedure 685 (1976)..........162 Günter Frankenberg, Critical Comparisons: Re-thinking Comparative Law, 26 Harv. Int’l L. J. 411 (1985)........................165 John Bell, Comparing Public Law, in Comparative Law in the 21st Century (Andrew Harding Esin Örücü eds., 2002)..........168 Questions and Comments......................................................................172
xxxvi Table of Contents B. Comparing Legal Decisions...................................................................173 1. The Death Penalty in the European Union, Canada and the United States..................................................................................173 United States v. Burns..................................................................182 Roper v. Simmons..........................................................................190 Questions and Comments..............................................................199 2. Additional Considerations.............................................................205 a. The Relevance of Practical Concerns in the Study of Comparative Constitutional Law..........................................205 b. The Relevance of Comparative Constitutional Law in Generating Philosophical or Social Scientific “Hypotheses”...........................................................................206 c. Dispelling the Sense of
False Necessity and Learning About Other Cultures............................................................206 3. Constitutional “Borrowing” and Other Transnational Influences.......................................................................................206 A.E. Dick Howard, The Indeterminacy of Constitutions, 31 Wake Forest L.Rev. 383, 402-04 (1996)..........................207 4. Constitutionalism, International Agreements and Transnational Legal Sources.........................................................211 5. The Units of Comparison: The Irish Experience With Reproductive Freedom and Popular Initiative.............................214 6. Critical Comparison?.....................................................................227 Questions and Comments..............................................................229 Chapter III. Constitutions and Constitutionalism............................231 A. General Considerations.........................................................................231
Cass Sunstein, Constitutionalism and Secession, 58 U. Chi. L. Rev. 633 (1991)..........................................................................231 Questions and Comments on Sunstein.................................................235 Walter F. Murphy, Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy, in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero, Steven C. Wheatley eds., 1993)................................................................................................237 Questions and Comments on Murphy..................................................246 Edward McWhinney, Constitution-Making: Principles, Process, Practice (1981)................................................................................247 Daniel P. Franklin Michael J. Baun (eds.), Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach (1994)...................251 Questions and Comments......................................................................260 B. Constitutions Without Constitutionalism............................................261 H.W.O. Okoth-Ogendo, Constitutions Without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Political Paradox, in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero, Steven C. Wheatley, eds., 1993).........261 Questions and Comments on Okoth-Ogendo.......................................272
Table of Contents xxxvii Charles Manga Fombad, Constitutional Reforms and Constitutionalism in Africa: Reflections on Some Current Challenges and Future Prospects, 59 Buff. L. Rev. 1007 (2011)..............................................................................................274 Carlos Santiago Nino, Transition to Democracy, Corporatism and Presidentialism with Special Reference to Latin America, in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero, Steven C. Wheatley, eds., 1993).........277 Note on Constitutions as Obstacles to Constitutionalism...................287 Note on the People’s Republic of China................ 289 Note on the Role of International (or Extra-National) Influences on Domestic Constitution-Making or Interpretation...................294 Chapter IV. Creating Constitutions: Constitutional Moments and Transitions...................................................................................297
À. Constitutional Legitimacy: Processes and Substance.........................297 1. Processes and Institutions of Constitutional Transformation: An Introduction..............................................................................298 2. Processes and Institutions of Constitutional Transformation: Some Examples..............................................................................300 a. The “Round Table Process” in Hungary................................300 Istvan Pogany, Constitutional Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary’s Transition to Democracy, 42 Int’l Comp. L.Q. 332 (1993)...................................301 b. South Africa’s Two-Stage Process.........................................302 (i) Historical and Political Context....................................303 In re Certification of the Constitution of the R.S.A.....303 (ii) The Multi-Party Negotiating Process, the Interim Constitution, and the Role of the Constitutional Court................................................................................305
c. Silent judicial-legislative partnership: Incremental constitutional lawmaking in Israel?.....................................308 Martin Edelman, The Changing Role of the Israeli Supreme Court, in Comparative Judicial Systems: Challenging Frontiers in Conceptual and Empirical Analysis (JohnR. Schmidhauser, ed. 1987).................309 United Mizrachi Bank v. Migdal Cooperative Village (1995), 49 (iv) P.D. 221, English translation in 31 Isr. L. Rev. 764 (1997)...............................................312 d. The Post-World War II Constitutions in Germany and Japan; Subsequent International interventions..................317 Questions and Comments......................................................319 e. Participation, International Norms, and Failed Constitutional Processes: A Recent Case Study (Kenya’s 1998-2005 Effort)...................................................................322 Alicia L. Bannon, Note: Designing a Constitution-Drafting Process: Lessons From Kenya, 116 Yale L. J. 1824 (2007)...............................................................................323
XXXVH1 Table of Contents Questions and Comments......................................................334 Note: Iceland as New Model? Public Participation, Transparency, Time, and Attention..............................335 B. Constitutional Change and Constitutional Legitimacy......................337 1. Consent and Legitimacy................................................................337 Walter F. Murphy, Consent and Constitutional Change , in Human Rights and Constitutional Law (James O’Reilly, ed., 1992).................................................................................337 Questions and Comments..............................................................342 2. Change by Amendment; Unconstitutional Amendments?..........342 Vicki C. Jackson, Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: A Window Into Constitutional Theory and Transnational Constitutionalism, in Demokratie- Perspektiven: Festschrift für Brun-Otto Bryde zum 70 (Michael Bäuerle, Philipp Dann Astrid
Wallrabenstein eds., 2013)...............................................................................343 Questions and Comments..............................................................350 3. Constitution-Making: Clean Breaks or Evolutionary Change?..........................................................................................351 Jon Elster, Essay: Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution- Making Process, 45 Duke L. J. 364 (1995)............................352 Bruce Ackerman, The Future of Liberal Revolution (1992)........357 Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, Apple of Gold: Constitutionalism in Israel and the United States (1993)......................................364 Stanley N. Katz, Constitutionalism in East Central Europe: Some Negative Lessons From the American Experience (1993).......................................................................................371 Questions and Comments on Constitutional Transitions...........375 Note on Historical Context in Constitutionalism:
Incrementalism and Clean Breaks.......................................376 C. Constitutional Regime Change: Principle and Compromise in Eastern Europe......................................................................................377 Stephen Holmes Cass R. Sunstein, The Politics of Constitutional Revision in Eastern Europe, in Responding to Imperfection: The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment (Sanford Levinson, ed., 1995)........................................................379 Questions and Comments on Entrenchment and Amendment..........392 Note on Amendments, Electoral Design and Abusive Constitutionalism: Hungary’s New Constitution, 2010-12........394 David Landau, Abusive Constitutionalism, 47 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 189 (2013)...............................................................................395 Questions and Comments......................................................................397 Note: Transitional Justice and Constitutionalism..............................398 Chapter V. Constitutional Entrenchment, Courts and Democracy............................................................................................409 A. Constitutionalism Without a Constitution?.........................................409 1. The Constitution of the United Kingdom.....................................410
Table of Contents xxxix S.E. Finer, Vernon Bogdanor Bernard Rudden, On the Constitution of the United Kingdom, in Comparing Constitutions (1995)...............................................................410 Questions and Comments..............................................................421 2. Australia’s Rejection of a Bill of Rights........................................426 Robert McClelland, Address to the National Press Club of Australia, April 21, 2010, http://www.pilch.org.au/ Assets/Files/Launch%20of%20Australia s%20Human %20Rights%20Framework.pdf............................................438 Note: Rights Protection Without a Bill of Rights in Australia............................................... 443 Questions and Comments..............................................................445 B. Constitutionalism Without Entrenchment?.........................................447 1. Dialogue and Legislative Override in Canada.............................449 Peter W. Hogg
Allison A. Bushell, The Charter Dialogue Between Courts and Legislatures: (Or Perhaps The Charter Of Rights Isn’t Such A Bad Thing After All), 35 Osgoode Hall L.J. 75 (1997)..............................................449 Christopher P. Manfredi James B. Kelly, Six Degrees of Dialogue: A Response to Hogg and Bushell, 37 Osgoode Hall L.J. 513 (1999)................................................................458 Mark Tushnet, Policy Distortion and Democratic Debilitation: Comparative Illumination of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, 94 Mich. L. Rev. 245 (1995)..................................460 Questions and Comments..............................................................469 2. Constitutional Entrenchment and Legislative Overrides in the United States...........................................................................471 Katzenbach v. Morgan...................................................................472 City of Boerne v. Flores.................................................................478
Questions and Comments..............................................................484 C. Constitutional Review Without a Bill of Rights...................................486 Australian Capital Television Pty. Ltd. v. Commonwealth of Australia.........................................................................................486 Questions and Comments......................................................................493 Note on the Status of Basic Laws in Israel..........................................495 Chapter VI. Constitutional Courts: Structure and Procedure.......499 A. Structure and Function of Constitutional Courts: An Introduction............................................................................................500 1. Centralized v. Decentralized Review; Hybrid Models; The Significance of Institutional Structure.........................................501 2. The Possible Significance of Civil Law vs. Common Law Traditions.......................................................................................503 a. Civil Law Judges: Careerist vs. Recognition Models of Judicial Selection...................................................................503 b. Stare Decisis...........................................................................504 3. Abstract vs. Concrete Review; Case or Controversy Limitations.....................................................................................504
xl Table of Contents 4. Development of Judicial Review in Europe: Constitutional Courts, Not Supreme Courts.........................................................505 Wojciech Sadurski, Constitutional Review in Europe and in the United States: Influences, Paradoxes, and Convergence (February 2011) Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 11/15 (available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1754209).................................................................................505 Louis Favoreu, Constitutional Review in Europe, in Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad (Louis Henkin Albert J. Rosenthal eds., 1990)..............................................519 Questions and Comments..............................................................527 5. Hybrid Systems in Latin America and Elsewhere.......................528 Allan-Randolph Brewer-Carias, Judicial Review in Comparative Law (1989).......................................................7529
Questions and Comments..............................................................533 Note on Political Explanations for Judicial Review.....................534 B. Structure, Composition, Appointment, and Jurisdiction....................536 1. Survey of Constitutional Courts, Jurisdiction and Composition....................................................................................537 2. The United States and the U.S. Supreme Court.........................537 Henry Paul Monaghan, The Confirmation Process: Law or Politics, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 1202 (1988).................................542 Lee Epstein, “A Better Way to Appoint Justices,” The Christian Science Monitor (Mar. 17, 1992)...........................545 Questions and Comments..............................................................546 3. France and the Conseil Constitutionnel.......................................547 John Bell, French Constitutional Law (1992)..............................550 Alec Stone, The Birth
of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective (1992).......................................................................................557 Questions and Comments..............................................................564 4. Germany and Its Federal Constitutional Court..........................565 a. Historical Background...........................................................565 b. The German Constitutional Court: Creation, Jurisdiction, Status........................................................ 567 c. The German Constitutional Court and the Appointments Process............................................................575 Donald P. Kommers, Judicial Politics in West Germany (1976)...............................................................................575 Questions and Comments......................................................583 5. New Constitutional Courts of the 1990s: Eastern Europe, South Africa, Asia..........................................................................584 6. Latin American Courts..................................................................590 C. Adjudicatory Procedures.......................................................................591 1. The United States Supreme Court: Procedure and Justiciability...................................................................................593 Allen v. Wright...............................................................................595 Questions and Comments..............................................................604
Table of Contents xli 2. France and the Conseil Constitutionnel.......................................605 John Bell, French Constitutional Law (1992)..............................605 3. Germany’s Constitutional Court...................................................616 Donald P. Kommers Russell A. Miller, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (3d ed. 2012)............................................................................616 Questions and Comments..............................................................624 Note on Supra-National Influence on the Structures of Judicial Review.......................................................................625 Chapter VII. Constitutional Courts and Constitutional Adjudication........................................................................................627 A. Foundational Cases, Judicial Coups d’Etat, Incrementalism?...........628 1. Germany and the Southwest Case................................................628
Southwest Case..............................................................................629 Notes [By Murphy and Tanenhaus]..............................................633 Questions and Comments..............................................................633 2. France, The 1962 Referendum Decision and the 1971 Decision on Associations................................................................634 Alec Stone, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France (1992)........634 Declaration of the Rights of Man—1789......................................643 Questions and Comments..............................................................644 Alec Stone Sweet, The Juridical Coup d’Etat and the Problem of Authority, 8 German Law Journal 915 (2007) (on-line)...................................................................................645 Questions and Comments..............................................................646 3. Israel: A Series of “Marbury’s”? A Constitutional
Revolution?.....................................................................................646 Eli Salzberger, Judicial Activism in Israel, in Judicial Activism in Common Law Supreme Courts (Brice Dickson ed., 2007)..................................................................647 Note on the West Bank and Gaza.................................................658 Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, Apple of Gold: Constitutionalism in Israel and the United States (1993)......................................660 Ronen Shamir, “Landmark Cases”and the Reproduction of Legitimacy: The Case of Israel’s High Court of Justice, 24 Law Society Rev. 781 (1990).........................................670 Questions and Comments..............................................................677 Marcia Gelpe, Constraints on Supreme Court Authority in Israel and the United States: Phenomenal Cosmic Powers; Itty Bitty Living Space, 13 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 493 (1999)................................................................................680 Note on Mizrachi Bank and the Effects of Judicial Review of Statutes on Judicial Legitimacy............................................686 4. Hungary and South Africa on the Death Penalty........................688 Note on Constitutional Review and Public Law, Domestic and International...................................................................690 Martin Shapiro Alec Stone Sweet, On Law, Politics and Judicialization (2002).............................................................691
xlii Table of Contents Questions and Comments..............................................................692 B. Judicial Reasoning: Proportionality and Constitutional Texts..........694 1. Canada............................................................................................696 R. v. Oakes......................................................................................696 Questions and Comments..............................................................700 2. Israel...............................................................................................701 Beit Sourik Village Council v. Government of Israel..................701 Questions and Comments..............................................................715 3. The United States: Proportionality and Other Interpretive Methods..........................................................................................716 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld........................................................................717
Questions and Comments..............................................................733 4. Proportionality as a General Principle of Constitutionalism?.... 733 David M. Beatty, The Ultimate Rule of Law (2004).................. .t733 Questions and Comments..............................................................734 5. Proportionality and the Possibilities and Limits of Comparison.....................................................................................735 . Jacco Bomhoff, Balancing the Global and the Local: Judicial Balancing as a Problematic Topic in Comparative (Constitutional) Law, 31 Hastings Int’l Comp. L.Rev. 555 (2008)...............................................................................735 Questions and Comments..............................................................742 C. Judicial Legitimacy and Judicial Efficacy............................................742 Ruth Gavison, The Role of Courts in Rifted Democracies, 33 Isr. L. Rev. 216 (1999)..........................................................................743
Comments and Questions......................................................................746 D. Justiciability, Judicial Activism, and the Effects of Different Forms of Judicial Review on Legislative Roles....................................747 1. India and Public Interest Litigation.............................................748 Jamie Cassels, Judicial Activism and Public Interest Litigation in India: Attempting the Impossible 1 ?, 37 Am. J. Comp. L. 495 (1989)..............................................753 S. P. Sathe, Judicial Activism: The Indian Experience, 6 Wash. U. J. L. Pol’y 29 (2001).........................................760 Questions and Comments..............................................................764 2. Constitutional Litigation and Courts’ Relationship to Civil Society and Political Institutions..................................................769 Mauro Cappelletti, The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective (1989)..................................................................770 David Landau, Political Institutions and Judicial Role in Comparative Constitutional Law, 51 Harv. Int’l L. J. 319 (2010).......................................................................................771 Questions and Comments..............................................................791 3. Courts in Transitional Societies: Activism, Backlash and the Protective Function of Justiciability Limits?...............................791 a. Russia......................................................................................792
Table of Contents xliii Herbert Hausmaninger, Towards a New”Russian Constitutional Court, 28 Cornell Int’l L. J. 349 (1995)...............................................................................794 Questions and Comments......................................................801 b. Pakistan..................................................................................805 Note, The Pakistani Lawyers’ Movement and the Popular Currency of Judicial Power, 123 Harv L. Rev. 1705 (2010)...............................................................................806 Questions and Comments......................................................818 4. The Question of “Juridification”....................................................821 Alec Stone, Abstract Constitutional Review and Policy Making in Western Europe, in Comparative Judicial Review and Public Policy (Donald W. Jackson C. Neal Tate eds., 1992).........................................................821 Questions
and Comments..............................................................830 Chapter VIII. Separation of Powers: Governments, Courts and Emergency Powers.............................................................................833 A. Comparative Structures of Representative Government....................833 B. Legislative and Executive Powers and Commitment to Hostilities...............................................................................................839 Judgment of the Second Senate of 7 May 2008 (AWACS II) (German Constitutional Court).....................................................841 Lori Fisler Damrosch, Constitutional Control Over War Powers: A Common Core of Accountability in Democratic Societies? 50 U. Miami L. Rev. 181 (1995).....................................................854 Questions and Comments......................................................................864 C. Legislative and Executive Power in Emergencies...............................867
1. Constitutional Texts and Emergency Powers..............................869 The Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1994..........................869 The Constitution of the French Republic, 1958...........................869 The Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947............................870 The Spanish Constitution, 1978....................................................870 The Constitution of the United States..........................................871 2. Substantive Versus Separation of Powers Controls on Emergency Powers.........................................................................875 Ex Parte Milligan...........................................................................875 Public Committee Against Torture v. State of Israel..................883 Questions and Comments..............................................................893 3. Constitutionalism and Emergencies.............................................896 Oren Gross, Chaos and Rules: Should Responses to Violent Crises Always Be Constitutional ?, 112 Yale L.J. 1011 (2003).......................................................................................897 Questions and Comments..............................................................916 David Cole, Judging the Next Emergency: Judicial Review and Individual Rights in Times of Crisis, 101 Mich. L. Rev. 2565 (2003).................................................................917 Questions and Comments..............................................................920
xliv Table of Contents D. Emergencies, Foreign Affairs and Courts: Of Justiciability and Political Questions.................................................................................921 1. “Political Questions” and Foreign Affairs in the United States..............................................................................................922 Goldwater v. Carter.......................................................................922 Questions and Comments..............................................................927 2. Is There a “Political Question” Doctrine in Germany?................929 The Cruise Missile Case................................................................930 Thomas M. Franck, Political Questions/Judicial Answers: Does The Rule of Law Apply to Foreign Affairs? (1992)......934 Anne-Marie Slaughter Burley, Are Foreign Affairs Different? (reviewing Thomas M. Franck, Political Questions/ Judicial Answers), 106 Harv.L. Rev. 1980 (1993)................946
Questions and Comments..............................................................950 Chapter IX. Federalism: Power Sharing and Minority Protection.............................................................................................955 i A. Federal Structure and Political Power: U.S., Canada, Germany, ^ Switzerland and Europe........................................................................958 1. The United States..........................................................................959 2. Canadian Federalism.....................................................................960 Martha A. Field, The Differing Federalisms of Canada and the United States, 55 Law and Contemporary Problems 107 (Winter, 1992)..................................................................961 j Labatt Breweries of Canada Ltd v. Attorney General of Canada....................................................................................969 Reference re Securities Act............................................................975
R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd..............................................985 Questions and Comments..............................................................994 3. German Federalism.......................................................................998 a. “Bundestreue” and the Legislative Competence of the Länder .....................................................................................999 The First Television Case (1961)...........................................999 Questions and Comments....................................................1003 b. The Reserved Powers of the German Länder .....................1004 The Concordat Case.............................................................1005 Questions and Comments....................................................1008 c. “Administrative Federalism,” the Role of the Bundesrat, the “Bundesrat” Case, and Constitutional Reform............1009 d. Judicial Review of the Necessity of Federal Legislation in Areas of Concurrent Authority: Enforcing Subsidiarity?.........................................................................1015 Geriatric Nursing Act Case (2002)......................................1016 Questions and Comments....................................................1019 4. Swiss Federalism.......................................................... 1020 Otto K. Kaufman, Swiss Federalism, in Forging Unity Out of Diversity: The Approaches of Eight Nations (Robert A. Goldwin, Art Kaufman, William A. Schambra eds., 1989)......................................................................................1023
Table of Contents xlv Thomas 0. Hueglin, New Wine in Old Bottles? Federalism and Nation States in the Twenty-First Century: A Conceptual Overview, in Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets and Governments in a Changing World (Karen Knop, Sylvia Ostry, Richard Simeon, Katherine Swintoneds., 1995) ..............................................................1030 Questions and Comments............................................................1033 Note on Federalism and Finances...............................................1040 5. Federalism, Centralization and Decentralization: The European Union and Subsidiarity..............................................1046 George A. Bermann, Taking Subsidiarity Seriously: Federalism in the European Community and the United States, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 332 (1994)......................1047 Ernest A. Young, Protecting Member State Autonomy in the European Union: Some Cautionary Tales From American Federalism, 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1612 (2002).......1057
Matej Avbelj, The Treaty of Lisbon: An Ongoing Search for Structural Equilibrium, 16 Colum. J. Eur. L. 521 (2010).....................................................................................1066 Questions and Comments............................................................1070 Note on Federalism and Constitutionalism Beyond National Borders..................................................................................1073 Frank Schorkopf, International Decisions: Case Nos. 2 BvE 2/08, 2 BvE 5/08, 2 BvR 1010/08, 2 BvR 1022/08, 2 BvR 1259/08, and 2 BvR 182/09. 123 BVerfGE 267 (2009), 104 Am. J. Int’l L. 259 (2010)..................................1074 Questions and Comments............................................................1077 B. Federalism and the Protection or Accommodation of Minorities: Canada, Belgium, Ethiopia, and the U.S...........................................1080 1. Canada..........................................................................................1081
Barry L. Strayer, The Canadian Constitution and Diversity, in Forging Unity Out of Diversity: The Approaches of Eight Nations (Robert A. Goldwin, Art Kaufman, William A. Schambra eds., 1989)........................................1083 Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General).............................................1095 James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (1995).........................................................1107 Questions and Comments............................................................1110 2. Belgium.........................................................................................1113 Robert Mnookin Alain Verbeke, Persistent Nonviolent Conflict With No Reconciliation: The Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, 72 Law Contemp. Prob. 151 (2009).....................................................................................1113 Alexander Murphy, Belgium’s Regional Divergence: Along the Road to Federation, in Federalism: The Multiethnic Challenge 73-100 (Graham Smith ed. 1995).....................1130 Questions and Comments............................................................1137 Note on Northern Ireland............................................................1142 Note on Devolution in the United Kingdom...............................1143
xlvi Table of Contents 3. Ethiopia........................................................................................1146? Assefa Fiseha, Federalism and the Adjudication of ? Constitutional Issues: The Ethiopian Experience, 52 Neth. In?l L. Rev. 1 (2005).............................................1151 j Questions and Comments............................................................1155 I Note on the United States...........................................................1156 : 4. Tolerance, Federalism and Liberalism.......................................1158 : Mark Tushnet, Federalism and Liberalism, 4 Cardozo J. Int’l Comp. L. 329 (1996).................................................1158 j Questions and Comments............................................................1167 Martha Minow, Putting Up and Putting Down: Tolerance Reconsidered, in Comparative Constitutional Federalism, Europe and America (Mark Tushnet ed. 1990)................................................................................1169
.j C. Federalism, the Assumption of State Boundaries, and the Limits — of Law?..................................................................................................1179 Reference re Secession of Quebec.......................................................1179 Questions and Comments....................................................................1192^. Note on Conventions............................................................................1197 Note on Democratic Constitutionalism and Multi-National Democracies..................................................................................1199 Questions and Comments....................................................................1204 , Chapter X. Pluralism, Rights, and Democracy.................................1207 A. The United States and Race: Selected Constitutional Texts and Cases.....................................................................................................1208 ; Grutter v. Bollinger.............................................................................1209
Questions and Comments....................................................................1236 , Note on Affirmative Action in Education and Employment: Bakke and Adarand.....................................................................1238 Regents of University of California v. Bakke.....................................1239 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena....................................................1250 Note on the Use of Race in Drawing Voting Districts.......................1257 Questions and Comments....................................................................1258 B. Pluralism and Democracy: The Positive State and Affirmative Action in India......................................................................................1259 1. Background Readings on India: Caste, History and the Constitution..................................................................................1260 Ashwini Deshpande, Affirmative Action in India (2013)..........1260 Fali Sam Nariman, The Indian Constitution: An Experiment in Unity Amid Diversity, in Forging Unity Out of Diversity: The Approaches of Eight Nations (Robert A. Goldwin, Art Kaufman, William A. Schambra eds., 1989)......................................................................................1261 Sankaran Krishna, Constitutionalism, Democracy, and Political Culture in India, in Political Culture and Constitutionalism (Daniel P. Franklin Michael J. Baun eds., 1994)...................................................................1276 Questions and Comments............................................................1283
Table of Contents xlvii 2. Indian Constitution, Selected Provisions on Equality...............1285 3. Compensatory Discrimination in India......................................1287 Marc Galanter, Law and Society in Modern India (1989).........1287 State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas..................................................1299 Marc Galanter, Law and Society in Modern India (1989).........1318 Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (1984).......................................1326 Thomas Sowell, Preferential Policies: An International Perspective (1990)................................................................1329 Questions and Comments............................................................1336 Bhikku Parekh, India’s Diversity, in Dissent 145 (Summer 1996)................................... 1340 Questions and Comments............................................................1344 Note on Citizenship................. 1347 C. Pluralism,
Group-Based Rights and Gender Equality......................1349 1. Constitutional Choices From a U.S. Perspective.......................1351 Kathleen M. Sullivan, Constitutionalizing Gender Equality, 90 Calif. L. Rev. 735 (2002)..................................................1351 Questions and Comments............................................................1358 2. Gender Equality and Positive Measures....................................1359 a. Employment..........................................................................1359 Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen............................1359 Re Georg Badeck..................................................................1360 b. Electoral Parity....................................................................1363 Decision 82-146 DC of 18 November 1982.........................1363 Questions and Comments....................................................1365 c. Other Gender-Based Preferences........................................1367
President of the Republic of South Africa v. Hugo.............1367 Questions and Comments....................................................1374 3. Violence, Subordination and Duties to Protect..........................1374 Martha I. Morgan, Taking Machismo to Court: The Gender Jurisprudence of the Colombian Constitutional Court, 30 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 253 (1999).........................1375 Vishaka Others v. State of Rajasthan Others....................1376 United States v. Morrison...........................................................1378 Questions and Comments................... 1379 4. Gender, Religion, and Identity....................................................1381 a. Religious Identity and Gender Equality in India...............1381 Martha C. Nussbaum, International Human Rights Law in Practice: India: Implementing Sex Equality Through Law, 2 Chi. J. Int’l L. 35 (2001)...................1381 Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum Others.........1382 Questions and Comments....................................................1385 b. Gender Equality and Sexual Orientation...........................1387 Vriend v. Alberta..................................................................1388 Lawrence v. Texas................................................................1391 Comments and Questions....................................................1394 Note on Women, Constitution-Making, and Participation.................................................................1397
xlviii Table of Contents Chapter XI. Religious Pluralism and Constitutional Law.............1401 A. Introduction..........................................................................................1402 1. Constitutional Provisions............................................................1403 Questions and Comments............................................................1405 2. State Support or Supervision: Examples....................................1406 a. Israel.....................................................................................1406 Asher Maoz, Religious Human Rights in the State of Israel, in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives (Johan D. van der Vyver John Witte, Jr., eds., 1996)...........................1406 b. Greece....................................................................................1410 c. Germany...............................................................................1410 d. United States........................................................................1411
3. An Analytic Framework..............................................................1412 W. Cole Durham, Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A — Comparative Framework, in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives (Johan D. van der Vyver John Witte, Jr., eds. 1996)....................................1412 Questions and Comments............................................................1421 B. Problems of “Establishment”...............................................................1422 1. Religion and the Schools..............................................................1422 German School Prayer Case........................................................1422 Questions and Comments............................................................1426 German Classroom Crucifix Case II...........................................1427 Questions and Comments............................................................1437 2. Other Public Endorsement of (Arguably) Religious
Practices........................................................................................1441 a. Japan: Constitutional Texts and Cases..............................1441 Kakunaga v. Sekiguchi........................................................1443 b. United States: Constitutional Text and Cases...................1454 Lynch v. Donnelly.................................................................1455 Questions and Comments....................................................1460 C. Problems of Religious Liberty and Cultural Preservation................1464 Wisconsin v. Yoder...............................................................................1465 Questions and Comments....................................................................1474 A Bill titled ‘Provincial of the Teaching Sisters of the Holy Cross of the Third Order of Saint Francis in Menzingen of Sri Lanka (Incorporation)’.................................................................1477 Communication No. 1249/2004: Sri Lanka 18 November 2005........1481 Questions and Comments....................................................................1482 Makau Wa Mutua, Limitations on Religious Rights: Problematizing Religious Freedom in the African Context, in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives (Johan D. van der Vyver John Witte, Jr., eds., 1996).....................................................................................1484 Questions and Comments....................................................................1486 Note: The Head-Covering Issue..........................................................1489
Table of Contents xlix Chapter XII. Freedoms of Expression and Association.................1495 A. Regulating Speech to Prevent Subversion or Other Forms of General Social Disorder.......................................................................1496 1. Introduction to Brandenburg v. Ohio.........................................1497 Brandenburg v. Ohio....................................................................1500 Questions and Comments............................................................1502 2. Introduction to the Wunsiedel Case............................................1505 Order of the First Senate of 4 November 2009..........................1505 Questions and Comments............................................................1521 B. A European Perspective on Free Speech/Free Press Freedoms........1525 Roger Errera, The Freedom of the Press: The United States, France, and Other European Countries, in Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States
Constitution Abroad (Louis Henkin Albert J. Rosenthal, eds. 1990).........1525 Note: United States Doctrine on Some Issues Discussed by Professor Errera...........................................................................1537 Questions and Comments....................................................................1537 C. Free Speech and Hate Speech, with Notes on Commercial Speech and Campaign Speech.............................................................1539 1. Canada..........................................................................................1539 Kent Greenawalt, Free Speech in the United States and Canada, 55 Law Contemp. Probs. 5 (1992)....................1540 R. v. Keegstra...............................................................................1547 Questions and Comments............................................................1578 Kathleen Mahoney, The Canadian Constitutional Approach to Freedom of Expression in Hate Propaganda and Pornography,
55 Law Contemp. Probs. 77 (1992)..........1583 Questions and Comments............................................................1589 2. The United States........................................................................1590 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul.............................................................1590 Questions and Comments............................................................1605 Michel Rosenfeld, Hate Speech in Constitutional Jurisprudence: A Comparative Analysis, 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 1523 (2003)...............................................................1611 Questions and Comments............................................................1622 Note on Commercial Speech........................................................1625 Note on Campaign Finance and Freedoms of Speech and Expression.............................................................................1631 Note on Ultra Vires Review and Statutory Interpretation as Techniques for Protecting Free Expression...................1633 D. Defamation and the Constitutional Protection of Expression..........1635 1. The United States........................................................................1635 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.................................................1635 2. Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand: The Common Law Tradition...............................................................................1649 Questions and Comments............................................................1652 3. Germany: The Liith and Boll Cases............................................1653 The Liith Case (1958)...................................................................1654 The Boll Case (1980)....................................................................1660
1 Table of Contents Questions and Comments............................................................1662 Chapter XIII. Constitutions and the Positive State........................1669 A. State Action, Nongovernment Conduct and Rights...........................1669 Retail, Wholesale Department Store Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd...................................................................1670 Notes on the State Action Problem.....................................................1674 B. Social Welfare Rights: An Introduction..............................................1691 1. Introduction: Selected Constitutional Provisions......................1692 a. Irish Constitution (1937) (Selected Provisions)..................1693 b. Italian Constitution (1948) (Selected Provisions)..............1693 Questions and Comments....................................................1695 2. Judicial Enforcement of Social Welfare Rights..........................1697 a. Substantive Approaches
to Enforcement of Social Welfare Rights......................................................................-1698 Asahi v. Japan (1967)...........................................................1698 Dandridge v. Williams.........................................................1701 Questions and Comments....................................................1703 Minister of Health v. Treatment Action Campaign...........1705 Questions and Comments....................................................1715 b. Procedural Approaches to Social Welfare Rights...............1718 Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom.....................................................................1718 Questions and Comments....................................................1731 Questions and Comments....................................................1740 Mark Tushnet, State Action, Social Welfare Rights, and the Judicial Role: Some Comparative Observations, 3 Chi. J. Int’l L. 435 (2002)..................1740
Richard A. Epstein, Classical Liberalism Meets the New Constitutional Order: A Comment on Mark Tushnet, 3 Chi. J. Int’l L. 455 (2002)..........................................1745 3. The Debate Over Including Social Welfare Rights in Eastern European Constitutions: Hungary in 1995 as a Case Study.....1747 Hungarian Benefits Case............................................................1748 Questions and Comments............................................................1758 András Sajó, How the Rule of Law Killed Hungarian Welfare Reform, East European Constitutional Review, vol. 5, no. 1 (Winter 1996), p. 31.....................................................1759 Kim Lane Scheppele, Constitutional Courts in the Field of Power Politics: A Realpolitik Defense of Social Rights, 82 Tex. L. Rev. 1921 (2004).................................................1768 Questions and Comments............................................................1775 4. General Considerations and Two Case Studies.........................1777 Cass R. Sunstein, Against Positive Rights, in Western Rights? Post-Communist Application (András Sajó ed., 1996)......................................................................................1777 Wiktor Osiatynski, Social and Economic Rights in a New Constitution for Poland, in Western Rights? Post-Communist Application (András Sajó ed., 1996).......1780
Table of Contents li Frank B. Cross, The Error of Positive Rights, 48 UCLA L. Rev. 857(2001).....................................................................1790 Octavio Luiz Motta Ferraz, Social and Economic Rights: Harming the Poor Through Social Rights Litigation: Lessons from Brazil, 59 Tex. L. Rev. 1643 (2011)..............1790 César Rodriguez-Garavito, Beyond the Courtroom: The Impact of Judicial Activism on Socioeconomic Rights in Latin America, 89 Tex. L. Rev. 1669 (2011)...................1796 Questions and Comments............................................................1801 Index............................................................................................................1803
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Jackson, Vicki C. ca. 20./21. Jh Tushnet, Mark V. 1945- |
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| classification_rvk | PL 620 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)896809257 (DE-599)BSZ414782062 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042728642 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:08:21Z |
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| isbn | 9781599415949 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2014 |
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| publisher | Foundation Press |
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| spelling | Jackson, Vicki C. ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)103169904X aut Comparative constitutional law by Vicki C. Jackson ; Mark Tushnet Third edition St. Paul, MN Foundation Press © 2014 xci, 1812 Seiten 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier University casebook series Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law / Cases Constitutional law Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd rswk-swf Staatsrecht (DE-588)4056666-3 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Staatsrecht (DE-588)4056666-3 s 1\p DE-604 Tushnet, Mark V. 1945- (DE-588)13213893X aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028159699&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Jackson, Vicki C. ca. 20./21. Jh Tushnet, Mark V. 1945- Comparative constitutional law Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law / Cases Constitutional law Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Staatsrecht (DE-588)4056666-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4062801-2 (DE-588)4056666-3 |
| title | Comparative constitutional law |
| title_auth | Comparative constitutional law |
| title_exact_search | Comparative constitutional law |
| title_full | Comparative constitutional law by Vicki C. Jackson ; Mark Tushnet |
| title_fullStr | Comparative constitutional law by Vicki C. Jackson ; Mark Tushnet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative constitutional law by Vicki C. Jackson ; Mark Tushnet |
| title_short | Comparative constitutional law |
| title_sort | comparative constitutional law |
| topic | Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law / Cases Constitutional law Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd Staatsrecht (DE-588)4056666-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verfassungsrecht Constitutional law / Cases Constitutional law Rechtsvergleich Staatsrecht |
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