Commercial and economic law in Australia:
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Den Haag
Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
[2015]
|
| Edition: | Second edition |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 382 Seiten |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Clark, Edward Eugene |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Commercial and economic law in Australia |c Eugene Clark, Lynden Griggs, George Cho, Arthur Hoyle, John McLaren |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Den Haag |b Wolters Kluwer Law & Business |c [2015] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 382 Seiten | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Griggs, Lynden |0 (DE-588)1084342391 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cho, George |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hoyle, Arthur R. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a McLaren, John |0 (DE-588)1057880175 |4 aut | |
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| _version_ | 1804174932117028864 |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE AUTHORS 3
PREFACE 27
AUSTRALIAN COMMERCIAL LAW IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 33
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 37
§1. GEOGRAPHY 37
§2. CULTURAL COMPOSITION 37
§3. POLITICAL SYSTEM 37
I. THE CONSTITUTION AND THE THREE POWERS 37
II. REFORM OF THE CONSTITUTION 39
III. STATES AND TERRITORIES 39
IV. JUDICIAL POWER 39
V. POLITICAL PARTIES 40
§4. POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS 41
§5. ECONOMY 41
§6. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL VALUES 43
§7. AUSTRALIAN LAW IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 44
I. INTRODUCTION: AUSTRALIAN LAW AND THE VALUE OF A COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE 44
II. HISTORICAL ROOTS 44
III. INCREASING INFLUENCE OF US LAW IN PARTICULAR AND COMPARATIVE LAW
GENERALLY 44
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 45
V. GROWTH OF FEDERAL POWER 46
VI. AUSTRALIA AS A NATIONAL ECONOMY 46
VII. ROLE OF AUSTRALIA S GEOGRAPHY IN COMMERCE 47
VIII. AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND MARKET 47
IX. AUSTRALIA AS AN ASIAN COUNTRY 47
X. INTERNATIONALIZATION/GLOBALIZATION 48
XI. MORE COMPETITIVE SYSTEM 48
XII. ENFORCEMENT OF COMMERCIAL LAW 48
XIII. INCREASING FOCUS ON PREVENTION 49
XIV. LAW AS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 49
XV ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN COMMERCE 49
XVI. OUTSOURCING CONTRACTING OUT/PARTNERSHIP ALLIANCE CONTRACTING 49
XVII. INFORMATION ECONOMY/ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INCREASING
IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 50
XVIII. A BALANCED APPROACH TO REGULATION 50
XIX. ROLE OF SOFTLAW : STANDARDS, CODES OF PRACTICE AND PRIVATE
REGULATION 51
XX. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 51
XXI. CONSUMERISM AND CONSUMER LAW REFORM 52
XXII. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION 53
§8. CONCLUSION 54
PART I. COMMERCIAL LAW 59
CHAPTER 1. CONCEPTS AND SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 59
§1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 59
§2. MAJOR SOURCES OF LAW 60
CHAPTER 2. THE ECONOMIC OPERATORS 62
§1. PERSONAL STATUS OF MERCHANTS 62
I. MINORS 62
A. VALID CONTRACTS 62
B. VOIDABLE CONTRACTS 63
C. VOID CONTRACTS 63
D. OTHER MATTERS 64
II. BANKRUPTS 64
III. CROWN 64
IV. PERSONS OF UNSOUND MIND AND THE INTOXICATED 64
V. MARRIED WOMEN 65
VI. CORPORATIONS 65
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§2. PARTNERSHIPS AND CORPORATIONS 66
I. PARTNERSHIPS 66
A. SOURCE OF LAW 66
B. DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTNERSHIPS 66
1. CARRYING ON A BUSINESS 66
2. CARRYING ON A BUSINESS IN COMMON 67
3. WITH A VIEW OF PROFIT 67
C. CREATION OF A PARTNERSHIP 68
D. RELATIONS OF PARTNERS TO EACH OTHER 68
E. RELATIONS OF PARTNERS TO PERSONS DEALING WITH THEM 69
F. DISSOLUTION 70
II. PARTNERSHIPS AND CORPORATIONS 71
A. SOURCE OF LAW 71
B. INCORPORATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 71
C. CONSTITUTION OF A COMPANY 72
D. TYPES OF COMPANIES 73
E. COMPANY CAPITAL 73
1. SHARE CAPITAL 74
2. LOAN CAPITAL 74
F. MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES 74
G. WINDING UP A COMPANY 76
§3. AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC OPERATORS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 76
CHAPTER 3. THE ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS 77
§1. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE 77
§2. ADVISORY BODIES AND COMMITTEES 78
§3. COMMERCIAL COURTS AND COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 80
I. STATE COURTS 81
A. INFERIOR COURTS AND SPECIALIZED COURTS 81
B. INTERMEDIATE COURTS 81
C. SUPREME COURTS AND INTERMEDIATE APPEAL COURTS 81
D. COMMERCIAL LISTS 82
II. FEDERAL COURTS 82
III. HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA 83
IV. TRIBUNALS 84
A. NATIONAL OR FEDERAL TRIBUNALS 84
B. STATE AND TERRITORY TRIBUNALS 84
V. COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 85
VI. COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION FACILITIES 86
§4. MISCELLANEOUS 86
I. PUBLIC OMBUDSMEN 86
II. PRIVATE INDUSTRY OMBUDSMEN 87
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4. GENERAL OBLIGATIONS AND ECONOMIC OPERATORS 88
§1. IN GENERAL
88
§2. REGISTRATION OF BUSINESS NAMES AND DOMAIN NAMES 88
§3. CORPORATIONS
89
§4. PARTNERSHIPS
89
§5. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS/INCORPORATED LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS 90
§6. ASSOCIATIONS 90
§7. EMPLOYERS SOCIAL SECURITY OBLIGATIONS 91
§8. EMPLOYEES TAXATION OBLIGATIONS 91
§9. OTHER WORK-RELATED OBLIGATIONS 92
§10. BANKING OBLIGATIONS 92
§11. AUSTRALIAN GENERAL OBLIGATIONS AND ECONOMIC OPERATORS
IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 93
CHAPTER 5. BUSINESS ASSETS, GOODWILL AND COMMERCIAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 94
§1. IN GENERAL 94
I. CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY 94
II. REGISTRATION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY 94
III. ACQUISITION/TRANSFER OF BUSINESS ASSETS 97
§2. PROTECTION OF BUSINESS NAMES 97
§3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 97
I. PATENTS 97
A. INTRODUCTION 97
B. DEFINITION 98
C WHAT MAY BE PATENTED 98
D. TWO TYPES OF PATENTS 101
1. STANDARD PATENTS 101
2. INNOVATION PATENTS 103
E. PATENT PROCEDURES 105
1. EXTENSION OF TERM OF STANDARD PATENTS 105
2. REVOCATION OF PATENTS 106
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3. REMEDIES FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT 106
4. EFFECT OF A PATENT 106
5. REGISTRATION OF PATENT INTERESTS 107
6. INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION 107
F. PATENT ATTORNEYS 108
II. COPYRIGHT 109
A. INTRODUCTION 109
B. COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT ACT 1989 110
C. AMENDMENTS SINCE 1998 110
D. WHAT MAY BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT 113
E. EXTENT OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 113
F. OWNERSHIP AND DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 114
G. INFRINGEMENT 114
H. REMEDIES UNDER THE COPYRIGHT ACT 117
I. OTHER REMEDIES: SECTION 18 OF THE AUSTRALIAN CONSUMER LAW 118
J. INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 118
III. DESIGNS 119
A. INTRODUCTION 119
B. DESIGN REGISTRATION 120
C. OVERLAP WITH COPYRIGHT PROTECTION 121
D. INFRINGEMENT 122
E. REFORM OF DESIGNS LEGISLATION 122
IV. TRADEMARKS 123
A. INTRODUCTION 123
B. REGISTRATION OF TRADEMARKS 123
C. RESTRICTIONS AGAINST USE OF CERTAIN WORDS 125
D. OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION 126
E. EFFECT OF REGISTRATION, INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES 126
F. DEFENCES: ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING AN INFRINGEMENT 127
G. REMOVAL OF A TRADEMARK 127
H. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF TRADEMARKS 128
I. TRADEMARK REFORM 128
§4. OTHER ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION:
COMMON LAW AND TRADE PRACTICES LEGISLATION REMEDIES 129
I. INTRODUCTION 129
II. BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 129
M. THE TORT OF PASSING OFF 131
IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 131
V. CRIMINAL LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 132
CHAPTER 6. BANKRUPTCY AND RELATED INSTITUTIONS 133
§1. BANKRUPTCY 133
I. INTRODUCTION 133
II. ADMINISTRATION AND COURTS 134
III. BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS 134
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A. DEBTOR S PETITION
135
B. CREDITOR S PETITION
135
C. ACT OF BANKRUPTCY 135
D. POSITION OF SECURED CREDITORS 136
IV. EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY
13
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A. EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY ON THE DEBTOR 137
B. EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY ON CREDITORS 137
C. EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY ON THE DEBTOR S PROPERTY 138
V. PROPERTY RECOVERABLE PURSUANT TO THE LAW GOVERNING
ANTECEDENT TRANSACTIONS 139
A. PROVISIONS PROTECTING THIRD PARTIES 139
1. GOOD FAITH 139
2. ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS 140
3. WITHOUT NEGLIGENCE 140
B. SECTION 122: AVOIDANCE OF PREFERENCES 141
1. TYPE OF PAYMENT 141
2. IN FAVOUR OF A CREDITOR 141
3. EFFECT OF TRANSACTION 141
4. WITHIN SIX MONTHS 141
5. INSOLVENCY 141
6. DEFENCES 142
C. SECTION 121. TRANSFERS TO DEFEAT CREDITORS 142
D. SECTION 120. UNDERVALUED TRANSACTIONS 143
E. SECTION 12B-128C. RECOVERY OF SUPERANNUATION 143
F. RECOVERY OF MONEY OR PROPERTY TRANSFERRED PURSUANT TO A
VOIDABLE TRANSACTION 143
VI. REALIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTATE 144
VII. TERMINATION OF BANKRUPTCY 144
§2. RELATED INSTITUTIONS 144
I. PART IX ARRANGEMENTS 144
II. PART X ARRANGEMENTS 145
§3. AUSTRALIAN BANKRUPTCY LAW IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 145
CHAPTER 7. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 146
§1. CHEQUES 146
I. INTRODUCTION 146
II. DEFINITIONS 146
A. DRAWER, DRAWEE, PAYEE, HOLDER, COLLECTING INSTITUTION,
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT 146
B. DEFINITION OF A CHEQUE 147
1. REQUIREMENT THAT A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION PAY ON DEMAND 147
2. A SUM CERTAIN IN MONEY 148
3. SIGNATURES REQUIRED ON CHEQUES 148
4. SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH SIGNATURES 148
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III. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION CHEQUES AND DRAFTS 149
IV. CONCEPT OF NEGOTIABILITY 151
V. CLASSIFICATION OF CHEQUES 151
A. INTRODUCTION 151
B. ORDER CHEQUES 151
C. BEARER CHEQUES 153
VI. LIABILITY OF PARTIES AND HOLDERS 154
A. IMPORTANCE OF DELIVERY 154
B. LIABILITY OF DRAWER 155
C. LIABILITY OF INDORSER 156
1. IN GENERAL 156
2. ESTOPPELS AGAINST INDORSER 156
3. LACK OF CAPACITY OF DRAWER OR INDORSER 156
D. LIABILITY OF TRANSFEROR BY DELIVERY 157
E. HOLDERS AND HOLDERS IN DUE COURSE 157
1. HOLDERS 157
2. POSSESSOR 157
3. HOLDER FOR VALUE 158
4. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE 158
5. PERSON TAKING FROM A HOLDER IN DUE COURSE 159
VII. CROSSINGS 159
A. OPEN CHEQUE: PURPOSE OF CROSSINGS 159
B. GENERAL OR BLANK CROSSING 160
C. NOT NEGOTIABLE CROSSING 160
D. ACCOUNT PAYEE AND OTHER SPECIAL CROSSINGS 160
E. MULTIPLE CROSSINGS 161
VIII. DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF THE DRAWEE INSTITUTION 161
A. INTRODUCTION 161
B. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION-CUSTOMER CONTRACT 161
C. THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION MUST OBSERVE THE MANDATE OF ITS
CUSTOMER 162
D. PRESENTMENT OR DISHONOUR WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME 162
E. CHEQUE AS CONDITIONAL PAYMENT 162
F. STALE CHEQUES 162
G. COUNTERMAND OF PAYMENT 163
H. ESTOPPEL OF CUSTOMER 163
I. STATUTORY DEFENCES 164
1. SECTION 91 164
2. PAYMENT OF CROSSED CHEQUES: SECTION 92 164
3. PAYMENT CONTRARY TO THE CROSSING: SECTION 93 164
4. FAULTY INDORSEMENTS: SECTION 94 164
5. GOOD FAITH AND WITHOUT NEGLIGENCE 165
J. NOTICE OF DRAWER S MENTAL INCAPACITY OR DEATH 166
K. BANKRUPTCY OR WINDING UP 166
IX. DUTIES AND DEFENCES OF THE COLLECTING FINANCIAL INSTITUTION 167
A. IN GENERAL 167
B. STATUTORY PROTECTION 167
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C. NEGLIGENCE OF THE COLLECTING FINANCIAL INSTITUTION 167
D. AGENTS FOR COLLECTION 168
E. COLLECTING INSTITUTION AS A HOLDER IN DUE COURSE 168
X. CHEQUES WHICH ARE LOST OR PAID OUT BY MISTAKE 169
A. LOST CHEQUES 169
B. MISTAKE
169
XL DISCHARGE OF LIABILITIES 169
A. IN GENERAL
169
B. PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE BY THE DRAWEE FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION 170
C. HOLDER S RENUNCIATION OF RIGHTS 170
D. CANCELLATION 170
E. ALTERATIONS 170
F. FORGERY 171
G. CONTRACTING OUT OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE CHEQUES ACT 172
1. PROVISIONS WHICH MAY BE EXCLUDED 172
2. EXCLUSIONS WHICH ARE NOT ALLOWED 173
§2. BILLS OF EXCHANGE 173
I. INTRODUCTION 173
A. BILL OF EXCHANGE DISTINGUISHED FROM A CHEQUE AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS 174
B. ADVANTAGES OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE 175
C. SOURCE OF LAW 175
D. TYPES OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE 176
II. HOW BILLS OF EXCHANGE WORK 177
A. EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE TRADE BILL 177
B. PARTIES TO A BILL OF EXCHANGE 177
C. HOLDERS FOR VALUE 178
D. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE 178
III. DEFINITION AND REQUIREMENTS OF A BILL OF EXCHANGE 178
A. IN GENERAL 178
B. PROBLEMS WITH SIGNATURES 179
C. FORGED SIGNATURES 179
D. PAYABLE ON DEMAND OR AT A FIXED OR DETERMINABLE FUTURE
TIME 179
E. A SUM CERTAIN IN MONEY 180
F. TO THE ORDER OF A SPECIFIED PERSON OR BEARER 181
IV. NEGOTIATION 181
A. CONCEPT OF NEGOTIABILITY 181
B. ORDER BILLS 182
1. INDORSEMENT OF ORDER BILLS 182
2. ORDER BILL TRANSFERRED WITHOUT INDORSEMENT I
82
3. FORMS OF INDORSEMENT 183
C. BEARER BILLS 184
D. DURATION OF NEGOTIABILITY 184
E. NEGOTIATION OF AN OVERDUE BILL 184
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F. FORGED INDORSEMENT 184
V. LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES TO A BILL OF EXCHANGE 185
A. IN GENERAL 185
B. LIABILITY OF ACCEPTOR 185
C. LIABILITY OF DRAWER 186
D. LIABILITY OF INDORSER 186
E. TRANSFEROR BY DELIVERY 187
F. ACCOMMODATION PARTY 187
G. REFEREE IN CASE OF NEED 188
H. BACKERS OF A BILL 188
I. HOLDER 188
J. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE 189
VI. ACCEPTANCE 190
A. IN GENERAL 190
B. TYPES OF ACCEPTANCES 190
C. EXAMPLES OF QUALIFIED ACCEPTANCES 191
D. PRESENTATION FOR ACCEPTANCE 191
E. RULES REGARDING PRESENTATION FOR ACCEPTANCE 191
F. WHEN DISHONOUR OCCURS 192
VII. PAYMENT 193
A. IN GENERAL 193
B. PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT 193
C. EXCUSES FOR DELAY OR NON-PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT 194
D. PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT DISPENSED WITH 194
E. TIME FOR PAYMENT 194
VIII. DISHONOUR 195
A. IN GENERAL 195
B. FORM OF THE DISHONOUR 195
C. NOTING AND PROTESTING 196
D. PAYMENT BY BILL AS CONDITIONAL 197
E. SUING ON A BILL OF EXCHANGE 197
F. DAMAGES 197
IX. DISCHARGE 198
A. IN GENERAL 198
B. DISCHARGE BY PAYMENT 198
C. ACCEPTOR BECOMING A HOLDER 199
D. WAIVER OR RENUNCIATION 199
E. CANCELLATION 199
F. MATERIAL ALTERATION 199
G. LOST BILLS 200
X. CONFLICT OF LAWS 200
§3. PROMISSORY NOTES 201
I. DEFINITION 201
II. PROMISSORY NOTE DISTINGUISHED FROM A BILL OF EXCHANGE,
SOURCE OF LAW 201
III. EXAMPLE OF A PROMISSORY NOTE 202
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IV. TYPES OF NOTES
202
V. LIABILITY OF THE MAKER, JOINT, OR JOINT AND SEVERAL NOTES 202
CHAPTER 8. STOCK AND COMMODITY EXCHANGES 203
§1. GENERAL
203
I. SECURITIES MARKET: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 203
II. TYPES OF LISTED SECURITIES 204
A. SECURITIES 204
B. LISTED COMPANIES 204
§2. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THEIR REGULATIONS 204
I. FINANCIAL MARKETS 204
II. LISTING RULES 205
III. ENFORCEABILITY OF RULES OF THE EXCHANGE 205
§3. GENERAL LAW APPLICABLE TO STOCK EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS 206
I. THE BROKER/CLIENT RELATIONSHIP 206
IL SECURITIES TRADING 206
§4. MARKETABLE SECURITIES LEGISLATION 207
I. LICENCES 207
II. MAINTENANCE OF LICENCES 207
§5. CONDUCT IN RELATION TO SECURITIES 207
I. LIABILITY 207
II. INSIDER TRADING 208
§6. AUSTRALIAN STOCK AND COMMODITY EXCHANGES IN A GLOBAL
CONTEXT 208
CHAPTER 9. COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 210
§1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT LAW 210
I. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT 210
IL SOURCES OF CONTRACT LAW 210
III. PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACTUAL FORMATION 210
A. AGREEMENT: OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 210
B. CONSIDERATION 212
C. INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 214
D. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 214
E. CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY 215
IV. SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 215
A. PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION 215
B. PRIVITY: THE AMBIT OF THE CONTRACT 216
V TERMS OF THE CONTRACT 217
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A. CONTRACTUAL REPRESENTATIONS AND TERMS 217
B. INCORPORATION OF CONTRACTUAL TERMS 217
C. CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTUAL TERMS 218
D. IMPLIED TERMS 218
E. UNCERTAIN TERMS 219
F. EXCLUSION CLAUSES 219
VI. VITIATION OF CONTRACT: MATTERS AFFECTING CONTRACTUAL ASSENT 220
A. MISTAKE 220
1. AT COMMON LAW 220
2. IN EQUITY 221
B. MISREPRESENTATION 221
C. INEQUALITY BETWEEN THE PARTIES 223
1. GENERAL 223
2. DURESS 224
3. UNDUE INFLUENCE 224
4. UNCONSCIONABILITY: CASE LAW 225
5. UNCONSCIONABILITY: AUSTRALIAN CONSUMER LAW PROVISIONS 225
6. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS 226
VII. ILLEGALITY 226
A. ILLEGAL AS FORMED AND ILLEGAL IN EFFECT 226
B. ILLEGALITY AT COMMON LAW 227
C. STATUTORY ILLEGALITY 227
D. EFFECT OF ILLEGALITY 228
VIN. TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT 228
A. IN GENERAL 228
B. RESCISSION 228
C. PERFORMANCE 229
D. TERMINATION BY AGREEMENT 229
E. FRUSTRATION 230
F. TERMINATION OF INDEFINITE AGREEMENT 231
IX. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 231
A. ANTICIPATORY BREACH/REPUDIATION 231
B. ELECTION 231
C. DAMAGES 232
1. IN GENERAL 232
2. CAUSATION 232
3. TYPES OF LOSS RECOVERABLE 233
D. EQUITABLE REMEDIES 233
1. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 233
2. INJUNCTION 234
3. EQUITABLE DAMAGES 234
4. OTHER EQUITABLE REMEDIES 234
E. NON-CONTRACTUAL REMEDIES 234
§2. ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING 235
I. BACKGROUND TO THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT 235
A. GENERAL ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING ISSUES 238
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II. E-COMMERCE: INFRASTRUCTURE 240
A. INFRASTRUCTURE 240
B. CONSUMER ISSUES 242
III. E-COMMERCE AND ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING 245
A. DEFINITION 245
B. NATURE OF THE PROBLEMS 246
IV. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACT FORMATION 249
A. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 250
B. CONSIDERATION 252
C. INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 253
D. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS: NOTICE 253
E. CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY: MINORS 253
V. SCOPE OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS AND ELECTRONIC CONTRACT
INTERPRETATION 254
A. CONTRACT INTERPRETATION: CERTAINTY 254
B. JURISDICTION 255
VI. ELECTRONIC CONTRACT FORMALITIES 256
A. IN GENERAL 256
B. THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS: SIGNATURES AND WRITINGS 257
C. ENCRYPTION AND DIGITAL SIGNATURES 258
VII. AGENCY AS IT RELATES TO ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING 259
A. AGENCY AS IT RELATES TO ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 259
B. ELECTRONIC AUCTIONS - EBAY 260
C. TRADING PARTNER AGREEMENTS 261
D. ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER 261
E. DEBIT CARDS, CHARGE CARDS AND CREDIT CARDS 262
VIII. TERMS OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 263
A. EXPRESS TERMS 263
B. IMPLIED TERMS 264
C. REMOTE TERMS 265
D. MANDATORY AND PROHIBITORY TERMS 266
IX. TERMINATION OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 266
X. WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS 267
XL E-COMMERCE LAWS: AUSTRALIA 267
XII. AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES 269
§3. SALE OF GOODS 271
I. THE SALE OF GOODS ACTS 271
A. STATE SALE OF GOODS LEGISLATION 271
B. DEFINITION OF GOODS UNDER SALE OF GOODS LEGISLATION 271
C. EXISTING GOODS VERSUS AFTER-ACQUIRED GOODS 271
D. TRANSFER OF TITLE IN GOODS 272
E. RISK OF LOSS 272
F. TRANSFER OF TITLE BY A NON-OWNER 273
1. ESTOPPEL 273
2. AGENCY 273
3. SALE UNDER A POWER OF SALE OR PURSUANT TO A COURT ORDER 273
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4. UNAUTHORIZED SALE BY MERCANTILE AGENT OR FACTOR 273
5. SALE BY PERSON WITH VOIDABLE TITLE IN THE GOODS 274
6. SELLER OR BUYER RETAINS POSSESSION OF THE GOODS AFTER
CONTRACT OF SALE 274
7. SALE OF GOODS IN OVERT MARKET 274
G. FORMALITIES 274
H. TERMS IMPLIED INTO CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF GOODS 274
1. IN GENERAL 274
2. IMPLIED UNDERTAKINGS AS TO TITLE 275
3. SALE BY DESCRIPTION 275
4. FITNESS OF PURPOSE AND MERCHANTABLE QUALITY 276
5. FITNESS OF GOODS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 276
6. MERCHANTABLE QUALITY 276
7. SALE BY SAMPLE 276
II. PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS UNDER THE SALE OF GOODS ACTS TIL
A. DUTIES OF SELLER AND BUYER UNDER THE CONTRACT 277
B. RULES AS TO DELIVERY OF GOODS 277
C. ACCEPTANCE OF THE GOODS 277
III. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT UNDER THE SALE OF GOODS
LEGISLATION 278
A. RIGHTS OF THE UNPAID SELLER 278
1. LIEN OVER THE GOODS 278
2. STOPPING GOODS IN TRANSITU 278
3. RIGHT OF RESALE 278
4. ACTION IN DEBT FOR THE PRICE OF GOODS 279
5. ACTION IN DAMAGES FOR NON-ACCEPTANCE 279
B. REMEDIES OF THE BUYER 279
IV. FAIR TRADING ACTS, THE SALE OF GOODS ACTS AND THE COMPETITION
AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 (CCA) 280
A. DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGIN OF A DOCTRINE OF UNCONSCIONABILITY 281
B. SCOPE OF UNCONSCIONABILITY 281
C. BROAD VERSUS SPECIFIC REGULATION 282
V. INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 282
§4. COMMERCIAL SERVICES 283
I. CONTRACTS OF DISTRIBUTION 283
A. IN GENERAL 283
B. THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE AT COMMON LAW 284
1. NATURE OF THE DOCTRINE 284
2. EXTENT OF RESTRICTION 285
C. THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE ACT 1976 (NSW) 285
D. PART IV OF THE COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 (CTH) 286
1. IN GENERAL 286
2. CONTRACTS RESTRICTING DEALINGS OR LESSENING COMPETITION 286
3. EXCLUSIVE DEALING 286
4. RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 287
E. FRANCHISING 288
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II. CONTRACTS WITH MIDDLEMEN (COMMERCIAL AGENCY, COMMISSION,
BROKERAGE) 288
A. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AGENCY LAW 288
1. NATURE OF THE AGENCY RELATIONSHIP 288
2. AGENCY DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER RELATIONSHIPS 289
3. MEANS OF CREATING AGENCY RELATIONSHIPS 290
4. SCOPE OF THE AGENCY RELATIONSHIP 290
5. DUTIES OF THE AGENT 292
6. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF THE AGENT 293
7. TERMINATION OF THE AGENCY 294
B. PARTICULAR KINDS OF AGENCY RELATIONSHIP 294
1. FACTORS OR MERCANTILE AGENTS 294
2. BROKERS 295
3. DEL CREDERE AGENTS 295
4. AUCTIONEERS 296
5. BANKERS 296
6. SUB-AGENTS 296
7. CONFIRMING HOUSES 297
8. EXCLUSIVE AGENTS 297
III. INSURANCE 297
A. NATURE OF INSURANCE 298
B. INDEMNITY 298
C. INSURABLE INTEREST 298
D. FORMATION OF CONTRACT OF INSURANCE 298
1. THE PROPOSAL 298
2. THE COVER NOTE 299
3. THE POLICY 299
E. CONSTRUCTION OF INSURANCE CONTRACTS 299
F. PRIVITY AND INSURANCE CONTRACTS 300
G. DUTY OF DISCLOSURE 300
1. AT COMMON LAW 300
2. UNDER THE INSURANCE CONTRACTS ACT 1984 (CTH): IN
GENERAL 300
3. INSURED S DUTY OF DISCLOSURE 301
4. INSURER S DUTY TO INFORM 301
H. MISREPRESENTATION 301
1. AT COMMON LAW 301
2. BASIS OF CONTRACT CLAUSES 301
3. INSURANCE CONTRACTS ACT 1984 (CTH) 302
I. STATUTORY REMEDIES FOR MISREPRESENTATION AND FAILURE TO
DISCLOSE 302
J. INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
PROCEDURES 303
1. INSURANCE CODES OF PRACTICE 303
K. THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTION AND CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP 303
IV. CODE OF BANKING PRACTICE 304
A. NON-BANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 305
20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER SYSTEMS (EFTS) 305
1. CREDIT AND BANK CARDS 305
2. DEBIT CARDS 305
3. EFT S CODE OF CONDUCT 305
4. UNSOLICITED CARDS 306
C. OTHER ELECTRONIC FINANCIAL SERVICES 306
V. CARRIAGE BY LAND, SEA AND AIR 306
A. IN GENERAL 306
B. LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF COMMON CARRIERS 307
C. PRIVATE CARRIERS 308
D. FEDERAL REGULATION 308
E. CARRIAGE BY RAILWAY 309
F. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA 309
1. CONTRACTS OF AFFREIGHTMENT 309
2. LIABILITY OF CARRIERS 309
G. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR 310
1. IN GENERAL 310
VI. AUSTRALIAN COMMERCIAL SERVICES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 311
CHAPTER 10. COMMERCIAL SECURITIES 312
§1. DEFINITION OF SECURITY 312
§2. CREATION OF SECURITY INTERESTS 312
I. THE LEGAL MORTGAGE: REAL PROPERTY 312
II. THE EQUITABLE MORTGAGE: REAL PROPERTY 313
III. THE NATIONAL CONSUMER CREDIT PROTECTION ACT 2009 (CTH)
(NATIONAL CREDIT CODE) AND THE PERSONAL PROPERTY SECURITIES
ACT 2009 (CTH) 313
IV. COMPANY CHARGES 314
V. POSSESSORY SECURITY INTERESTS 315
A. PLEDGE 315
B. PAWN 316
C. LIEN 316
1. GENERAL POSSESSORY LIENS 316
2. PARTICULAR POSSESSORY LIENS 316
3. EQUITABLE NON-POSSESSORY LIEN 317
4. STATUTORY LIENS 317
5. EXTINCTION OF LIEN 317
VI. GUARANTEES 317
A. DEFINITION 317
B. FORMALITIES 318
C. RIGHTS AND DUTIES 319
VII. NEGATIVE PLEDGE 320
VIII. HIRE PURCHASE 321
IX. BILLS OF SALE 321
21
TABLE OF CONTENTS
X. SECURITY INTERESTS AND THIRD PARTIES 322
A. VALIDITY OF SECURITY INTERESTS AGAINST THIRD PARTIES 322
PART II. ECONOMIC LAW
323
CHAPTER 1. STATE INTERVENTION IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 323
§1. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 323
§2. GOVERNMENT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY 324
§3. THE BANKING AND FINANCE SECTOR 324
§4. FOREIGN INVESTMENT 325
§5. MEDIA
326
§6. FOREIGN TRADE
326
§7. REGULATION OF BUSINESS 326
I. REGISTRATION 326
II. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 327
III. LABOUR REGULATION 327
IV. COMPETITION AND CONSUMER REGULATION 327
§8. TRENDS IN REFORMING THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 327
I. IN GENERAL 327
II. PRIVATIZATION OF GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 328
§9. AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC LAW IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 328
CHAPTER 2. LAW OF ESTABLISHMENT AND SUPERVISION OF
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES 329
§1. PROFESSIONAL AND TRADE REGULATION 329
§2. STATE REGULATION OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY 329
I. IN GENERAL 329
II. AUTHORIZATION TO CARRY ON INSURANCE BUSINESS 329
III. ONGOING PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS 329
A. LIFE INSURANCE BUSINESSES 329
B. GENERAL INSURANCE BUSINESSES 330
C. SUPERVISION BY THE AUSTRALIAN PRUDENTIAL REGULATION
AUTHORITY 330
D. HEALTH INSURANCE 330
E. STATE INSURANCE 330
22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§3. GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE BANKING SECTOR 331
I. IN GENERAL 331
II. THE RESERVE BANK 331
III. PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION UNDER THE BANKING ACT 1959 331
IV. FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEALINGS 331
§4. AUSTRALIAN ESTABLISHMENT AND SUPERVISION OF COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 332
CHAPTER 3. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA AND STATE INCENTIVES
FOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 333
§1. INTRODUCTION 333
§2. GENERAL INVESTMENT INCENTIVES 333
§3. TRADE DEVELOPMENT ZONE 333
§4. EXPORT FINANCE 334
§5. EXPORT INSURANCE 334
§6. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 334
§7. TARIFFS 335
§8. INCENTIVES PROVIDED AS PART OF DECENTRALIZATION
PROGRAMMES 336
§9. TAXATION INCENTIVES 336
I. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE 336
II. POOLED DEVELOPMENT FUNDS (PDFS) 336
III. OFFSHORE BANKING UNITS 337
IV. TAXATION INCENTIVES APPLICABLE TO SPECIFIC SECTORS 337
V. IMPORT DUTY EXEMPTIONS 337
CHAPTER 4. THE LAW OF COMPETITION 338
§1. COMPETITION OR ANTITRUST LAW 338
I. RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES 338
A. INTRODUCTION 338
B. SOURCES OF COMPETITION LAW 338
C. SCOPE OF THE CCA: EXEMPTIONS FROM COMPETITION LAW 339
D. NATIONAL COMPETITION COUNCIL 339
E. AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COMMISSION 340
F. AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION TRIBUNAL 340
23
TABLE OF CONTENTS
G. JURISDICTION OVER COMPETITION LAW MATTERS 341
H. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING OF THE COMPETITION AND CONSUMER
ACT 2010 341
1. IN GENERAL 341
2. DEFINITION OF MARKET 341
3. COMPETITION 342
II. CONDUCT REGULATED BY PART IV OF THE COMPETITION AND
CONSUMER ACT 2010 343
III. MONOPOLIES AND ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION: SECTION 46:
MISUSE OF MARKET POWER 343
A. PROSCRIBED CONDUCT UNDER SECTION 46 343
B. SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE OF MARKET POWER 344
C. TAKE ADVANTAGE 345
D. MISUSE OF MARKET POWER IN THE TRANS-TASMAN MARKET 345
IV. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 345
§2. LAW OF UNFAIR COMPETITION AND TRADE PRACTICES 347
I. SECTION 45: CONTRACTS, AGREEMENTS OR UNDERSTANDINGS
REGARDING DEALINGS OR AFFECTING COMPETITION 347
II. SECTION 47: EXCLUSIVE DEALING 349
III. SECTION 48: RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE 350
§3. AUTHORIZATIONS AND NOTIFICATIONS 350
I. AUTHORIZATIONS 350
II. NOTIFICATIONS 351
§4. ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES 352
§5. ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL FACILITIES 353
§6. PRINCIPLE OF COMPETITIVE NEUTRALITY 353
§7. AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION LAW IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 354
CHAPTER 5. STATE REGULATION OF THE CONDITIONS OF
COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 355
§1. PRICE AND SUPPLY REGULATION 355
I. PRICE REGULATION 355
A. IN GENERAL 355
B. PRICES SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY 1983-1996 355
C. AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COUNCIL TAKES OVER
FOR THE PSA 356
II. COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 (CTH) (CCA) AND PRICE
REGULATION 356
24
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§2. CONSUMER LAW 357
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 357
II. REPRESENTATION OF CONSUMER INTEREST AND CONSUMER
INFORMATION 357
III. SAFETY OF GOODS AND SERVICES 358
A. PRODUCT SAFETY STANDARDS AND PRODUCT INFORMATION 358
B. PRODUCT/MANUFACTURER S LIABILITY UNDER THE COMPETITION
AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 359
C. THE COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 - CONSUMER
GUARANTEES 360
D. GENERAL CONTRACTUAL REMEDIES 362
E. TORTIOUS REMEDIES 362
F. ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES UNDER THE AUSTRALIAN
CONSUMER LAW 362
G. OTHER CONSUMER PROVISIONS OF THE CCA 363
IV. SALES PROMOTION AND COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 364
A. ACL, SECTION 18 364
B. ACL, SECTIONS 29-50 364
C. UNCONSCIONABILITY UNDER THE COMPETITION AND CONSUMER
ACT 2010 365
D. EXCLUSION CLAUSES 366
E. UNFAIR CONTRACTS 367
V. CONSUMER CREDIT 367
A. NATIONAL CREDIT CODE 367
B. APPLICATION OF THE NCC 368
C. FORMALITIES OF CREDIT DOCUMENT 369
1. WRITING 369
2. PRE-CONTRACTUAL DISCLOSURE AND RELIEF FROM HARSH
AND UNCONSCIONABLE CONTRACTS 369
3. RESPONSIBLE LENDING 369
D. VARIATION OF OBLIGATIONS 369
E. ENDING AND ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS 370
VI. CONSUMER REDRESS 370
VII. MISCELLANEOUS 371
A. ENVIRONMENTAL RULES AFFECTING ECONOMIC OUTPUT 371
B. CONSUMERS AND PRIVACY 371
1. INTRODUCTION 371
2. THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND INFORMATION PRIVACY 372
§3. AUSTRALIAN STATE REGULATION OF THE CONDITIONS OF
COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 372
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 373
INDEX 377
25
|
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| spelling | Clark, Edward Eugene Verfasser aut Commercial and economic law in Australia Eugene Clark, Lynden Griggs, George Cho, Arthur Hoyle, John McLaren Second edition Den Haag Wolters Kluwer Law & Business [2015] © 2015 382 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Griggs, Lynden (DE-588)1084342391 aut Cho, George aut Hoyle, Arthur R. aut McLaren, John (DE-588)1057880175 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028155439&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Clark, Edward Eugene Griggs, Lynden Cho, George Hoyle, Arthur R. McLaren, John Commercial and economic law in Australia |
| title | Commercial and economic law in Australia |
| title_auth | Commercial and economic law in Australia |
| title_exact_search | Commercial and economic law in Australia |
| title_full | Commercial and economic law in Australia Eugene Clark, Lynden Griggs, George Cho, Arthur Hoyle, John McLaren |
| title_fullStr | Commercial and economic law in Australia Eugene Clark, Lynden Griggs, George Cho, Arthur Hoyle, John McLaren |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commercial and economic law in Australia Eugene Clark, Lynden Griggs, George Cho, Arthur Hoyle, John McLaren |
| title_short | Commercial and economic law in Australia |
| title_sort | commercial and economic law in australia |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028155439&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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