Praemiando incitat: Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
2015
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | NT: Order Świętego Stanisława. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Order of Saint Stanislaus, the Bishop and Martyr. - Wystawa |
| Beschreibung: | 375 Seiten 26 cm Aneks do katalogu wystwy |
| ISBN: | 9788370222161 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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THE ORDER OF SAINT STANISLAUS
THE BISHOP AND MARTYR.
Summary
The Order of Saint Stanislaus the Bishop and Martyr was established by King Stanislaus Augustus on
7 May 1765. As the only order of the former Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, it was created
under an order law, or a royal diploma issued on this date (preserved in the holdings of the Czartoryski
Library in Krakow). This gave rise to the order system of the former Republic of Poland. Ever since, it
included the older Order of the White Eagle, whose name referred to the coat of arms of Poland, and
the younger and lower-ranking Order of Saint Stanislaus. The second position of the order did not
change upon the introduction by Stanislaus Augustus in 1792 during the war with Russia of the Mili-
tary Order, known today as the Virtuti Militari Order, and its variation for distinguished citizens (Vir-
tuţi Civili), which did not survive. The system of honours consisting of three orders - of the White
Eagle, of Saint Stanislaus and the Military one, survived until the end of the Republic.
The king toyed with the idea of establishing the order right from the start of his reign, as witnessed
by the issuance of the order law less than six months after his coronation. The king had earlier com-
missioned three Warsaw-based jewellers with the manufacture of the order’s insignia. As early as on
the second day after establishing the order, the king carried out the first investiture, or a knighting
ceremony.
Stanislaus Augustus, thanks to his earlier journeys and diplomatic service, knew international rela-
tions and the relevant customs. Awarding orders was one of the major prerogatives meant to further
the objectives of his reign. The entire system of power was based on the distribution of offices, reve-
nue-yielding royal estates and orders, which were solely prestigious distinctions. By introducing his
order, Stanislaus Augustus achieved two objectives: on the one hand, he made a name for himself as
the founder of a new distinction of the Republic, and on the other hand he acquired a two-fold
possibility of honouring someone’s achievements. The former goal stems from the name of the order,
369
referring to the monarch’s patron saint, St. Stanislaus, at the same time the main patron saint of the
Kingdom of Poland. The other goal is encapsulated in the succinct legend in Latin Praemiando incitat;
devised by the monarch himself, it refers to ‘incentivising by honouring’. Awarding the Order of Saint
Stanislaus, the king encourages further public service, which could be crowned with the highest dis-
tinction, i.e. the Order of the White Eagle.
The first provision of the order law defines at length the appearance of the order insignia. An
eight'pointed, red-enamelled cross was suspended on a red ribbon of silk moire, with white edges. It
had white Eagles between the arms, the figure of Saint Stanislaus in the centre, and the monogram of
the Order’s founder on the reverse. The sash was to be worn across the right arm to the left side.
The sash had the colours of the coat of arms of Poland: the white of the Eagle and the red of the
shield. The way of wearing the sash corresponded to the custom applied in the majority of orders
worldwide. The idea was that it resembled a belt holding a knight’s sword, whose hilt, because of the
transverse hand-guard, had the symbolic shape of the cross. The sword, similarly to the cross, offered
protection. The symbolism was reflected in the sashes, which were originally chivalric awards and then
distinctions of commanding officers.
The above provision determined the wearing of the sash by a knight who did not have any other
order. It changed once someone was appointed the knight of the Order of the White Eagle. Then
priority was given to the more important sash, worn the opposite way, down the left arm to the right
side. Then the sash of the Order of Saint Stanislaus was narrower and worn around the neck, with the
order’s cross in the middle of the chest. The sash finished with a knot, as on the hip, or circular. In
later years the cross was hung directly on the sash inserted in a flattened ring. Being the commander
of both Polish orders, Stanislaus Augustus nearly always displayed the insignia of the higher one, i.e.
the Order of the White Eagle. He did not wear the cross of Saint Stanislaus around the neck, and
since his coronation he consistently wore in this way the Prussian Black Eagle. Following the monarch,
other Polish knights also wore foreign orders in this way.
The sash was worn differently by clergymen. As in the case of the Order of the Holy Spirit, they
wore it wide around the neck, with a cross hung directly, without a knot. Bishops wore on the sash,
on a shorter chain, their pectoral cross, which hung above the order’s cross. Having received the
Order of the White Eagle, they wore its blue ribbon, also without a knot, on the earlier red ribbon
of Saint Stanislaus. They wore it almost completely covering the previous one yet making sure that
at least a small section of the red ribbon should be visible to testify to the possession of an earlier
order. The pectoral cross hung above the order cross of the White Eagle. During the reign of
Stanislaus Augustus there was hardly another way of wearing the cross, replaced by a smaller one
and pinned on a narrow ribbon into a buttonhole of an outer garment or uniform. Miniature insig-
nia in rectangular frames, known in the French language as barrette, became popular only in the early
19th c. They were often worn on ribbons in the colours of the orders and pinned in a lapel of an
article of clothing.
The Order’s cross, made of gold, had slighdy undercut arms. Its shape resembled that of the Maltese
Knights emblem. This was a knight’s distinction, corresponding with the chivalric nature of the order.
The white eagles between the arms of the cross are the armorial emblems of Poland and at the same
time birds which, as legend has it, protected the dismembered body of St. Stanislaus. Then, on the
order’s red cross, a sign of martyrdom, four Polish eagles flank the central figure depicted in episcopal
vestments, in a mitre, with a crosier, with the letters S. S. (Sanctus Stanislaus) on the sides; the figure is
painted with colour enamels on a white, impeccable shield. All of it is surrounded by a laurel wreath in
green enamel, indicative of glory, the martyr’s heavenly award. The golden arms of the reverse of the
cross are the blaze of glory symbolised by a laurel wreath in green enamel, surrounding the monogram
SAR (Stanislaus Augustus Rex), painted on an equally white shield, denoting the monarch as the or-
der’s founder. The order sash, also defined in the order law, is an image of the founder’s sole glory. The
royal monogram of SAR within the legend Praemiando incitat, in the glory of a laurel wreath, with eight
sheaves of silver rays, leaves no doubt as to who spurs by rewarding. A far greater number of surviving
stars as opposed to crosses confirms the then practice of the knights’ having them made at their own
expense in greater numbers to avoid reattaching them to different clothes.
The small balls at the end of the arms were exclusively for practical reasons; like those in French
orders, they prevented the tear of cloth. Finally, the decorations of 18th-century crosses included
small gold rosettes with tiny leaves, open-work to a lesser or greater extent, etched on either side, in
the undercut side and lower arms.
The official insignia of Polish orders of Stanislaus Augustus’ time were not decorated with dia-
monds. The knights were able to add them, however, on their own, as witnessed by numerous items,
although solely in written sources and iconography.
Stanislaus Augustus realised that the order he created must be relatively widely available so as not
to provoke arguments about incompatibility with the iconic equality of Polish noblemen. He most
likely patterned himself on the Order of the Holy Spirit, determining the number of knights to be 100.
After this number was exceeded, new nominations were possible solely after a vacancy opened up
following a knight’s death. Moreover, the rank of the general major, the first general’s rank, was adopt-
ed as requisite for awarding the order to members of the military. This was a reference to the Russian
custom, which Poniatowski knew from the time he had stayed at the tsar’s court. Still, the monarch
awarded the order generously, yielding to all kinds of pressures, especially in the last years of his reign
or even, unlawfully, after abdicating.
The order law determined a proper attire for the knights and introduced an obligation of wearing
it on the feast of St. Stanislaus, i.e. on the festival of the order and on the anniversaries of the election,
coronation and birth of Stanislaus Augustus and his successors. Non-compliance was punished with
a fine (1 red zloty for the indigent). In 1777 guidelines concerning the order attire were implemented.
A white uniform kontusz with a red župan had its (optional) equivalent of a white tailcoat with a red
vest. Both the kontusz and the tailcoat were trimmed with floral embroidery as on kontusz sashes;
371
the sashes themselves were used for the front sections of the vest and the end sections of sleeves; the
sleeves and their ends were also sometimes decorated with a floral trim of the same kind. Few knights
had the order uniform. Some soon received the higher distinction of the Order of the White Eagle,
and voivodship uniforms, better corresponding to the egalitarianism of nobility, were far more popular.
According to some noblemen, orders undermined this equality.
The king appointed his brother, Michal, the almoner, as the order’s secretary. He performed ecclesiasti-
cal functions in a congregation of the knights, handed to the king the order’s insignia prior to their award
to newly-appointed knights, and read out their obligations. He kept registers of the knights and of the
profits and expenditures related to the money donated by the knights. He was not excessively meticulous,
hence problems determining a full list of the knights. He received notices of a knight’s death and forward-
ed this information to the other knights, urging them to pray for the deceased. The deceased’s heirs were
obligated to return to the king the order insignia (cross), which they often failed to do. In 1773, on becom-
ing the Bishop of Plock, Poniatowski renounced this role and was succeeded by his secretary, Fr. Franciszek
Drewnowski. Upon the latter’s death in 1790 the king most probably did not appoint another almoner.
In Poland, where there was no separate office of a chancellor for orders or order chapters, order
diplomas were certified by secretaries of the minor and major seal of Poland and Lithuania.
Congregations of the knights abided exclusively by seniority in the order, determined by the date of
diploma issuance rather than the offices held. Stanislaus Augustus established the Order’s festival on
the memorial of St. Stanislaus, the monarch’s name-day: 8 May. The king appointed for the celebra-
tions the Holy Cross Church of the Priests-Missionaries, the second most important church in Warsaw
at the time. A few sermons delivered during the order’s festival came out in print.
The statutory obligations of the knights were ‘allegiance to the King and the Republic’, assistance
to the poor and afflicted, support for the Warsaw Hospital of the Infant Jesus by an amount of 25 red
zloty during the knighting, and annually of 4 zloty plus 1 zloty for the chancellery and the Order’s
chaplain, celebrating Holy Masses for the deceased knights. Each Polish knight was obliged to sponsor
30 Holy Masses for the defunct. The enforcement of these obligations triggered never-ending prob-
lems: Gazeta Warszawska published the names of those with overdue fees and currency offices were set
up in Gniezno, Poznan, Krakow, and Vilnius where missionaries collected the fees. Finally, the king
himself took on this role in 1787 and occasionally collected the tax levied on the knights.
The dissolution of the Polish state due to partitions by the neighbouring empires cut short the his-
tory of the Order of Saint Stanislaus. However, the tripartite system of Polish orders composed of the
Order of the White Eagle, of Saint Stanislaus and the Military Order (Virtuti Militari), was revived
twice since that time.
This occurred for the first time after the establishment in 1807 of the Duchy of Warsaw, an ersatz of
the Polish state, under the constitution granted by Napoleon on 22 July 1807. On 29 December 1807
minister of police Aleksander Potocki issued a regulation obliging all living knights of the Order of
Saint Stanislaus to pay overdue fees for the Hospital of the Infant Jesus.
372
The Duke of Warsaw Frederick August, trying to re-establish the Order’s prestige undermined by
the last years of reign of Stanislaus Augustus, announced a change of the Order’s sash on 16 February
1809; ever since it featured two white strips on the sides. Frederick August honoured only 18 people,
which was intended to raise the Order’s status. Under the stamp fee act of 24 March 1809, the knights
had to pay a fee of 500 zloty on being awarded the distinction.
The situation changed after the defeat of Napoleon, upon the establishment of the Polish Kingdom,
linked with Russia by means of a personal union. The Russian tsar, at the same time the Polish king,
could award Polish honours and distinctions. This was borne out by Art. 44 of the Constitution of the
Polish Kingdom of 27 November 1815. Three days later, on December 1, Alexander I issued a decree
on changes in the order. The biggest one was a division into four classes. The order insignia of the 1st
class were worn as before, on a wide sash across the right arm to the left side; the star was worn on the
left side of the chest. The 2nd class was worn around the neck, with the star on the left side of the
chest. The 3rd class was worn around the neck but with no star, and the 4th class at the buttonhole
of an outer garment. No one could obtain a higher class not having gotten a lower one. The division
into classes marked the onset of unification with the Russian system.
Unlike Frederick August, who cared for the prestige of Polish orders, Alexander I lavished the Order
of Saint Stanislaus rather indiscriminately. During his 10-year reign he afforded as many as 658 orders,
honouring 62 people just with the 1st class distinction. Gradually, there were more and more Russians
among the recipients; classes three and four were awarded mainly for exemplary military or civilian
service, while the higher classes were obtained by high state officials and clergymen. The list of knights
was periodically published.
A decree of 4 December 1816 determined the obligations of the knights with respect to the Hospital
of the Infant Jesus. It abolished the entrance fee for new knights, introduced an abolition of arrears in
fees and a principle that each Polish knight would have to donate money annually for the Hospital de-
pending on the Order’s class, from 4 zloty (First class) to 1 zloty (Fourth class). On 5 June 1817 the
stamp fees paid by the knights to the state budget were fixed at, respectively, 500, 300,10, and 50 zloty.
At the time of the Polish Kingdom the order insignia remained principally unchanged. The intro-
duction of classes was reflected by their different sizes. The arms of the cross on the obverse side were
filled with red transparent enamel, and in the undercut arms there was a motif of gold arches with
rays. The eagles between the arms of the cross changed their appearance; in time the cross was silver,
without enamel. The stars were usually made of silver, with gilt and enamelled elements, less often
embroidered. The insignia were made mainly in Warsaw, but also abroad (e.g. the star from the Par-
is-based workshop of the goldsmith Martin Guillaume Biennais).
Nicholas I offered distinctions equally willingly: over 6 years he awarded as many as 516 orders,
mainly to state officials and administration representatives.
On 2 September 1829, Nicholas I signed in Petersburg the Statute of the Royal Order of Saint
Stanislaus. The Statute introduced a new name of the order, confirmed its division into four classes
373
and the manner of display, the width of the ribbons and differences in the size of the insignia: the
biggest one in the First class, of identical size in the Second and Third class, and a smaller one in the
Fourth class. Moreover, broad criteria of awarding the order were adopted thanks to which it became
available for many people, not only noblemen; reception of the 1st class was equal to knighting. The
official procedure of applying to the monarch was described for the Commanderen՜Chief (for recipi-
ents from the military) and the Governor (for civilians). Knights of the First and Second class received
a patent, and those of the Third and Fourth Class an excerpt of the relevant decision. The stamp fee
remained unchanged. A new category of knights was introduced; these were commander knights in
the two upper classes and pensioned knights in the two lower classes. They received remuneration
adequate to the order. The institution of the commandery had been previously unknown in the Polish
order system. The number of commanderies in individual classes was strictly limited. The order’s fes-
tival of May 8 was reinstalled. All the changes and details, patterned on the statute of the Order of
Saint Anne, tightened the links with the Russian system, and even the restoration of the order festival
was an element of this unification. The Statute abolished the obligatory annual fee for the Hospital of
the Infant Jesus.
On 25 January 1831 the Parliament of the Polish Kingdom passed a law dethroning Nicholas I. This
concluded a time of quasi-sovereignty; the political stage did not include the person of the ruler,
whose prerogative it was to award Polish distinctions. After the defeat of the November Rising, the
autonomy of the Polish Kingdom was dismantled. Pursuant to an ukase of 17/29 November 1831,
Nicholas I introduced the Order of the White Eagle and of Saint Stanislaus into the order system of
the Russian Empire, changing their appearance. The regulations of 1831 and 1832 constituted yet
another stage of the order becoming Russified. The order was devalued and ranked eighth (last)
among Russian orders, awarded in mass numbers to tsarist civil servants. This concluded its Polish
history.
On Poland’s regaining independence in 1918, there were plans to reinstate the old Polish order,
which eventually never happened. Its trace can be found in the sash of the Order of the Rebirth of
Poland (Polonia Restituta), established in 1921 and awarded to date, a faithful reflection of the colours
of the sash of the Order of Saint Stanislaus from the 18th c.
Present-day attempts to reinstate the Order are unlawful usurpations.
Tłumaczenie: Marcin Turski
SPIS TREŚCI
SŁOWO WSTĘPNE
Andrzej Rottermund, Jan Ostrowski
PATRON
Krzysztof ]. Czyżewski, Marek Walczak
Kult świętego Stanisława w wieku XVIII w perspektywie sztuki
Katalog
POCZĄTKI ORDERU
Tadeusz Jeziorowski
Order Świętego Stanisława Biskupa i Męczennika 1765-1795
Anna Saratowicz-Dudyńska, Dariusz Nowacki
Historyk sztuki wobec źródeł do historii Orderu Świętego Stanisława
Katalog
MUNDUR ORDEROWY
Ewa Orlińska-Mianowska
Ubiór marszałka Stanisława Sołtana
Katalog
KAWALEROWIE
Katalog
ODZNAKI
Katalog
UDOSTOJNIENIE HERBU
Katalog
WIEK DZIEWIĘTNASTY
Izabela Prokopczuk-Runowska
Order Świętego Stanisława w Księstwie Warszawskim
i Królestwie Polskim. Kontynuacja i przemiany
Izabela Prokopczuk-Runowska
Chronologia oraz próba systematyki odznak i gwiazd orderowych
z okresu Księstwa Warszawskiego i Królestwa Polskiego
Katalog
Krzysztof Filipow
Zawłaszczenie Orderu Świętego Stanisława przez carów Rosji
Krzysztof Filipow
Od Praemiando Incitat do Polonia Restituta. Projekty orderów niepodległej Polski
BIBLIOGRAFIA
THE ORDER OF SAINT STANISLAUS THE BISHOP AND MARTYR. SUMMARY |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Zawadzki, Michał Nowacki, Dariusz |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | m z mz d n dn |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1223871444 |
| author_facet | Zawadzki, Michał Nowacki, Dariusz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042687541 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 359-367 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)926369858 (DE-599)BVBBV042687541 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog Zamek Królewski 06.05.-16.08.2015 15.09.-6.12.2015 Warszwia Kraków gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Ausstellungskatalog Zamek Królewski 06.05.-16.08.2015 15.09.-6.12.2015 Warszwia Kraków |
| id | DE-604.BV042687541 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:21:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1092766-9 (DE-588)5193249-0 |
| isbn | 9788370222161 |
| language | Polish English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028119269 |
| oclc_num | 926369858 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Y2 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Y2 DE-255 |
| physical | 375 Seiten 26 cm Aneks do katalogu wystwy |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 [redakcja naukowa katalogu: Michał Zawadzki, Dariusz Nowacki] Order Świętego Stanisława Kraków 2015 375 Seiten 26 cm Aneks do katalogu wystwy txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NT: Order Świętego Stanisława. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Order of Saint Stanislaus, the Bishop and Martyr. - Wystawa Bibliogr. s. 359-367 Order Św. Stanisława / historia / katalogi wystaw jhpk Ritterorden Sankt Stanislaus (DE-588)7540718-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135467-9 Ausstellungskatalog Zamek Królewski 06.05.-16.08.2015 15.09.-6.12.2015 Warszwia Kraków gnd-content Ritterorden Sankt Stanislaus (DE-588)7540718-8 b DE-604 Zawadzki, Michał edt Nowacki, Dariusz (DE-588)1223871444 edt Zamek Królewski (Warschau) Sonstige (DE-588)1092766-9 oth Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki Sonstige (DE-588)5193249-0 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028119269&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028119269&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 Bibliogr. s. 359-367 Order Św. Stanisława / historia / katalogi wystaw jhpk Ritterorden Sankt Stanislaus (DE-588)7540718-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7540718-8 (DE-588)4135467-9 |
| title | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 |
| title_alt | Order Świętego Stanisława |
| title_auth | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 |
| title_exact_search | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 |
| title_full | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 [redakcja naukowa katalogu: Michał Zawadzki, Dariusz Nowacki] |
| title_fullStr | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 [redakcja naukowa katalogu: Michał Zawadzki, Dariusz Nowacki] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Praemiando incitat Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 [redakcja naukowa katalogu: Michał Zawadzki, Dariusz Nowacki] |
| title_short | Praemiando incitat |
| title_sort | praemiando incitat order swietego stanislawa 1765 1831 w 250 rocznice powolania orderu zamek krolewski w warszawie muzeum 9 maja 16 sierpnia 2015 zamek krolewski na wawelu panstwowe zbiory sztuki 15 wrzesnia 6 grudnia 2015 |
| title_sub | Order Świętego Stanisława 1765 - 1831 : w 250. rocznicę powołania orderu ; Zamek Królewski w Warszawie - Muzeum, 9 maja - 16 sierpnia 2015 ; Zamek Królewski na Wawelu - Państwowe Zbiory Sztuki, 15 września - 6 grudnia 2015 |
| topic | Order Św. Stanisława / historia / katalogi wystaw jhpk Ritterorden Sankt Stanislaus (DE-588)7540718-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Order Św. Stanisława / historia / katalogi wystaw Ritterorden Sankt Stanislaus Ausstellungskatalog Zamek Królewski 06.05.-16.08.2015 15.09.-6.12.2015 Warszwia Kraków |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028119269&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028119269&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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