Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w.:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
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Łódź
Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Register // Personen- und Ortsregister Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 416 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm CD-R ; 12 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363760373 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Strzyż, Piotr |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. |c Piotr Strzyż ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami |
| 264 | 1 | |a Łódź |b Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN |c 2014 | |
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| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Firearms in Central Europe in the 14th - 15th c. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Firearms in Central Europe in the 14th-15th c.
The appearance and use of firearms in Central Europe triggered a number of
changes concerning not only tactics and strategy, but also architecture, logistics and
manufacture for military needs. The main aim of this study was to produce a work
on the earliest history of firearms and its transformations in the territory of Central
Europe. Separate parts of the work were devoted to problems of effectiveness of old
firearms in battlefield conditions, as well as to medieval technologies of manufacture
of gun barrels and ammunition. The chronological framework of our study was limited
to the Medieval Period. The lower chronological limit is obviously set by the earliest
mentions on the appearance of firearms in Central Europe. For the state of the Teu-
tonic Order in Prussia it is the year 1374, or perhaps even 1362. The first mention
from the Kingdom of Bohemia is dated to 1373, while data from Poland and Hungary
are a decade later. The year 1500 was adopted as an approximate upper chronologi-
cal limit. The territorial scope of the work encompasses the present-day territories of
Bohemia, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romanian Transylvania.
Transformations of hand-held firearms, not only in Central Europe in the period
from the late 14th to the beginning of the 16th c. are very poorly examined. The earliest
known specimens represent such a great variety of forms that it is enormously difficult
to undertake any attempts of their systematisation. For this period three basic types
of hand-held firearms can be isolated. These are piszczel guns, hackbuts and hand-
gonnes. In this work, the term piszczel gun is used for the prototype of all later kinds
of hand-held firearms. The piszczel gun was a short barrel, circular or polygonal in its
cross-section, with a reinforced powder chamber. On the other hand, handgonnes are
defined as weapons consisting of a longer barrel provided with a primitive Jock and
a stock. The stock is provided with a clearly marked downward-pointed butt.
The earliest piszczel guns which are known to us can be divided into large-calibre
specimens and a peculiar groups of small-calibre short barrels. The first group includes
finds from the following localities: Kutna Hora, Moravská Třebová, Ostrožska Nová
Ves, Poběžovice, Rychleby and Koszyce (cat. Nos. 15, 17, 20, 45, 47, and 125). These
specimens are extraordinarily massive. They are either cast of bronze or forged from
iron, with very short bores, their length being between from 3-4.5 (cat. Nos. 47, 12) to
9.5-10 calibres (cat. Nos. 17, 45). These guns are quite heavy (cat. No. 17 - 11.6 kg) and
their calibres are usually large, up to 4 cm (cat. No. 45). These guns were mounted on
heavy log-shaped stocks using iron bands. Less often, they were mounted on a wooden
shaft using a socket. These specimens are dated to the last decades of the 14th c. and
the first decade of the 15th c.
A peculiar assemblage of Central European piszczel guns are finds with extremely
short barrels (up to 10 cm) and small calibres. These are known from the castles of
Rokštejn and Křivoklát, as well as from Kalisz (cat. Nos. 14, 85, and 94). Their cali-
bres oscillate between 6 mm and 1.3 cm, while their weight does not exceed 0.5 kg.
Such guns were in use in the late 14th - the 2nd quarter of the 15th c. These may have
been training weapons, intended to make warriors familiar with the principles of use
of new arms.
As early as the late 14th c. a new kind of hand-held firearms went into use, namely
hackbuts. The earliest specimens are known from the armoury in Pilzno (cat. Nos.
21-23) and from the National Museum in Prague (cat. No. 53). Their characteristic
409
traits are short stout barrels with large calibres (between 2.6 and 3.5 cm) and the length
between 9 and 14 calibres. Their hooks were manufactured as separate parts and were
either mounted on the barrels or fastened directly to the stock.
The earliest piszczel guns and hackbuts demonstrate an enormous variety of forms.
Their range and effectiveness was low. The evolution of this kind of weapons in the 1st
quarter of the 15th c. consisted in extending the length of the barrel, which improved the
range and accuracy. In the case of piszczel guns, changes led to a formation of modern
forms, whose shape resembled Gothic columns. Their muzzle parts were narrower
and their chamber parts were clearly thickened. Such barrels from the 2nd-3rd quarters
of the 15th c. include finds from: the Curonian Spit, Pest, Tabor, Visegräd, Znojmo,
Żleby and the Museums in Budapest and in Lębork (cat. Nos. 48, 49, 52, 95, 95, 159,
170, and 193). In the specimens from the end of the 1st quarter and the beginning of the
2nd quarter of the 15th c. (Znojmo, Tabor) the barrels are still short (8-15.5 calibres), but
the length of the barrels from the mid-15th c. reaches 24 calibres (cat. Nos. 52, 95, 96).
In the 3rd quarter of the 15th c. it exceeds the length of 30 calibres (cat. No. 170).
Hackbuts which are datable to the 2nd-3rd quarter of the 15th c. usually have polyg-
onal cross-sections of their barrels. Specimens from: Vac, the National Museum in
Kraków, the Polish Army Museum in Warszawa, Pobezovice, Mostar and Devin are
made from bronze (cat. Nos. 46, 97, 98, 123, 158, 167). They are remarkable for their
small or medium calibres (between 1.0 and 1.9 cm). An increase in the length of the
barrel is accompanied with an increase in the weight of the weapon, which can be up
to c. 5 kg (cat. Nos. 97, 98, and 159). A characteristic trait of hackbuts from the 2nd-3rd
quarter of the 15th c. is a touch hole placed on the top of the barrel.
We can also see an increase in size in the case of hackbuts forged from iron. These
are longer and longer, and were provided with sockets to accommodate a wooden
shaft. Their plans were divided into 2 or 3 parts which were shifted in relation to one
another, thus forming an axis which was helpful in aiming. The analysed assemblage
includes as many as 26 specimens which fit into the chronological framework of
the 2nd-3rd quarter of the 15th c. (cat. Nos. 13, 16, 19, 24-29, 35, 37, 57, 126, 135-138,
142-144, 155, 160, 164, 172, 175, and 176). Only a few ones are shorter than 70 cm
(e.g., cat. Nos. 13, 24, and 57). The most common length is between c. 85 and 95 cm,
but sometimes the length of 100 cm is exceeded (cat. Nos. 16, 29, 137, and 164).
On the other hand, in relative terms these lengths are between 25 and 35 calibres. The
weight of weapons also increases and specimens exceeding 10 kg are also known.
Gathered data demonstrates that in the end of the 1st half of the 15th c. the development
of hackbuts starts to go along two ways. Some hackbuts are still personal weapons of
infantrymen, but heavier siege defense hackbuts with the calibre of about 3 cm also
came into being.
In hand-held firearms in the 2nd half of the 15th c. a shift of the touch hole to the
right side of the weapon took place. In this case, an S-shaped rod was used to ignite
the charge. This rod was called serpentine and it was attached directly to the stock.
We know 26 specimens altogether where this solution can be found (cat. Nos. 4-11,
30-34, 51, 54, 99-100, 122, 124, 127, 145, 153, 162, 163, 173-174). Barrels of such fire-
arms can be relatively light, as, e.g., in the specimens from Gajary (cat. No. 124), the
National Museum in Bratislava (cat. No. 127) and the Polish Army Museum (cat. Nos.
99, 100). Their weight is between 7 and 11 kg, their length does not exceed 90 cm and
their calibre is 2-3 cm. However, the assemblage of large-size siege defense hackbuts
410
is much more numerous. The heaviest one (cat. No. 174) weights (without its stock)
as much as 24.7 kg and is nearly 120 cm long. The increase in weight resulted not only
from the fact that barrels became longer, but also that their walls became thicker.
The next stage in the evolution of hackbuts can be seen in specimens from Pilzno
(cat. Nos. 36, 38-41) and Bitov (cat. No. 1). Their characteristic trait is the bottom part
with a rectangular tenon provided with an opening. Thanks to this, it was possible
to use a more modern stock with a primitive butt. These specimens are dated to the
3rd/4£h quarter of the 15th c. Further transformations led towards adaptation of the touch
hole to modern solutions. Three barrels from the Museum in Pilzno (cat. Nos. 42-44),
as well as specimens from Brno (cat. No. 2), Sibiu (cat. No. 139), and Šopron (cat. No.
166) have flat bottoms, and the role of the bottom tenon with an opening was taken
over by a loop near the bottom of the barrel. The touch hole is shifted to the right side.
Such weapons were in use in the 4th quarter of the 15th c. At the turn of the 15th and 16th
c. hackbuts are already equipped with touch holes on their right side. The touch holes
are provided with rectangular plates with hollows for powder. We know 5 such speci-
mens altogether (cat. Nos. 3, 12, 56, 101, 171).
One of remarkable types of hackbuts which were found in the territories related to
the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary are finds with stocks in the shape of a flat metal
sheet plait (cat. Nos. 141, 154, 156-157, 169). Barrels of such hackbuts are circular in
cross-section and they were adapted for firing projectiles of average size (2-2.5 cm).
The touch hole is accompanied with a small bowl-shaped priming pan. This type is
dated to the end of the 15tb and the 1st quarter of the 16th c.
In the late 15th c. a new type of hand-held firearms became part of infantry equip-
ment. It was the handgonne and it replaced obsolete piszczel guns. Handgonnes were
provided with stocks with well-shaped butts and they also had primitive locks. Written
and iconographic sources testify to the use of handgonnes in Central Europe since the
1490s.
Medieval Central European artillery encompassed the following types of guns:
terrace-guns, light field cannons (houfnice), veuglaires and battering cannons or bom-
bards. Terrace-guns are defined as cannons provided with small-calibre (between 4 and
10 cm) barrels, whose length was about 21-29 calibres. Such cannons were provided
with reinforced powder chambers. We know 14 such specimens from the territory of
Central Europe (cat. Nos. 58-70, 128). They are made from iron and the length of the
barrel does not exceed 140 cm. Within this assemblage, two cannons fired projectiles
with diameters of 2.8-3 cm (cat. Nos. 59, 63), while another seven launched projectiles
with diameters not exceeding 4 cm (cat. Nos. 64-70). More than a half of the barrels
are longer than 20-25 calibres, and some are even more than 30 calibres long. In earlier
specimens the barrel is basically straight and cylindrical (cat. Nos. 60, 63). Later spec-
imens (cat. Nos. 61, 62, 67, 68, 129) are provided with very thick bottom parts.
Light field cannons were characterised with narrow powder chambers and wider
chase parts. Their barrels were short; their length was between 3.5-4 to 7 calibres and
their muzzle diameters were between 10 and 23 cm. We know only 2 original spec-
imens of such guns: from Kurzętnik in Poland and from Nový Bydžov in the Czech
Republic (cat. No. 71, 102). The find from Kurzętnik was cast of copper. The length of
its barrel is 50.7 cm and its calibre is 13.5 cm. The specimen from Nový Bydžov was
forged from iron. Its total length is 53.5 cm, and its calibre is 11 cm. Barrels of light
field cannons were usually mounted on carriages.
41
An interesting type of Medieval cannons were veuglaires, which were breech-load-
ing with the use of separate powder chambers. Their advantage was a higher rate
of fire. Remains of veuglaires in the territory of Central Europe are rather frequently
found and we know 15 specimens altogether (cat. Nos. 72, 103-111, 177-181). These
can be divided into two groups. The first one includes small conical chambers used in
hand-held firearms or small-calibre light cannons (cat. Nos. 110, 111). The other group
are cylindrical or polyhedral chambers for cannons firing projectiles with diameters
between 4-6 cm (cat. Nos. 105-109) and 13 cm (cat. No. 72).
For the 14th-15th c., bombards can be defined as cannons with barrels having wider
chase parts and much narrower bottoms. The length of such barrels is 3-7 calibres.
These were assembled from iron bars or cast of bronze. In the discussed assemblage
there are only two specimens of such siege cannons, which are stored in the Army
Museum in Budapest (cat. Nos. 182, 183). Their length is 110 and 141 cm, while the
calibre is 22 and 24 cm respectively. They were made from a number of bars and rims,
analogously to such European specimens as Dulle Griet from Ghent or Mons Meg
from the castle in Edinburgh.
The issue of ammunition for hand-held firearms and artillery was discussed sep-
arately. There are 407 finds of projectiles classified as these for hand-held firearms.
These projectiles were made from various raw materials. In the assemblage there were
stone projectiles made from granite, sandstone or limestone. We know 45 such pro-
jectiles altogether, i.a., from the sites in: Puck, Wenecja near Żnin, Krosno, Nowe
Miasto nad Wartą, Muszyna, Devin near Bratislava, Rymaŕov and Vortnov. Their cal-
ibres usually exceed 2 cm, which means that they were mainly used as ammunition
for hackbuts. In the Middle Ages, lead projectiles were dominant. Out of 407 finds
included in the catalogue, as many as 158 were made from this raw material. Ball-
shaped projectiles are the most numerous in this assemblage, and their total num-
ber is 114. The greatest number of such finds is known from the castle of Lopata
in the Czech Republic. Smaller assemblages are known from: Lichnice, Kladruby,
Dolany, Wenecja, Puck and Bardo. A separate subgroup are lead bullets with iron
cores (25 specimens). The greatest number of such projectiles is known from the castle
of Sión in the Czech Republic.
A peculiar assemblage of ammunition are cylinder-shaped projectiles for hand-held
firearms. In this group there are 44 specimens altogether and it includes both finds
made from lead only, as well as those with iron cores. Another 14 finds are cylinders
forged from iron. So far, such projectiles have been found only at sites from the pres-
ent-day Czech Republic. The earliest finds (from the beginning of the 15th c.) are these
from the castle of Tepenec. Their maximum diameter is up to 3.45 cm and their weight
is up to 0.25 kg. Finds from the following localities: Rokštejn, Rýmaŕov, Dolany,
Sión, Lopata, Rabštejn and Slavkov are dated to the time of the Hussite Revolution.
Later finds (the 2nd half of the 15th c.) are projectiles from Vortnov and Msténice. From
the castles of Lacembok and Sión we know four lead cylinders with iron cores inside.
On the other hand, 14 iron specimens are known from Lopata and Mstenice. Apart
from small cylinders, with calibres of 1.2-1.5 cm and the weight of 10-13 g we also
know specimens with diameters exceeding 3 cm and the weight of more than 0.25 kg.
A numerous group are iron bullets for hand-held firearms. There are 120 such finds
altogether. These were especially popular in Slovakia and the Czech Republic and
are known from such sites as Červený Kameň, Spišský Hrad near Levoča, Visegrád,
412
Moravany nad Vâhem, Łopata, Râbi, and Mstenice. In Poland, they are known only
from the sites in Puck and Muszyna.
Glass was no question a peculiar raw material which was used in the manufacture
of ammunition. For the first time such projectiles were found at the castle in Wenecja
near Żnin. Their diameters are between 1.1 and 1.6 cm. The most numerous assem-
blage of such finds was yielded in the course of excavations at the castle in Puck.
The total number of finds is as many as 35 and their diameters are 1.3-1.8 cm. These
finds were discovered in layers related to the siege of 1464. Present-day research
demonstrated that it was possible to use glass in the manufacture of ammunition for
firearms. Firing tests with the use of glass bullets produced very good results. More
doubts are provoked by possible battlefield use of projectiles made from fired clay.
Such bullets were found at: Wenecja, Gniezno, Jemiołów, Chojnice, Rymafov and
Grunwald. Firing tests with such ammunition did not yield unequivocal results.
Within the group of artillery projectiles (1063 specimens) we isolated stone can-
nonballs (various kinds of volcanic and sedimentary rocks), lead projectiles and iron
projectiles (both forged and cast). In this assemblage, stone cannonballs clearly dom-
inate. Granite and its variants were commonly used. 632 cannonballs made from this
rock were documented, which is nearly 60% of the entire assemblage, e.g.: Brodnica,
Człuchów, Elbląg, Malbork, Reszel and Toruń. Artillery projectiles were also made
from sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone or limestone. In the territory of Poland,
such projectiles are most often found in Lesser Poland and Silesia: Będzin, Gliwice,
Gniewoszów, Biecz, Monasterzec and Sanok. In the territory of the Czech Republic,
Slovakia and Hungary, sandstone was almost exclusively used for the manufacture
of cannonballs (with possible use of limestone). More important assemblages include
/ V V
projectiles from the following localities: Karlśtejn, Pilzno, Brno-Spilberk, Cesky Ster-
nberk, Cvilfn, Vortnov, Bratysława and Devin, Koszyce and Vac.
Finds of Medieval artillery ammunition cast of lead are sporadic now. A solid
specimen made from lead is known from Puck, while a lead-iron specimen is known
from the castle in Barwałd — Góra Żary. Another two such specimens are known from
the castles of Toszek and of Devin. Another variant is a projectile from the castle of
Ogrodzieniec - in this case, its core is made from stone. Iron projectiles were also
commonly used as ammunition for lighter cannons in the Middle Ages. The earliest
finds are known from the territory of the Czech Republic: Łopata, Râbi and Cvilin.
These are dated to the 1st half of the 15th c. In the 2nd half of the 15th c. forged projec-
tiles were replaced with cast ones. One of such finds is the bullet from Muszyna,
which is dated to before 1474. Projectiles from the castles of Cvilin and Vortnov are of
similar chronology.
The assemblage of artillery projectiles in the catalogue may also offer a basis
for an attempt at classification of Medieval ammunition according to their calibres.
The assemblage was divided into three groups. The first one includes projectiles with
calibres between c. 3.5 and 10 cm. Ammunition for such cannons was referred to
as bosskugeln, or projectiles of the size of a bowling ball. The second group of pro-
jectiles (11-25 cm) includes cannonballs defined in Medieval sources as these of the
size of a human head. The third group are projectiles with calibres exceeding 25 cm,
referred to in Medieval records as those of the size of a bucket.
The next chapter discusses the range, effectiveness and tactical principles of
use of firearms during battles and sieges. The effectiveness of early artillery in the
413
destruction of fortifications was far from satisfactory. We find mentions in written
sources on completely ineffective bombardments, in spite of the fact that significant
resources were used. This was the case of, e.g., Malbork in 1410, Karlštejn in 1422/13,
Pilzno in the years 1433 and 1434, Chojnice in 1433 and 1454, as well as Głogów in
1488. It was more often possible to capture smaller castles, such as, e.g., Bolesławiec
in 1396 or Běchyne in 1428.
Data on effective range of Medieval firearms is provided by archaeological research
on siege posts. An optimal distance of an artillery post to the target did not exceed
300 m, and in a few cases it is only 100 m or slightly more (Tab. 11). Concerning hand-
held firearms, the examples of the castles of Lopata and Sión (Tab. 11) demonstrate
that the usual distance between shooters’ posts and the target was between c. 90 and
125 m. However, one of such posts in the neighbourhood of the castle of Lopata was
situated at the distance of as many as 160-175 m from the target. This is in contrast to
pieces of information on the maximum range of cannons. Mentions in written sources
testify to numerous instances of firing at distances between 2 and 5 km.
Based on descriptions of use of firearms in the earliest stage of their develop-
ment, it can be said that the use of firearms posed numerous problems, which were
often difficult to solve. Artillery which was used for the first time during the battle of
Grunwald in 1410 by the Teutonic Order did not play any significant role. It was only
military activities related to the Hussite Revolution (1419-1434) that had a significant
impact on the increase of importance of firearms. Firearms (both hand-held ones and
cannons) started to be used as mandatory equipment of battle wagons. During such
battles as, e.g., Wyszehrad and Kutna Hora in 1420, Ústí in 1426 and Lipany in 1434,
it already played a significant role. Mass fire caused confusion in the ranks of attack-
ers, it deprived them of advantage, and sudden roar and flash of firearms resulted in
panic. Thanks to this, it was possible to counterattack after repulsing the charge.
The spread of firearms and the Wagenburg led to a tactical stagnation. The Hus-
site Wars demonstrated that cavalry and infantry were unable to effectively fight the
Wagenburg and its defensive force. Therefore, a new means of fighting was searched
for, in order to break this impasse. Artillery was supposed to be this means, as it was
the only force capable of destroying the Wagenburg without getting exposed to losses.
Artillery was therefore developed and it came to artillery duels between two armies.
This occurred i.a. at Tabor in 1438 and at Rokycany in 1450. The part which was able
to gather advantage in the range and accuracy of fire won the battle. Such a success,
however, did not decide the fate of the campaign, due to a low mobility of contem-
porary artillery. It was possible to withdraw securely and resume fighting in more
convenient circumstances. With regard to that, it was attempted at breaking the tacti-
cal impasse by cooperation of infantry and cavalry with the Wagenburg and artillery.
The beginning of these transformations can be dated to the period of the war between
the Bohemian King George of Poděbrady and the Hungarian ruler Matthias Corvinus,
waged in 1468-1471. At that time, the Czechs worked out principles of manoeuvring of
the Wagenburg in the direct proximity to the enemy.
However, profound changes with regard to this issue took place only at the begin-
ning of the 16th c. Improved firearms, both hand-held and artillery, were deprived of
protection of battle wagons. It became possible to use strong groupings of infantry
and cannons. This tactics was applied by the Polish troops at Orsza in 1514 and by the
Turkish forces at Mohács in 1526. Troops which were deployed in such a manner, being
414
hidden in an ambush and possessing a considerable firepower, were successfully used
in order to break the offensive force of the adversary.
Principles of laying sieges to fortified places with the use of firearms were worked
out at the very beginning of existence of such weapons. Due to imperfections of
the earliest artillery, it was very difficult to demolish fortifications in such a manner
that a successful assault would be possible. It was therefore attempted at deploying
artillery posts in several places, in order to make several breaches in fortifications
and at the same time to make the adversaries loosen their defence. Furthermore,
bombardment was also supposed to be of harassing nature. It was meant to weaken
the morale of besieged troops and cause fires which would pose a threat to lives
of the garrison and inhabitants. It was attempted at selecting conveniently shaped
places for artillery posts. Such places were usually rises of terrain located in the
closest vicinity of the target. Sometimes it was possible to find such a location which
allowed to tower over posts of defenders. In the case of i.a. sieges of the castles of
Bechyne in 1428 and Łopata in 1432/1433, siege positions survived until present.
These positions were examined archaeologically. The surviving position at Bechyne
was situated on a hill near a branching of rivers. It was located to the S of the castle,
at a distance of about 250 m from its centre. Probably two throwing engines and four
bombards were deployed there. On the other hand, research in the vicinity of the
castle of Łopata allowed for recording of as many as 137 features related to the siege.
These features can be classified as: posts for bombards and their crews, post for
light artillery and posts for shooters with hand-held firearms. When discussing the
siege of the castle of Łopata, one must underline diversified directions of bombard-
ment, depending on the lie of the land. The bombardment was intensively carried
out from three sides, and the heaviest cannons were used in an attempt at destroying
castle towers.
More serious problems were faced during sieges of such places as fortified towns or
especially large castles. In such cases, a basic difficulty was posed by a need to organ-
ise a tight blockade of the selected place, in order to cut it off from any communication
with the external world. Among many known sieges in the 15th c., the siege of Malbork
in 1410 stands out. It lasted from 25 July to 19 September 1410 and it failed, in spite of
the use of strong artillery force. Another example is the siege of Głogów in 1488, car-
ried out by Hungarian troops. The hostilities lasted from 19 May to November 1488,
which was almost a half of the year. The Hungarian troops were equipped with numer-
ous pieces of artillery, including three large bombards from Wrocław, Świdnica and
Legnica. These cannons inflicted considerable damage in the town during the siege.
However, two of these burst. The town surrendered only after the stores of food had
run out, and not due to bombardment. The course of events at Malbork and Głogów
demonstrates that during sieges of large centres with the use of the heaviest artillery
it was difficult to achieve measurable success.
The last chapter is devoted to technical issues in the manufacture of old firearms.
Barrels of Medieval cannons were cast of copper alloys or made from iron. In the first
case, the manufacturing process can be divided into several stages: preparation of
a casting mould and raw materials, making of a foundry furnace, melting of raw mate-
rials and casting them into the mould, finishing works and firing trials. The process
of manufacture of barrels of hand-held firearms was considerably simple. In the end
of the 14th and at the beginning of the 15th c. such barrels were cast in clay moulds with
415
the cire perdue technology, and from the end of the 1st half of the 15th c. with the use of
wooden models.
An alternative technology was to make the barrel from iron. In the case of barrels
of lighter artillery, such as terrace-guns, light field cannons (houfnice) and veuglaires,
they could be made from one or a few pieces of iron. Significantly large costs occurred
in the case of manufacture of large cannons, with calibres of some dozen centimetres.
These large cannons were divided into two parts: the chase part and the powder cham-
ber part, which were then assembled into one. Individual parts were assembled from
a large number of bars and rims, and thus fully functional weapons were obtained.
In the analysed assemblage from Central Europe there are two bombards (cat. Nos. 183
and 184), whose barrels were made with the use of this technology.
A significant shortcoming of the earliest firearms was their low durability. This
often resulted from manufacturing deficiencies: bubbles of air in cast bronze barrels or
the low quality of iron in forged iron barrels. Another issue was incompetent operation
of firearms, first of all the use of too strong powder charges. Problems often occurred
with barrels having walls of uneven thickness or with oval cross-sections. In result of
such shortcomings, the projectile could jam in the barrel, which could led to a burst
of the latter’s walls.
The development of modern methods of research and documentation of specimens
of Late Medieval artillery in Europe allows to expect a further increase in the source
basis. This especially concerns the increase in the number of groups of finds related
to Medieval firearms with well-defined contexts. Thanks to this, it will be possible to
complete the present-day picture in the future.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
416
Indeks nazw osobowych i miejscowości
Alba Iulia 51, 52, 139
Albert Wielki 160
Albrecht Austriacki 166, 171
Albrecht II Habsburg 152, 176, 177, 182
Albrecht, elektor brandenburski 150
Aljubarotta 152, 162
Amboise 125
Andrzej z Ratyzbony 148
Antoni Daniel 19
Antonio de Bonfini 182
Augsburg 133
Bakay Károly 20
Bańska Szczawnica 113, 114
Bańska Bystrzyca 245
Bardiów (Bártfa) 11, 44, 68, 69, 71, 90
Bardo 114, 122
Bartošek z Drahonic 194
Barwałd ֊ Góra Żary 130, 131, 133
Bayer 126
Bazylea 78, 105, 233, 252
Bechyně 158, 192, 193, 209
Belgrad 49, 87, 88
Beresteczko 122
Będzin 127
Berlin 77, 87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 106, 219,
233, 240
Bernard Szumborski 175
Berno 36, 50, 66, 159
Beverhoutsveld 151
Biała Góra 144
Białystok 129
Biecz 98, 99, 127, 128, 134, 135, 234
Bierzgłowo 101
Biringuccio Vannoccio 225
Bítov 60, 61
Błażej Szczepanowie 202
Bludov 241
Bobrowniki 108,
Bojnice 19, 58, 78, 79, 80, 83
Bolesławiec nad Prosną 44, 158, 189,
190,209,247,252
Bolków 107, 155
Bolonia 93
Bonde Karol Knutson 249
Borek 249
Boskovice 72
Bosworth 115
Boxted 105, 106, 233, 234
Bratysława 10, 11, 15, 47, 50, 54, 56, 57,
81, 90, 92, 103, 106, 108, 112, 121,
124, 127, 128, 139, 143, 213, 214, 215,
216, 220, 222, 224, 226, 239, 244
Bretscher Ulrich 161
Brno (Brno-Špilberk) 37, 61, 62, 72, 128,
131, 138, 140
Brodnica 82, 126, 127, 129, 134, 135
Bronicki Andrzej 11
Brumov 28, 90
Brunszwik 216, 220, 225
Bruntál 249
Brzeg 43
Brześć Kujawski 102
Budapeszt (Buda) 10, 11, 19, 27, 30, 39,
41, 51, 57, 59, 62, 65, 97, 98, 103, 126,
138, 139, 144, 146, 232, 235
Burney 45
Bydgoszcz 156
Bystrica nad Pernštejnem 246
Čabrad 18, 241
Časlav 40
Cerignola 184, 188
Červený Kameň 121, 124
Český Šternberk 11, 17, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79, 80, 83, 110, 120, 128, 134, 141,
158,211
Cheb 15, 56, 71, 81, 103, 145, 213, 217,
218, 220
Chełm 11, 127
Chlebowe Pole 183
Chlebowicz Piotr 22, 122, 159
Chlumci nad Cidlinou 88
Chojnice 43, 82, 87, 91, 124, 135, 150,
175, 209, 244, 247, 248
Christian Spor 140
Chropyně 62, 63, 141, 144, 146
Čornštejn 118, 158, 208, 209
Crécy 162
Cvilín 121, 128, 131, 132, 249
Czajka Zbigniew z Jawora, herbu Dębno 152
Czarny Krzysztof 132
401
Człuchów 29, 127, 129, 131, 134, 243,
244, 247
Dąbrowska Maria 222
DelľAqua Andrzej 126
Devín 47, 49, 50, 112, 113, 128, 130, 134,
241
Diebold Schilling 68
Dinant149
Dolany 114, 116
Dolinek Vladimír 16
Doliwowie 112
Domažlice 168
Drawsko Pomorskie (Drahim) 112, 113, 121
Drégely 10, 51, 52, 140, 145
Drezno 41, 105, 233
Drobna Zoroslavá 15
Dubrownik 213
Dunin Piotr 175, 176
Durdik Jan 15, 16, 71, 77, 80, 88, 89, 95,
103, 148
Durdik Tomas 82, 209
Działdowo 243
Dzieńkowski Tomasz 11
Dzierzgoń 202
Eberhard Windecke 46, 47, 54
Edynburg 105, 156, 233
Eger 126
Eisenach 64
Elbląg 9, 29, 82, 114, 127, 128, 129, 131,
134, 135, 202, 222
Eltz 159
Eneasz Sylvio Piccolomini 152, 177
Engel Bernard 39
Erfurt 135
Eschenloer Piotr 59, 155
Esztergom 58, 65, 66, 138, 139, 236, 238
Fabricio Colonna 152
Feldwar (Földár) 186, 187
Ferdynand Habsburg 107
Filip von Artevalde z Gandawy 151
Flodden 115
Franc František X. 195
Francesco di Giorgi Martini 68
Franciszek I 125
Frankenberger Oskar 164
Frankfurt nad Menem 80, 101, 153, 166,
171, 224
Freienstein 36, 242
Frýda František 16
Fryderyk II, elektor brandenburski 119
Fryderyk, ks. legnicki 207
Gajary-Posadka 10, 18, 55, 57, 58
Gandawa 105, 232
Gdańsk 9, 92, 108, 109, 130, 132, 156, 244
Gliniany 102, 243
Gliwice 127
Głogów 91, 107, 108,149,201, 206,207,252
Głosek Marian 21
Gniew 101
Gniewoszów 121, 128, 129
Gniezno 112, 123, 124
Goliński Mateusz 21
Golub Dobrzyń 29, 102
Gonzalo de Cordoba 184
Górski Konstanty 8, 20, 25
Grabštejn 158
Gradowski Michał 25
Graz 142, 161
Grodzicka Maria 20, 87
Grudziądz 82, 127, 134
Grunwald 123, 162, 163, 176, 188, 202
Grzegorz z Osika 97
Grzymalici 33
Győr 19, 65, 66, 67, 141, 142, 236, 242
Haapsaiu 95
Habsburgowie 9
Haftka Mieczysław 202
Hans Czinkefitcze 244
Hans Hentz 77, 83
Hanuš konwisarz 227
Hanus z Frankfurtu 108, 109
Havlíčkov Brod 45
Helfenburk 28, 81, 91, 118, 224
Helfštýn 17, 44, 236, 237, 238, 242
Henryk von Plauen 206
Hildesheim 42, 216, 225
Hněvín 118
Hohenschau 59
Hohenzollern 144
Holl István 20
Hořice 88, 179, 180
Horšovský Týn 11, 16, 57, 58, 73, 75, 77,
78,79,80, 110, 120, 134, 137, 141,
144, 145, 242
402
Hradczany 147
Hus 158, 208, 209
Hynek Boček z Podébrad 88
Ingolstadt 64
Inowrocław 96, 126, 127, 128, 134
Inssbruck 140
Iványi Béla 19
Iwan Czeladnin 185, 186
Iwanow 30
Iwańczak Wojciech 14
Jakub II, król Szkocji 239
Jakub z Sienna 97
Jan Ćapek z San 143
Jan Długosz 27, 43, 82, 150, 152, 155,
163, 175, 177, 190, 202, 203, 210
Jan Hájek z Hodėtina 164, 171
Jan Hunyady 90, 224
Jan II, książę głogowsko-żagański 206,207
Jan Jiskra z Brandysa 181
Jan Mężyk z Dąbrowy 27
Jan Olbracht 82, 184
Jan Roháč z Dube 115, 199
Jan Rothe 173
Jan Tarnowski 130
Jan z Dzierzgonia 223
Jan z Hardeggu 186
Jan z Jenšteina 7, 27, 238
JanŽižka 15, 16, 88,171,173,179, 180,181
Jana z Rožmberka 84, 197
Jawor 12
Jemiołowo 124, 125, 136
Jerzy Podiebradowic 207
Jerzy z Podiebradu 103, 140, 145, 177,
180, 182, 188
Jičin 230
Jindŕichov Hradec 177
Johann von Posilge 7, 203
Juodkrantė 40
Kalisz 10, 25, 32, 33, 34, 44, 115, 157,
228, 229, 230
Kalmár János 19
Kamieniec Podolski 82, 91, 134
Kamionka Strumiłowa 102, 134
Kaposvár 58
Karlštein 44, 62, 63, 81, 91, 100, 103,
105, 107, 128, 135, 141, 147, 148, 154,
155, 157, 158, 162, 209, 224, 252
Karol IV Luksemburski 5
Karol Zuchwały 60
Karpień 228, 229
Kaspar Vojtěch 154
Kazimierz III Wielki 5
Kazimierz Jagiellończyk 8, 27, 130, 152,
176,208,211
Kecskemet 65, 146
Keszthely 51, 52
Kladrubyll4
Kłajpeda 40
Kłeck 185
Klimek Leszek 238
Kłodzko 151
Kobielski Stanisław 21
Kobylisy 155
Kolin 173
Kolno 116
Koło 127, 135, 156
Kolonia 103
Konieczny Kazimierz 20
Konopiště 158
Konrad Biały, książę oleśnicki 90
Konrad Kyeser 13, 31
Konstanty Ostrogski 185
Konstantynopol 186, 208, 216
Kopenhaga 64, 95
Kopidlno 52
Kostelec nad Sázavou 158
Koszyce 11, 29, 31, 32, 91, 128, 135
Koula Józef 15
Kowno 7
Kozák Károly 5, 19,20, 26, 49, 53, 62, 65
Kozojedy 88
Kraków 47, 48
Křídlo 17, 236, 242
Kristobulos 216
Křivoklát 10, 17,32, 33, 34, 75, 79, 82, 141
Krosno 112, 114, 127
Krosno Odrzańskie 238
Krumlov 84
Krzysztof Skoppe 59
Kurzętnik 22, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 135,
145, 217, 224, 229, 240
Kutna Hora 29, 32, 107, 113, 151, 173,
176, 188, 230
Kwaśniewicz Włodzimierz 25
403
Kwidzyn 86, 127, 134
Kysak 18
Lacembok 118,
Landshut 142, 219, 220, 243
Láva 181
Legnica 69, 107, 210
Lelekovice 112
Leliwici 82
Lewocza 14, 121
Lębork 42, 44
Lichnice 45, 114, 117, 158, 193, 208
Lidzbark Warmiński 127
Ligny 149
Linz 39, 55,
Lipany 91, 144, 174, 176, 179, 182, 188
Lipienek 7, 72
Lipnice 128, 135
Liptov 245
Liptovska Mara 18
Litovel 92
Lopata 114, 117, 118, 121, 131, 133, 157,
158, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201,
208, 209, 245
Loshut 159, 231
Louny 182, 249
Lublin 11, 102
Ludwik II Jagielloński 9, 97, 186
Ludwik II, hrabia Flandrii 151
Ludwik IV, książę legnicki 126, 130
Ludwik Wielki (Węgierski) 5, 7, 33
Lugs Jaroslav 16, 110
Lwów 9, 11, 48, 51, 82, 84, 134, 141, 227,
243
Łęczyca 126
Łopuszno 185, 188
Łowicz 102
Łuck 82, 128, 150, 250
Machiavelli Niccolò 188
Maciej Korwin 107, 108, 117, 132, 140,
177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188,
206, 208, 249
Madera Paweł 126
Maglie 49, 50
Maksymilian I Habsburg 108, 109, 184
Malbork 20, 82, 91, 101, 102, 108, 127, 128,
135, 145, 158, 201,204,205, 206, 207,
210, 214, 217, 222,223, 224, 225, 252
Malečkova Katar ina 19
Malešov 179, 180, 181
Mała Nieszawka 102, 222, 224
Manetin 15, 52, 76, 79, 83, 120, 143
Marcin Bielski 187
Marcin z Bolkowa 153
Marcin z Borowa 190
Marciniak Marian 126
Marek Lech 142
Marek, rotmistrz 28, 44
Maria Teresa 88
Mediolan 152
Mehmed II 186
Melice 114
Metz 37, 225
Mielczarek Mariusz 21
Mierzeja Kurońska 14, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44,
241, 242
Międzyrzecz 112, 123, 134
Mikołaj Pomian 96
Mikołaj Trąba 162
Mlázovice 88
Modena 59
Mogilno 126
Mohacz 9, 10, 19, 65, 97, 138, 139, 186,
187, 188, 242
Monachium 85, 119
Monasterze (zamek Sobień) 127
Mont St. Michel 233
Moravany nad Vahem 18, 121
Moravská Třebová 10, 29, 30, 136, 145,
242
Mörkö 36
Most 149, 151
Mostar 47, 49, 50, 240
Mrozowicz Wojciech 238
Mstěnice 10, 17, 56, 117, 118, 121, 131,
133, 228, 230, 231, 240, 245, 246
Mudra Miroslav 16
Mur ten 99
Muszyna 10, 22, 112, 122, 132, 243
Myto 144
Náchod 84
Nadolski Andrzej 21
Nagykanizsa 241
Nałęczowie 33
Namysłów 140
404
Neuss 60
Nidzica 243
Niemcza 153, 158
Nikopolis 187
Norymberga 36, 47, 92, 94, 100, 107,
133, 142, 143, 155, 165, 168, 171
Nostyc Kaspar 175
Novara 152
Nový Bydžov 16, 85, 88, 89, 90, 135
Nový Hrád u Kunratic 79, 114, 116, 117,
133, 158, 190, 191, 208
Nový Hrad u Adamowa 155, 157, 158
Nový Hrad u Kopřivné 41, 42, 51
Nový Hrad u Skuhrova 158
Nowak Tadeusz Marian 8, 20, 21
Nowe Miasto nad Wartą 112
Nysa 12
Obořiště 135
Ogrodzieniec 131
Oldřich z Rožemberka 174
Olszanica 132
Olsztyn 44
Ołomuniec 13, 92, 109, 116, 125
Opava 117, 131, 249
Orawa 91, 130
Orsza 185, 187, 188
Ostromeč 158
Ostrožská Nova Vés 17, 29, 32, 135, 236,
238, 239
Ostróda 79, 82
Otepää 36, 157, 159, 161, 226, 231, 241
Papowo 82, 152
Paryż 95, 101, 233
Pasłęk 29, 91, 100
Passawa 135
Paweł II, papież 143
Paweł z Pragi 84, 197
Pawia 184, 188
Pécs 42
Perm 32, 111
Pertl Miroslav 53, 82
Peszt 27, 39, 43, 44, 48, 66
Peter Pôgl z Torl 137
Petersburg 68
Petit-Koenigsbourg 191
Pilzno 14, 16, 35, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58,
60, 61, 62, 73, 128, 135, 137, 138, 140,
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 159,
162, 242, 249, 252
Pinkie 115
Płock 11
Poběžovice 29, 30, 47, 50, 76, 79, 111,
141
Poděbrady 152
Post Paul 94
Praga 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 29, 35, 48, 64,
68, 75, 76, 81, 83, 107, 128, 137, 141,
142, 144, 150, 176,214
Prelekirchen 216
Preszów 9
Prokop Wielki 15, 174
Przezmark 82
Pszczyna 48, 140
Puck 10, 79, 96, 97, 100, 111, 112, 113,123,
127, 128, 130, 134, 136, 247, 248, 249
Puttenstein 119
Pyrzyce 150
Pyzdry 7, 33, 72
Rábí 121, 131, 134
Rabštejn 117
Rádak, rodzina szlachecka 69
Radzyń Chełmiński 27, 43, 135
Rakov 17, 228, 230
Rathgen Bernard 14
Ratyzbona 135
Raweneck Fryc 175
Rawenna 152, 184
Regensburg 184
Řehoř Klarič 84
Reims 106
Reszel 127, 128, 129, 135
Retz 59, 66, 138
Rokštejn 10, 17, 32, 33, 34, 116, 119, 158,
209, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240
Rokycany 144, 177
Roxburgh 239
Rožemberkově 107, 144
Ruttkay Aleksander 18
Rychleby 17, 29, 31, 32,
Rymařov 112, 116, 124
Rytro 127
Rýzmberk 241
Rżew 89
Sada Miroslav 16
405
Salzburg 64, 135
Sampoliński Wojciech 185
Sandomierz 102
Sanok 114, 127
Šariš 115, 121
Sárospatak 51, 52, 66, 67, 140, 242
Schmidtchen Volker 14, 133, 136
Schônberg 184
Schrattenstein 43
Schwarzburg 89
Schwarzort 40
Sebald Pógl z Torl 137
Seweryn Boner 118
Sieradz 102
Sikorska Janina 126
Sikorski Czesław 122, 124
Sión 115, 116, 118, 145, 157, 158, 199,
200, 208
Sitna 18, 114, 121,246
Sixl P. 14
Skály 245
Slavkov 117
Slivka Michal 19
Smederowo 49, 231
Smoleńsk 129
Smotrycz 102
Šnajdrová Evženie 16
Snidary 88
Sokiletsk 125
Sóly már 57, 58
Somogysámson-Marótpuszta 51, 52
Šopron 61, 62, 138, 139, 242
Spisšky Hrad 52, 115, 121
Stará Dubá 158
Starý Bydžov 88
Stary Krym 89
Stary Welisław 151
Stefan Batory 130, 132
Stefan Broderyk 187
Štěpán z Brna, puszkarz 73, 77, 80, 138
Stolpe 51, 241
Strakonice 76
Štraus, puszkarz 100
Stryjkowski Maciej 185
Strzelin 165
Strzyż Piotr 21
Suczawa 184
Sulejman I Wspaniały 66, 139, 186, 187
Švejkovský František 164
Svibovac 54
Sybin (Hermanstadt) 7, 11, 22, 51, 52, 61,
62, 72, 139, 140
Szestno 91, 102
Szombathely 105
Szymczak Jan 21, 25, 29, 35, 83, 102,
103, 132
Świdnica 107, 164, 165, 206
Świecie 91, 102, 244
Świecino 175, 188
Tabor 41, 42, 107, 121, 152, 176, 177, 182
Tachov 107, 166
Tannenberg 39, 40, 47, 119, 125, 128,
153, 161, 242
Tantalon 115
Tarnowski Jan 130
Tatara Sylwia 86
Teofil Prezbiter 214, 217, 218, 221
Tepenec 18, 116, 118, 135
Točník 81, 107
Toman Hugo 15, 164
Toruń 29, 82, 91, 101, 102, 103, 127, 135,
202
Toszek 130, 134
Tours 239
Towton 115
Trauttmansdorf 73
Třebíč 182
Trebišov 115, 121
Trnava 110
Trzebnica 140
Tschorn František 164
Tuchola 155, 156, 211,244
Tykocin 129
Tyřov 121, 123, 124
Tyszowce 102
Uherské Hradiště 236
Ulryk von Kinsberg 87
Ústí 73, 84, 151, 173, 188
Vác 47, 48, 50, 128, 239, 240
Václav Vlček z Čenova 171, 178, 179,
180, 181, 182
Valečov 228, 230
Vavřince Křičky z Bítyšky 214, 216, 218,
220, 221, 225
406
Vavřinec z Březové 147, 154, 190
Vedelspang 36
Velký Vřeštov 158
Veste Coburg 64
Vidnava 11
Viktoryn, syn Jerzego z Pobiebradu 59,
182
Vilémov 182
Vimperk 128, 245
Vízmburk 128
Vortnov 17, 79, 112, 117, 128, 132, 241,
249
Wacław IV 213
Wacław, ks. zatorski 238
Wacław, rotmistrz 28, 44
Wacław, rusznikarz 227
Wagner Eduard 15
Warna 8, 175, 187
Warszawa 10, 11, 12, 32, 40, 47, 57, 62,
94, 95, 100, 140, 141, 146, 227 228
Wasyl III 185
Wąbrzeźno 29
Wąchock 132
Wenecja 225
Wenecja koło Żnina 10, 97, 111, 112, 113,
114, 124, 127, 134, 136, 228, 229, 241
Wenrisburg 32
Wiedeń 37, 50, 54, 55, 59, 66, 77, 85, 87,
89, 90, 92, 106, 107, 108, 119, 137,
138, 182, 183, 186,227
Wieluń 127, 128, 135
Wilga Marcin 204
Wilhelm von Tettau 206
Wiliams Alan R. 160
Wincenty z Kielczy 33
Władysław III Warneńczyk 8
Władysław Jagiellończyk 8, 178, 184,
208, 211
Władysław Jagiełło 82, 86, 143, 189, 206
Władysław Opolczyk 189, 190
Wojciech Jastrzębiec 97
Wołek 241
Wołyń 44
Woolwich 101, 234
Wrocław 28, 43, 44, 80, 81, 90, 91, 103,
107, 126, 129, 142, 149, 152, 159, 206,
207, 208,211
Wyszehrad (Visegrád) 42, 65, 66,98,
121, 138, 139, 226, 227, 228, 231, 241,
242, 245
Wyszehrad 147, 154, 172
Zachras’tany 88
Zagrzeb 66, 138, 139
Žákovský Petr 10
Zarawski Jerzy 159
Źatec 149, 182, 249
Zator 238
Zbigniew Oleśnicki 27, 162
Zgorzelec 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 197, 216,
219, 220, 221, 227, 235
Żleby 40, 43, 144
Zlenice 117
Złotoryja 132
Znojmo 11, 15, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 55, 58,
72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 91, 95,
96, 100, 101, 103, 110, 134, 136, 137,
138, 141
Zürich 37, 126
Zvíkov 158
Zvolen 134
Zygmunt Luksemburski 42, 45, 88, 100,
115, 116, 143, 145, 151, 168, 170, 172,
173, 176, 199, 200, 226
Żnin 96, 97, 98, 100, 127, 130, 134
Żygulski Zdzisław jun. 25
407
SPIS TRESCI
I. Wstęp ............................................................ 5
LI Charakterystyka podstawy źródłowej ............................. 9
1.2 Stan badan nad późnośredniowieczną bronią palną
r
w Europie Środkowej........................................... 13
II. Analiza materiału zabytkowego ................................... 25
II. 1 Ręczna broń palna - od piszczeli do rusznicy .............. 25
11.2 Artyleria ................................................... 72
11.3 Amunicja ................................................... 110
IL4 Znaki na broni palnej i amunicji ............................ 136
III. Charakterystyka i bojowe zastosowanie średniowiecznej
broni palnej .................................................... 147
III.l Skuteczność, celność i zasięg średniowiecznej broni palnej. 147
III.2Broń palna i jej wpływ na taktykę w średniowieczu .......... 162
111.3 Broń palna w oblężeniach i obronie obiektów umocnionych.... 188
IV. Techniki produkcji średniowiecznej broni ogniowej i amunicji ... 213
IV. 1 Odlewnictwo ............................................... 214
IV.2 Kowalstwo .................................................. 232
IV.3 Awaryjność średniowiecznej broni palnej i jej przyczyny .... 238
IV.4 Wytwórczość amunicji ....................................... 244
V. Podsumowanie ................................................... 251
VI. Bibliografia ................................................... 253
VII. Tablice ........................................................ 281
Indeks nazw osobowych i miejscowości ................................ 401
Streszczenie ........................................................ 409
Płyta CD
Katalog
1 — Lufy broni palnej
2 ֊ Pociski ręcznej broni palnej
3 - Pociski artyleryjskie
Mapy
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Strzyż, Piotr |
| author_facet | Strzyż, Piotr |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Strzyż, Piotr |
| author_variant | p s ps |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042668946 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)950526268 (DE-599)BVBBV042668946 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV042668946 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:07:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363760373 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028101035 |
| oclc_num | 950526268 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 416 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm CD-R ; 12 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Strzyż, Piotr Verfasser aut Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. Piotr Strzyż ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami Łódź Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2014 416 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm CD-R ; 12 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Firearms in Central Europe in the 14th - 15th c. Geschichte 1300-1500 gnd rswk-swf Broń palna / Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia / 14-15 w Feuerwaffe (DE-588)4017012-3 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Feuerwaffe (DE-588)4017012-3 s Geschichte 1300-1500 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personen- und Ortsregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Strzyż, Piotr Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. Broń palna / Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia / 14-15 w Feuerwaffe (DE-588)4017012-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4017012-3 (DE-588)4075753-5 |
| title | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. |
| title_auth | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. |
| title_exact_search | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. |
| title_full | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. Piotr Strzyż ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami |
| title_fullStr | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. Piotr Strzyż ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami |
| title_full_unstemmed | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. Piotr Strzyż ; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Ośrodek Badań nad Dawnymi Technologiami |
| title_short | Broń palna w Europie Środkowej w XIV-XV w. |
| title_sort | bron palna w europie srodkowej w xiv xv w |
| topic | Broń palna / Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia / 14-15 w Feuerwaffe (DE-588)4017012-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Broń palna / Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia / 14-15 w Feuerwaffe Ostmitteleuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028101035&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT strzyzpiotr bronpalnaweuropiesrodkowejwxivxvw |