Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917): przemiany organizacyjne
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Piotrków Trybunalski
Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, Filia w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim
2015
Zelów Wydawnictwo Drukarnia Marland2 Marek Rusak |
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the rule of Nicholas II (1894 - 19187) Bibliogr. s. 276-286. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 309, [2] s. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788393868308 9788363396961 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Abstract
Russia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs
under the rule of Nicholas II (1894-1917).
Organizational transformations
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, founded in 1802, occupied a par-
ticular position in the administrative system of the Russian Empire
developed in the first half of the 19th century. A specific feature of the
ministry was that its structure was divided into two branches. The
first branch, located within the country, was represented by central
organs which comprised the entire administrative apparatus respon-
sible for preparing appropriate documents connected with the foreign
policy of the state, collecting political, economic and social infor-
mation about other states, as well as for the accreditation of represent-
atives of foreign states and contacts with other ministries. The other
branch comprised foreign diplomatic and consular agencies. These
units represented the Russian state and its citizens outside the coun-
try, attended to the political, industrial and commercial matters, en-
gaged in gathering information which enabled the central apparatus
to prepare and execute intended action.
The legal basis for the functioning of the Ministry of Foreign Af-
fairs was an act called The Organisation of Foreign Affairs introduced in
1802 and then amended in 1832, 1846, 1856 and 1868. Moreover, the
functioning of the MF A was regulated by the following acts: The Or-
ganisation of the State Council, The Organisation of the Ministries, The Or-
ganisation of the Ministers Committee, The Rules of the Civil Service.
However, the work of consular agencies was based predominantly on
the Consular Rules of 1858 (amended in 1878 and 1893). All these acts
Abstract I 305
defined the tasks, competences and structure of the Ministry, specified
the conditions of work and duties of civil servants employed in by the
department. As well as that, they defined the criteria for the documen-
tation produced, determined the relationship with the superior and
central organs of the state authority.
The specific situation of the department responsible for foreign pol-
icy in governmental structures stemmed from the fact that, like in the
case of the ministries of war and navy, it was directly subject to the em-
peror. Matters of foreign policy were beyond the competences of the
Committee of Ministers (or the Council of Ministers after 1905) and the
Senate. Such matters were beyond the control of the State Council,
which was in fact excluded from this sphere until 1906 despite the fact
that it was authorized to voice its opinions about legislative projects
concerning international affairs, including as significant motions as
proclamation of war or peace. It was not accidental that the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs was dubbed as His Imperial Majesty s Office for foreign
affairs. The attitudes demonstrated by successive rulers were consistent
with this opinion. Alexander I (1801-1825), Nicholas I (1825-1855), Al-
exander II (1855-1881) and Alexander III (1881-1894) controlled their
foreign policy singlehandedly, except for infrequent consultations of
some matters with the foreign minister. Nicholas II also tried to adopt
the strategy developed by his predecessors.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the turn of the 19th and 20th cen-
turies represented a complex mechanism, both in structural-
organisational, as well as functional terms. Established by acts issued
in the 19th century, the organisation of its structures and the scope of
duties of constituent central units of the ministry did not conform to
the practical demands imposed by the rapidly changing international
situation. As the scope of the Ministry s duties expanded, so did its
powers, which often failed to correspond to the actual tasks and mis-
sions it had to undertake. This caused the central apparatus to become
slow and mismanaged, and many activities in important areas were
unduly replicated. All these problems became evident when the Rus-
sian MF A was compared with equivalent bodies in the west of Eu-
rope. Therefore, one of the crucial tasks for the Ministry in the years
306 | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894-1917)...
1894-1917 was to improve its structure in order to meet the new chal-
lenges on the international scene.
The present work attempts to demonstrate the efforts undertaken
under the rule of tsar Nicholas II to ensure an optimal organisation of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs so as to transform it into a highly effec-
tive instrument for the realization of the goals of the Russian Empire s
foreign policy. This top-priority goal required transparent organisa-
tional and decision-making structures in the country and properly
organised foreign agencies. The author has also intended to point to
the factors which determined the adoption of particular remedies in
this area (Russian traditions, foreign models, pressure from the tsar,
successive foreign ministers and Ministry officials).
The chronological span of the problems discussed here covers the
period from 1894 to 1917, the rule of Nicholas H, the last of the Roma-
novs on the Russian throne. The period is marked by two big reforms
of the Foreign Ministry. The first one was initiated by the foreign min-
ister Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky in 1896 and completed in 1897 by
his successor Mikhail Muravyov. The reform involved exclusively the
central organs of the MFA. The other reform, initiated in 1907 by the
foreign minister Alexander Izvolsky, aimed to reorganize the central
institutions and foreign agencies. It was completed by Sergey Sazo-
nov, Izvolski s successor, who held his office from 1910 to 1916. The
only aspect of the reform which was completed in 1910 involved the
project of changes to be effected in the central institutions. Its imple-
mentation, however, was executed in 1914. The work on the reform
was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.
In order to fully discuss the above issues, the author has decided
to present the history of the transformations of the department re-
sponsible for foreign affairs starting from the year 1802, when the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs was created. It was during that period that
the foundations of the ministry s organisational structure and its posi-
tion among other central institutions of the Russian Empire were es-
tablished.
For a complete account of the above issues, it was necessary to
present the history of organisational transformations of the depart-
Abstract
307
ment responsible for foreign affairs since the formation of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs in 1802. It was at that time, when foundations of the
ministry s organisational structure and its place in the hierarchy of
other central institutions of the Russian Empire were established. It
was also the time when important legal acts regulating the principles
behind the work of the ministry and its organisation were passed by
a succession of emperors, starting from Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alex-
ander II and ending with Alexander III.
The basic source materials for this work include mostly un-
published archival resources. They come from the collection of the
Moscow Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (Архив
Внешней Политики Российской Империи). They are documents
from unit no. 159 Department of Personal and Economic Matters
(Департамент Личного Состава и Хозяйственных Дел) from the
years 1896-1917, series Activities of the MF А (Деятельность МИД),
Reorganising of central and foreign organs of the MF А (Преобра-
зование централных и заграничных установлений МИД) and
Posts in the central organs of the MF А (Штаты централных уста-
новлений МИД). These documents allowed the author to describe
organisational changes in individual units of the ministry, the related
posts and financial resources used for maintaining them. Archival
materials enabled the author to discuss the suggestions from diplo-
matic and consular representatives concerning the reform of foreign
service, sessions and composition of committees responsible for this
issue.
The work was also enriched with documents from the National
Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow (Государственный Ар-
хив Россйской Федерации), in particular from the following units:
Giers A.A. (Гире A.A.), Lamsdorff W.N. (Ламздорф В.), Minis-
try of Finance of the Provisional Government (Министерство Фи-
нансов Временного Правителства). They provided supplementary
information related to officials employed by the ministry and to its
structure.
The monograph consists of three chapters. Chapter I presents leg-
islation issued by subsequent rulers from Alexander I to Alexander
308 j Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894-1917)...
Ill, which introduced changes in the structure and functioning of the
MFA. It also enumerates subsequent foreign ministers and describes
functional principles of the ministry in the years 1802-1894.
In Chapter II, the point of departure was presenting the need for
changes in the MFA, felt by many representatives of the Russian di-
plomacy. Next, the author raised issues related to establishing differ-
ent committees responsible for introducing the reform of the ministry
and its foreign missions. Finally, these committees work related to
central organs of the ministry was discussed, which was done to pre-
pare them for challenges of the beginning of the 20th century and in-
ternational politics of that period. The chapter also presented the leg-
islative procedure related to introducing changes, which resulted the
reform project, which had been prepared in 1910, being implemented
only in 1914. Organisational changes that took place in the MFA after
the outbreak of World War I were also indicated.
Chapter III draws attention to the sense of need for organisational
changes in foreign agencies of the Russian MFA. Works of respective
committees were presented, pointing out their long duration, which
was due to sending out a special survey to diplomatic missions for
facilitating the changes. The suggestions and remarks concerning the
planned reform that were sent back by diplomatic representatives
were also discussed.
Two major and several minor reforms in the years 1894-1917 un-
doubtedly contributed to modernising the MFA structures and, as
a consequence, had an impact on its activity. It must be stated that
organisational transformations, despite extensive plans, were put into
practice only partially. Reasons for the incomplete reform may in-
clude the issue of its financing, inertia of the officials, unwillingness
from staff of the central apparatus to realise it and the ubiquitous bu-
reaucratic conservatism.
The year 1917 brought the tsarist Ministry of Foreign Affairs to an
end. It happened as a result of the February Revolution which led to
the abdication of Nicholas II. However, it did not influence, at least
initially, the organisation of its central organs and foreign agencies.
Abstract | 309
The same people continued to work there, and the foreign policy they
pursued was a continuation of the pre-revolutionary one.
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp............................................................3
Rozdział I
Rosyjskie Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych w latach 1802-1894.
Przemiany organizacyjne.........................................17
Rozdział II
Zmiany w strukturze i etatach centralnych organów
Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych za panowania Mikołaja II.......97
Rozdział III
Służby zagraniczne MSZ - prace nad reorganizacją w latach
1894-1914......................................................185
Zakończenie....................................................265
Indeks osób....................................................269
Bibliografia...................................................276
Aneks nr 1.....................................................287
Aneks nr 2................................................... 293
Abstract
Russia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the rule of
Nicholas II (1894-1917). Organizational transformations........304
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................3
Chapter I
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the years 1802-1894.
Organisational transformations....................................17
Chapter II
Changes in the structure and posts of central organs
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the rule of Nicolas II..97
Chapter III
Foreign services of the MFA - works on reorganisation
in the years 1894—1914.....................................185
Conclusion.................................................265
Name index.................................................269
Bibliography...............................................276
Appendix 1.................................................287
Appendix 2.................................................293
Abstract
Russia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the rule
of Nicholas II (1894-1917). Organizational transformations...........304
V
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
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| era | Geschichte 1894-1917 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1894-1917 |
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| id | DE-604.BV042670097 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:07:06Z |
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| isbn | 9788393868308 9788363396961 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 309, [2] s. 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
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| publisher | Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, Filia w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim Wydawnictwo Drukarnia Marland2 Marek Rusak |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Budziński, Janusz R. 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1165342715 aut Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne Janusz R. Budziński ; [recenzenci Edward Wiśniewski, Marek Dutkiewicz] Wyd. 1. Piotrków Trybunalski Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, Filia w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim 2015 Zelów Wydawnictwo Drukarnia Marland2 Marek Rusak 309, [2] s. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the rule of Nicholas II (1894 - 19187) Bibliogr. s. 276-286. Indeks Mikołaj / II / (cesarz Rosji / 1868-1918) Rosja / Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) jhpk Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) Russland Ministerstvo Inostrannych Del (DE-588)660122-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1894-1917 gnd rswk-swf Rosja / stosunki zagraniczne / 1894-1917 jhpk Rosja / polityka międzynarodowa / 19-20 w Russland Ministerstvo Inostrannych Del (DE-588)660122-4 b Geschichte 1894-1917 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028102177&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028102177&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Budziński, Janusz R. 1967- Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne Mikołaj / II / (cesarz Rosji / 1868-1918) Rosja / Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) jhpk Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) Russland Ministerstvo Inostrannych Del (DE-588)660122-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)660122-4 |
| title | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne |
| title_auth | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne |
| title_exact_search | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne |
| title_full | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne Janusz R. Budziński ; [recenzenci Edward Wiśniewski, Marek Dutkiewicz] |
| title_fullStr | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne Janusz R. Budziński ; [recenzenci Edward Wiśniewski, Marek Dutkiewicz] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) przemiany organizacyjne Janusz R. Budziński ; [recenzenci Edward Wiśniewski, Marek Dutkiewicz] |
| title_short | Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rosji w okresie panowania Mikołaja II (1894 - 1917) |
| title_sort | ministerstwo spraw zagranicznych rosji w okresie panowania mikolaja ii 1894 1917 przemiany organizacyjne |
| title_sub | przemiany organizacyjne |
| topic | Mikołaj / II / (cesarz Rosji / 1868-1918) Rosja / Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) jhpk Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) Russland Ministerstvo Inostrannych Del (DE-588)660122-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mikołaj / II / (cesarz Rosji / 1868-1918) Rosja / Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) Ministerstvo inostrannyh del (1802-1917) Russland Ministerstvo Inostrannych Del Rosja / stosunki zagraniczne / 1894-1917 Rosja / polityka międzynarodowa / 19-20 w |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028102177&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028102177&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT budzinskijanuszr ministerstwosprawzagranicznychrosjiwokresiepanowaniamikołajaii18941917przemianyorganizacyjne |