Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych: studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliografie Seite 237-249 |
| Beschreibung: | 252 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 31 cm + 1 CD-R (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788323133131 |
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| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |c 2014 | |
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Spis treści Contents ♦-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _-------- Od redakcji (Marcin Wiewióra) . 9 From the Editor 1. Zagadnienia wstępne (Marcin Wiewióra) . 11 Preliminary issues 1.1. Zakres przestrzenny . 11 Spatial extent 1.2. Historia zamku w zarysie . 11 History of the castle 1.3. Stan badań . 17 State of research 1.3.1. Stan badań do 2010 roku. Badania historyczne. 17 State of research until 2010. Historical research 1.3.2. Badania archeologiczne i architektoniczne do 2010 roku . 18 Archaeological research until 2010 1.3.3. Badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne w latach 2010-2011 . 23 Archaeologial and architectural studies in 2010-2011 1.4. Lokalizacja, uktad zamku i stan zachowania ruin
. 36 Location, spatial arrangement and state of preservation 2. Fizjografia wzgórza zamkowego w Wąbrzeźnie i jego otoczenia (Dorota Bienias) . 39 Physiography of Wąbrzeźno castle hill and its surrounding 2.1. Powierzchniowe utwory geologiczne . 39 Geological surface formations 2.2. Rzeźba terenu . 40 The surface relief
42 2.3. Gleby Soils 2.4. Szata roślinna . 42 Vegetation 2.5. Sieć hydrograficzna . 42 Hydrographic network 2.6. Położenie topograficznezamku. 45 The castle topography 3. Dzieje zamku w świetle źródeł historycznych (S. Jóźwiak, J. Trupinda, B. Wąsik) . 49 History of Wąbrzeźno castle in the light of historical sources 3.1. Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie na podstawie źródeł pisanych. Chronologia budowy i układ przestrzenny (Sławomir Jóźwiak, Janusz Trupinda) . 49 Chetmno bishops’ castle in Wąbrzeźno in the mediaeval period in the light of the written sources 3.2. Układ przestrzenny zamku w1. połowie XVII wieku w świetle źródeł historycznych (Bogusz Wąsik) . 57 Castle spatial arrangement in the 1st half of 17th c in the light of historical sources 4. Stratygrafia kulturowa wzgórza zamkowego w Wąbrzeźnie i jego otoczenia. Synchronizacja warstw i analiza obiektów kulturowych (Marcin Wiewióra) . 63 Cultural stratigraphy of the Castle Hill. The layers synchronization and cultural objects analyses 4.1. Zamek
. 63 The high castle 4.2. Parcham . 71 Parcham 4.3. Fosa . 71 The castle moat 4.4. Przedzamcze . 74 The bailey 5. Analiza źródeł architektonicznych (Bogusz Wąsik) . 87 Architectonic sources analysis 6. Analiza źródeł archeologicznych (R Błędowski, M. Majewski, M. Olszewska, M. Markiewicz, W. Mitek, M. Kofyszko, J. Kamińska, K. Węgłowska) . 99 Archaeological sources analysis 6.1. Naczynia ceramiczne (PiotrBłędowski) . 99 Ceramic vessels 6.2. Detal architektoniczny i materiałbudowlany (Maciej Majewski) . 123 Architectonic detail and building material. Form and symbolism 6.2.1. Forma i symbolika (Katarzyna Węgłowska) . 137 Form and
symbolism 6.3. Kafle (Monika Olszewska) Tiles . 145
6.4. Wyroby ze szkła (Małgorzata Markiewicz) . 149 Glass objects 6.5. Monety (Wojciech Mitek) . 156 Coins 6.6. Wyroby z metali (Marek Kotyszko) . 163 Metal objects 6.7. Wyroby z kości (Marek Kotyszko) . 167 Bone objects 6.8. Inne wyroby z gliny (Marek Kotyszko) . 168 Clay objects 6.9. Wyroby z kamienia (Marek Kotyszko) . 170 Stone objects 6.10. Dewocjonalia (Iwona Kamińska, Marek Kotyszko) . 171 Devotional accessories 7. Analiza źródeł przyrodniczych (M. Makowiecka, D. Makowiecki, D. Bienias) . 177 Natural sources analysis 7.1. Wyniki badań zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych (Marzena Makowiecka, Daniel Makowiecki) . 177 Study results concerning animal bone remains 7.1.1. Wstęp . 177 Introduction 7.1.2. Metody
. 178 Methods 7.1.3. Wyniki . 178 Results 7.1.4. Ocena kulturowa . 195 Cultural assessment 7.2. Wyniki analizy szczątków drewna (Dorota Bienias) . 202 Results of analyses of wood residues 8. Próba rekonstrukcji etapów budowy i uktadu przestrzennego zamku na podstawie wyników badań historycznych, archeologicznych iarchitektonicznych(Bogusz Wąsik) . 207 Attempts of the castle building stages and spatial arrangement reconstruction on the ground of historical, archaeological and architectonic research results 9. Podsumowanie (Marcin Wiewióra,Bogusz Wąsik) . 215 Summaries Summary . 227 Literatura . 227 Bibliography Afiliacje autorów
. 251
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Summary 1. Preliminary questions Explorations of Chełmno bishops’ castle in Wąbrzeźno were conducted between 5th and 30th July 2010 and from 27th June till 22nd July 2011, on the ground of agreement be tween the Institute of Archaeology of Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń and the Town Council of Wąbrzeźno, and it took up the area of total 3400 m2 - including the sur face of about 2000 m2 of the high castle, in the moat and eastern bailey ֊ about 1400 m2. Total of 19 survey trench es and broad-surface ones were prepared, the last ones in cluded only the ruins of the high castle - southern wing, a section of western and northern wing and eastern par chant. The rest part of the explored area was examined only by survey trenches. Generally, the surface of trenches was about 200 m2. Archaeological-architectonic research in cluded mainly the area of the high castle itself and the moat, but recognized to a small extent the grounds of eastern bai ley. Moreover, in 2011 geological drillings were performed in eastern bailey and in the supposed bailey, situated North from it. Unfortunately, it was not possible to recognize univocally the buildings of northern wing and the parcham, excluding its eastern part. Similarly, the limited character of earth works in eastern bailey - particularly its eastern, north-eastern and south-western parts, makes it impossible to outline the walls from this side. First information concerning the castle appears very late, in Chełmno bishops catalogue, made in the beginning of 16th c. Its building may have begun between 1301-1311 from the
initiative of bishop Herman von Prizna. The for tress may have existed in some form in the 20s of 14th c, though. Wąbrzeźno castle was the third Chełmno Land bishops’ residence, apart from Starogrod and Lubawa. Cas tles in Lubawa and Wąbrzeźno served as winter (Lubawa) and summer (Wąbrzeźno) bishop seats until 1505, i.e. till the moment of being donated the seat in Starogrod. The castle was bishop’s residence overlooking the area and be ing a sign of bishop’s authority and predominance over Wąbrzeźno property. The castle was significantly damaged during the Thirteen Years’ War. In 1464 it was invaded and destroyed by Bernard Szumborski. After signing the Toruń Treaty its redecoration started and finished at the end of 15th c. It is also known that between 1611-1613 some unde fined building works initiated by bishop Maciej Konopacki were conducted. It must have been the most flourishing pe riod in the residence history in modem times. Nevertheless, the castle inspection performed in 1646 revealed poor cas tle condition, caused additionally by war actions during the Swedish war, when in 1626 and 1655 the castle was burnt down. Events of so called II Swedish War had significant impact on further castle history. On 26th November 1655 Swedish army approached the town and the castle, starting regular gunfire causing probably much damage. The town destmction, on the other hand, caused that the following bishops rarely stayed in the castle preferring Lubawa cas tle as their permanent seat. In 1670 the castle and the chap el were already in mins. In accordance with the
inspection from 1723, the castle remains consisted only of walls, the courtyard was turned into vegetable garden and the build ings which could be used were transformed into an inn. In the course of the following years the castle was slowly but
228 systematically being dismantled and the obtained building material was designed for the town renovation. Outer cur tain walls had presumably been preserved until the 80s of 18th c, when the Prussian king Frederic II gave his personal agreement for its pulling down in 1792. During WW II, in 1940 archaeological research supervised by W. Heym was performed on the castle hill. All the area of Wąbrzeźno fortress consisted of the cas tle - bishops’ residence and the ward sized: 70m wide and 120 m long. Both elements ֊ the castle and the ward were situated against each other on the axis - south-west and north-east, separated by a dry moat, partly deepened dur ing building works. The high castle hill was surrounded by curtain walls with defensive functions. The castle had three wings: southern, western and northern one, built up with two or three storey buildings, topped with battlements (it is supposed that southern wing was equipped with brick gal lery, while the other ones only with wooden ones). From the north-east the courtyard with a well was closed by the east ern curtain wall with octagonal tower erected in the wall center, protecting the main gate. Until 2010, i.e. the mo ment of the research beginning, only the fragments of west ern, southern wing and the castle tower up to the height of 2 m had preserved. Location of the former moat 3^4 m deep is quite readable at present. Southern wing adjoining the tower from the South has remained only in the form of a long trench - which is probably a result of building works from the 40s. The relics of inner curtain walls
in west ern part of southern wing, separating southern and west ern wings, have also preserved until now. Western wing in its southern section has remained until today in a relatively best condition, while northern wing reveals only trenches of strip foundation and relics of the wing eastern part in form of ground walls and a stove, among others. The castle in Wąbrzeźno, described in literature of de fensive architecture of this part of the Teutonic Knights state and the Polish Kingdom had not been the subject of more detailed studies until 2004, with the only summa ry by J. Baciński, published in 2005. There is also lack of iconographical and historical sources on the subject which is not helpful in expanding our knowledge on the object. 20th c brought several elaborations containing information of the castle, but it was only in the beginning of that cen tury, when W. Heym conducted first archaeological explo ration of the castle hill and placed his first sketch of the bishops castle’s remains in his paper on early mediaeval stronghold. After WW II Wąbrzeźno castle was described, among others, by E. Gall, in the catalogue of German art and in the paper of Frycz and J. Kmieciński, concerning ur ban development of Wąbrzeźno. New impulse in the castle interest appeared together with publishing the inventories Summary of Chełmno bishops land properties from 17th and 18th c. The 60s of 20th c are the years of intense architectonic and restoration works, including also the most significant for tresses of Chełmno Land. In 1961 M. Rzeczkowska-Slawińska prepared precious
elaboration with drawing docu mentation made by I. Sławiński, concerning the relics of Wąbrzeźno castle. In recent years the castle has been brief ly mentioned in works discussing general questions of forti fication architecture of the Teutonic Knights. T. Torbus de fined Wąbrzeźno castle as an example of regular structure with square projection. Little is also known about archaeo logical excavations performed during WW II (1940-1941) in the course of Hitlerjugend youth center building on the castle hill, because the documentation and plans are miss ing. The center was originally planned mainly at the area of the southern wing and the earthworks concentrated there. It is only known that the castle foundations were partial ly dismantled what is evidenced by deep digs in, visible at present. In 1956 J. Kmieciński made archaeological sur vey trenches in the area of the castle and the ward, howev er, none of the documentation being a trace of those works has preserved. 2. Physiography of Wąbrzeźno castle hill and its surrounding The castle was erected in the place with natural defensive character and at the same time convenient for communica tion. These conditions were fulfilled by local hydrographic network, composed into the relief of Wąbrzeźno area with the central topographical element which was a tunnel valley used by Struga Wąbrzeska (river) flowing from the North to the South and waters of local lakes: Zamkowe and Frý dek, füling its basin. The tunnel valley is a line clearly mar ked in topography on the axis N-S, which is narrowed near Wąbrzeźno enabling its
ease cut across at the line of E-W (the valley step with the height of 95-96 m AMSL). The castle was erected at its eastern shore on the plateau penin sula cutting into the waters of Zamkowe Lake. Water table is situated at the level of 93 AMSL. The tunnel slopes aro und the peninsula are the highest and steepest in this place and reach 9 m of heigth. The peninsula is situated above the tunnel curve at about 105 AMSL, but the place of the castle and the ward overlooks the area, at the highest site of the peninsula. Archaeological research results indicate that the level from the period of the castle functioning in 2nd half of 16th c was 110.5 AMSL. In the eastern bailey, the cultural layer referring to late Middle Ages was deposited on the le vel of 108 AMSL. The cobblestones level registered in cen tral part of the ward varied between 108.28-108.46 AMSL,
Summary hence it can be supposed that the level 108-108.5 m was its utility level. Ceilings of utility levels registered in the main castle and the ward were presumably not equal to original area surface (building works could have changed the surfa ce), but they can be treated as a benchmark discussing local topography. Assuming that water level of Zamkowe Lake in mediaeval period did not exceed 95 AMSL (the level of the tunnel step) it can be concluded that the difference be tween the area where the castle stood and lake waters was at least 13-15.5 m. Therefore the peninsula territory must have been local culmination and difficult to access by sur rounding by waters from three sides. It gave not only mili tary safety but also isolation from the developing town and the road Chełmża-Radzyń running on the East from the ca stle. Original castle’s name Friedeck meant ‘peaceful top’, so that exact translation of that name appearing in the oldest bishops’ documents confirms topographic configuration of the castle situating. 3. History of Wąbrzeźno castle in the light of histo rical sources 3.1. Chełmno bishops’ casbe in Wąbrzeźno in the media eval period in the light of the written sources Mediaeval written information indicates that Chełmno bi shops’ castle building started directly before 1311. Proba bly a part of its interiors was ready for being inhabited in 1321, but all the works on the fortress may have been com pleted not earlier than the middle of 14th c. The high castle was accompanied by the ward from the East, surrounded by separate ramparts. In 1388 as a
result of catastrophic rain falls which touched Chełmno Land, two towers of the ward situated most probably in its eastern (shorter) walls’ cor ner collapsed. They may have been rebuilt in the same pla ces later. Wąbrzeźno residence was evidently erected for Chełmno bishops needs, who resided there only temporari ly, but it also had its permanent dwellers, like a voyt, bailiff and the minor clergy. It is difficult to recreate mediaeval spatial configuration of the castle on the base of the writ ten sources. It is known that the first castle floor roomed a church (chapel) with adjoining sacristy (on its eastern part) and a refectory on the West. The last room was heated by chamber storage furnace which relics were excavated in the ground during recent archaeological explorations. That southern wing had cellars and a bricked porch from the yard side. Unfortunately, no certain information can be delivered about location and functions of other buildings of the for tress. It can only be supposed that ground floor of particular wings had household and storing character. The ward was 229 connected with the high castle through a drawbridge, men tioned in the written sources as early as in 1412. Octago nal separated tower was erected at the main gate within the space of eastern wing, which was the only one deprived of additional buildings. The castle may have been burnt down for the first time in 1464 and after redecoration served the bishops for some time, although gradually turned into ruins with time. From 1676 it was completely abandoned and its nearly total dismantling
took place in 19th c. 3.2. Castle spatial arrangement in the 1st half of 17th c in the light of historical sources Thanks to the castle inventories from 1614, 1646 and 1661 as well as the archaeological research results we are able today to present the reconstruction of the castle spatial ar rangement dated from the 1st half of 17th c. It consisted of the bailey and the high castle, situated to the West from it. First component had a projection of lengthened poly gon. The gate situated in the curtain was flanked by a to wer which may have been built in south-eastern part of the bailey. Another tower or turret may have been located in north-western comer. The buildings stood along the curta in walls (burgrave’s brick house was located at the southern wall). Negative picture of its walls was excavated during archaeological exploration. There was also a wooden bam and party bricked small stable at the eastern curtain, whi le a huge brick stable, traced archaeologically, was situated from north-east and west from it - a shed for carts. Western part of the bailey roomed a garden. Entrance to the high ca stle led across a bridge over a dry moat and next through the gate neck, cutting through the walls. Modem framework buildings stood on both sides of the entrance. The bailey was also equipped with the dungeon. The high castle had three wings with the southern wing as the main one. It had cellars and a brick gallery. First floor was reached walking up brick stairs built up to the castle tower. The first storey of the discussed wing had a chapel and a sacristy from the East,
the refectory in the middle and a chamber from the west. Analogous level of western wing and the neighbo ring part of northern wing roomed (listing from the South): the hallway with a lavatory, a room and bigger chamber. Rooms of the ground floor in all the wings served house hold purposes. It is not clear what the functions of the up per storeys of the northern wing were, but we can suppose that they also served as warehouses or other household ro oms. Buildings standing outside the castle walls were also connected with the fortress functioning. The brewery was located on the lake and cottages of servants and castle staff stood near the gate.
230 Į 4. Cultural stratigraphy of the Castle Hill. The layers synchronization and cultural objects analyses 4.1.The high castle 9 survey trenches were made in 2010. Because of destruc tion or disruption of original configuration of cultural lay ers in this part of the castle, the analyses of stratigraphy were limited first of all to characteristics of relics of the preserved original utility level of the courtyard, castle cel lar in the southern wing and the levels of buildings of some wall sections - western and southern wings and the gallery. The idea of archaeological studies, particularly in the ca stle southern part, was to clear and excavate preserved wall sections covered with thin layer of humus. In several pla ces it was possible to reach the strip foundation. Majority of walls belonging to the northern wing had been removed completely, similar situation was reported in case of eastern curtain which was not traced in any place. The work pur pose started in south-western part of southern castle wing was first and foremost to excavate the relics of southern curtain walls and the cellars of southern wing. Trench no 1 was also prepared to recognize the depth of the strip fo undation of southern curtain belonging to southern wing. Having removed layers of humus in both trenches (1-2), cobblestones and a fragment of a vault pillar made of brick were uncovered. Trench no. 2 revealed the relics of the so uthern curtain. Stone wall about 1.50 m wide was made of big and medium size stones, combined with brick ruble and lime mortar. Next two trenches (3 and 4) were
situated in the castle western wing (no. 3) and the castle yard (no. 4). Trench no. 3 was filled with thick layer of brick ruble, un der which clean yellow-brown clay without any signs of hi storical material, marking original ground level, was repor ted. Interior width of western castle wing of about 5 m was determined by two preserved walls (eastern and western). Analysis of the preserved wall structure and the level of placing the foundations of western wing wall indicates that this part of the castle is not an original construction, but was made in the times of the castle rebuilding. Exploring trench no. 4 in its northern and central parts, clear signs of secondarily filling were reported. Analysis of layers com position confirmed the fact that they are remnants of an old well, destroyed after the castle abandoning and its disman tling in 18th-19th c. Trench no. 5, marked out in northern part of the steep cliff falling towards the lake in the pla ce where northern castle wing had been erected, contained the negative picture of completely dismantled northern wall of that wing. The wall was about 2.5 to 3 m thick. Survey Summary trench no. 6 revealed preserved relics of brick gallery walls - remains of the wall crown belonging to northern gallery walls and partition walls of the cellars. Observations during trench no. 7 explorations enabled to precise the outlines of not existing at present eastern comer wall of southern wing and establish original usable level of the yard from the ti mes of the castle functioning. Clear composition of filling-leveling layers from
the period of the castle building was also reported. The area of the castle hill situated close to the relics of octagonal tower - on its northern side - was reco gnized in survey trench no. 8. Under humus layer, filling of brick rabble with barely visible negative image of pulled down eastern curtain, attached probably to the tower facade was recognized. 4.2. Parcham Trench no. 9 was situated in northern part of former eastern parcham, North from the tower. Having removed humus, a fragment of shallow dug foundations of brick and two rows of stones with lime mortar and clearly readable brick floor marking the utility level of the building interior was excavated. This way the information concerning a small half-timbered building, erected within eastern parcham and mentioned in subsequent visitations from 17th and 18th c was confirmed. Analysis of cultural layers stratigraphy and their synchronization within the space of old castle moat and eastern ward was performed in 2011 both, thanks to observations during survey trenches explorations and a se ries of drills. 4.3. The castle moat Trenches no. 10 and 14 contained the brick crown of a wall construction about 0.5 m below present ground level. It was well preserved fragment of the retaining wall, being simul taneously the façade of western moat bank on its all height. Moreover, perpendicularly to the longer axis, on eastern side of trench no. 10, another trench no. 14 was established in order to define the level of the wall strip foundation and technique of its erecting and register the layers composition inside the moat.
The layer of lime mortar mixed with char coal, which delimits building level of stage I of strip foun dation erecting is particularly significant when we try to de tect the wall building technique. We do not know the level of stone foundation, but it seems to have been situated ne arly 5 m below present surface level. Continuation of moat filling layers and utility level from the period of the castle functioning were excavated in trench no. 18 situated in the middle of the moat. Eastern moat edge, the negative ima-
Summary ge of dismantled eastern moat retaining wall and original utility level from the times of the wall building were reco gnized in trench no. 15. The layers configuration registe red there and observations made in trench no. 14 enabled to define the width and depth of original moat. Its width co unting from western bank edge to eastern bridge abutment was about 18-20 m and the depth about 4-5 m. The negati ve picture of dismantled eastern retaining wall of the moat, excavated in this trench, confirms its width for about 2 m at its base. 4.4. The bailey To recognize original bailey stretching out at the castle east side, a series of drills and six survey trenches were made (no. 12,13,14,16,17-19). One of them-no. 12, was made in the ward northern part, in the location of supposed bu ildings, described in inventories from 17th, 18th c. Southern trench part contained a negative picture of pulled down bu ilding southern wall. On its both sides and under it, leveling layers were observed. Original utility level of the ward pla teau was registered in survey trench no. 13, situated 15 m South from trench no. 12. Trench no. 16 revealed negative pictures of south-eastern ward curtain and a building re sting against it. The layers composition also confirms leve ling, caused by smoothing and expanding the ward plateau. The wall negative image - about 2 m wide and to its side, a fragment of negative of southern ward curtain, situated on the hill slope, determine the width of adjoining building which was about 4 m. In trench no. 17, situated about 35 m West from trench no.
16 and also on the bank edge, a sequ ence of leveling layers was also reported as well as a negati ve picture of dismantled south-eastern ward defensive wall, together with the filling layers originating from the period of pulling down the construction. Dismantling level, leve ling layers and fragments of cobbled road were reported in trench no. 19, explored within the distance of about 20 m South-West from trench no 13. 5. Architectonic sources analysis Brick castle relics have preserved in the high castle. The surface still keeps the signs of the main tower relics and the walls of southern and western wings at their joint. Du ring archaeological exploration these visible relics were cleared up, next parts of both wings relics’ walls were un covered as well as the gallery, small fragments of partition 231 walls in northern wing and a fragment of the bailey wall, well preserved. Southern wing as the only one was with cellar underneath. It measured about 10 χ 37 m and was divided into three vaulted rooms (foundations of two ce iling supporting pillars were excavated). The central one was equipped with the chamber of hypocaustum heating. Western room was paved with cobblestones and the cen tral one with pugging and brick rubble. Access from the yard was possible through cellar doorways, cutting the gal lery. One of them excavated during exploration, was atta ched to western wing and the other was placed on the axis of the main wing. The western wing was about 9.3 m wide. Its southern side contained a basement accessible from the yard, descending several brick stairs
and recognized during exploration. The castle walls were erected on stone foun dations and low plinths. In some places, e.g. in northern wall of the main wing and the gallery foundations, parts with stones were still hidden below the ground level. They were made of medium sized, unprocessed stones in layer course. The wall core was filled with fine stones and brick rubble. Upper brick wall parts were erected in Gothic (Po lish) and Wendic courses. Moreover, the wall separating so uthern wing from the western one implemented the techni que, which idea was to place bricks on southern side and stone facade from the north. On the base of examinations of the preserved relics of the staircases, it can be stated that the courtyard was not leveled and fell towards the West and South-West. The exploration revealed also very well prese rved section of eastern parcham wall made of brick in Go thic course on low stone base. In the wall core, bricks were put in such a way, that lines of longitudinal grouts overlap ped. The wall narrowed upward a little, what hardened its durability. The wall relic (presumably the buttress) excava ted in northern castle side may have also been connected with the parcham. In modem period, a number of frame work buildings were erected in the parcham. The founda tions of a northern construction were examined. Within this structure three square socles made of field stones distan ced every 3 m, which were the foundations of load-bearing pillars of that framework building. A thinner wall was si tuated between them. The building interior has
preserved brick floor with herringbone pattem. The analyses confir med that building material of characteristic, rather robust proportions was used (about 70-100 χ 120-150 χ 260-310 mm). Similar brick features are observed in building town parish church, what is the evidence of one brickyard func tioning and delivering building material for subsequent ca stle erecting stages and the church in the town.
Summary 232 6. Archaeological sources analysis 6.1. Ceramic vessels On the grounds of analyses it can be stated that technologi cally the collection of Wąbrzeźno castle ceramic vessels in dicates similarity to material originating from other archa eological sites of Chełmno Land and as far as their fonction is concerned, does not differ from sites of similar charac teristics. The only difference is smaller variety of pottery forms, e.g. neither beakers nor urinals were reported. De fined technical-technological, morphological and stylistic features and the analyses of chronological-spatial connec tions of the collection indicated that the ceramic vessels can be dated from I/II and III phase of late mediaeval pottery craft in the Chełmno Land (14th till 15/16th c) and the early modem period (15/16th till the half of 17th c). The collection of ceramic vessels consists of a big number of steel-grey examples, although that material was frequently deposited in secondary layers. Technologically, morphologically and stylistically the discussed material does not vary from ge neral tendencies of late Middle Ages, and the specific cha racter of the analyzed collection is strictly related with the place, time and the character of the center in which it had been used. The ceramic analyses also revealed that a part of the collection was of modem times origin. That assembly was obtained, among others, during clearing the architecto nic relics and leveling layers, which contained, e.g. a small number of 2nd half of 17th c ceramics, wheel-thrown in ma jority (it refers mostly to
brick and glazed ceramics). 6.2. Architectonic detail and building material. Form and symbolism In the course of exploration 88 fragments of ceramic archi tectonic detail were obtained and subjected to analysis. All these objects were obtained practically only from castle di smantling layers, in single cases from surface of preserved wall relics clearing. In the course of analyses the objects were divided into the following categories: shaped bricks ֊ 19 fragments (including: rib-vault and rib bricks - 9 frag ments, jambs bricks - 2 fragments), special or decorative bricks ֊ 5 fragments (including single fragments of a cor nice and frieze brick and window tracery fragment), 4 vault bricks and 6 monastic format brick, 14 floor tiles and 41 roof tile fragments. Brick frieze ornamentation similar to the di scovered fragment, although bigger, occur in the Chełmno Land, i.e. the facade of western co-cathedral of the Holy Tri nity in Chełmża and the crown frieze of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary church in Chełmno, which like Wąbrzeźno castle was completed in the 1st quarter of 14th c. In case of the castle, bricks of that type could have been used while building the castle chapel or other representative parts of the residence - in decorative building gable, ornamental course of the chapel exterior from the gallery side, possibly inside the chapel or castle chambers. Due to stylistic and manufac ture technique, majority of the material can be univocally connected with the period of late Middle Ages, i.e. the ti mes of the castle erecting. An attempt of design phase and
symbolism of forms geometry of frieze bricks reconstruc tion was taken up (6.2.1. Form and symbolism). 6.3. Tiles During exploration in 2010 and 2011 a collection of tiles amounting 569 fragments was identified, majority of which were detected in demolition layers. It consists of wheel-thrown and formed in moulds tiles. Vessel ceramics can be divided into four distinguished technological groups. Apart from brick tiles, fired in oxidizing atmosphere, there also appear brick ones coated from inside with whitewash of white-creamy color and green glaze and the examples, where glaze was put directly on the shard. The fourth group refers to tiles with steel-grey shard, fired in reduction atmo sphere. In collection of board tiles consisting of 114 frag ments, all preserved front parts are glazed and only a few ti les are without any ornamentation. Ornament motifs consist of stylized plant branches, rosette in form of spinning flo wer, Moorish ornament or strapwork, called coffers. Using only two colors of glaze ֊֊ green and brown were reported. 6.4. Glass objects A small number of fragments (431 items) of glass products excavated in the object results from both stormy history of the castle and demolishing works as well. There is no in formation either, suggesting qualities or quantities of glass equipment of the site under discussion. It is evident, con firmed by both 17th c lustrations and the material obtained during excavation that the castle had glass windows. Glass panes, the most numerous in our collection, can be dated as products originating from 16th till the half
of 17lh c, because they are sheet glass panes which using was reported from 16th c. Apart from window panes, archaeological explora tion also delivered, mainly in the area of the ward, several fragments of glass tableware: wine glasses, cups, goblet of maigelein type and a pitcher, which are dated from 14/15th c till the half of 17th c. Lower limit can be assumed with a high probability on the base of analogies to excavated
Summary drinking glass fragments, the upper limit is defined by the end of the castle functioning. The castle area delivered as well a number of bottle fragments not related to its functio ning, where majority represents forms from 19th and 20 c, with cylindrical or square bodies (the later ones can belong to 18th c medium sized examples ֊ blown glass). 6.5. Coins During archaeological-architectonic research 8 coins were excavated: 5 items in 2010 and 3 in next exploration se ason. Examples (5 objects) excavated in 2010 were loca ted by the means of metal detector within the filling of the moat, while the coins from 2011 come from archaeological trenches from the bailey. All coins were identified, defining majority of their characteristics: value, type (in case of ‘artigs’), issuer, date, mint, weight and metal as the material. First research season delivered, so called ‘anonymous artig’ of the Teutonic Knights in Livonia dated from the end of 14th c, two soliduses from the times of Sigismund III Vasa, so called Suczawa solidus - a fake from the times of Riga solidus, minted in the times of Swedish queen Christina’s reigning and Russian copeck from the times of tzar Nicolas II. In 2011 a Hungarian denar from the period of Ferdinand I the king, silver coin with value of 3 kreuzers, minted du ring reigning of Ferdinand II Habsburg and Lithuanian so lidus from times of John II Casimir Vasa were excavated. 6.6. Metal objects 18 metal objects were obtained during excavation works in the bishop’s residence territory and they include: the fitting of a lengthened belt, a
fragment of corazzina type armor, four nails, a fragment of book cover comer fitting, a sec tion of led alloy strip, a belt clasp, two iron knives, a scra per, a piece of a horseshoe, four examples of arrowheads of a crossbow and a ring of copper alloy. A bottom fitting part is probably the end of a belt. Its function was to weigh down a knight’s belt and these objects were in use from 2nd half of 13th c till 14th c. A fragment of corazzina was made of two copper alloy sheets and this type was used to produ ce armor stiffer, than a chainmail, but more protective. Four excavated nails had heads with „T” form and their presence can be a sign of framework technique buildings existed in the castle area. Classical nail served for fixing horseshoe to a horse hoof and it has been used in unchanged form from the Middle Ages till today. A fitting of a book cover is made of copper alloy in molding technique. It is a symmetrical openwork element protecting and decorating a book cover (its style resembles renaissance ornamentation). The strip 233 section is a fragment of led alloy fitting of stained glass window used from 11th c. Semicircular belt clasp without a movable spike can be dated from 13th c till 15th c. Knives spotted in the site are made of iron alloy, but only blades with sharp points without coatings have preserved. They represent single-edged type with asymmetric construction, known from finds dating from 14lh c. The scraper is made of rectangular iron sheet, semicircular bent along longer axis, with incisions similar to saw cutting edge. Scrapers with identical
construction have been in use since 13 th c till pre sence. The collection of arrowheads is represented by four items, three of which are examples of pivot type and one is with a sleeve. Similar objects excavated in Plemięty are dated from the period before the stronghold destruction in 1414. The horseshoe fragment was used for nailing field working horses and similar items have been used till today. Copper alloy ring is circular, with the cross section slightly convex outside. On its outer surface there is an inscription: IHS. Similar rings are dated from 18th c. 6.7. Bone objects Two bone objects obtained from the site are: a fragment of cladding with engraved ornament of clear floral design of unidentified function and a dice cut out of a bigger bone. Its walls have images of small concentric circles in composi tion: 5, 1, 2, 6 and 4, 2, 3. Dices of similar shape have been known all over the world for centuries being elements of competitions and recreation. Material, technique and value marks suggest dating it between chronological range from the end of 13th c and 18lh c. 6.8. Clay objects Two artifacts of fired clay were also excavated: a fragment of ceramic bowl serving for hot-drying grain and peas, pro bably for separating wheat from the haff, baking bread, and a biconical spindle whorl. The bowls also served heating purposes, as containers for malt in brewing, to store grain and other household products. They served for rimal food preparing and their intense exploitation is well documented from 7th till 10thc and rarely up to the fall of early Middle Ages.
Biconical spindle whorl of fired clay has a form cha racteristic for early Middle Ages spreading in mass from 11th c all over the Slavic territories. 6.9. Stone objects Two stone archaeological objects excavated in the site con sist of a stone grinder and a fragment of a mould. Grinders
234 Į of granite stone, known from the Neolithic period were in common use in the La Tene period and in the scholars’ opi nions, had been implemented from 10th c being the most po pular type of quern. Half of two-piece stone mould of grey color served for moulding globular objects, probably bul lets with diameter of about 10.50 mm. 6.10. Devotional accessories Two interesting examples of devotional objects were re ported among the finds: a medal and a rosary fragment. The medal with an image of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is an ellipsoidal form with a small loop at its upper part and on its reverse, there is a chalice with a host surro unded by rays. These images respond to baroque stylistics. The rosary, called ‘decade’ was found during exploration of trench 14. The object is unusual because of the material - jet, and it consists of fifteen beads joined together with thin wire. The beads are cubooctahedrons in shape and vary with sizes. The cross is made of the smallest beads, while the other eleven gradually enlarge their sizes. The object may have come from the center in Schwäbish Gmünd, fa mous for production of devotional accessories in 16th and 17th c. 7. Natural sources analysis 7.1. Study results concerning animal bone remains Animals’ remains were recovered from the layers situated within the upper castle ruins in eastern, southern, western wing, the bailey and the yard. Moreover, the material exca vated in the bailey and moat was also examined. It came from various chronological periods: a) 14-15"1 c; b) 14-16th c; c) 15-16th c; d) 15֊17'h c; e)
15֊18th c; f) 16֊18th c; g) 16--19th c; h) 17- 19th c. Total of 4875 animal remains were examined, 3881 of which, i.e. 80% of all the collec tion was identified. Most of that material - 3682 samples, were excavated in trenches situated in the castle moat. Due to numerous signs of butcher tools reported, it was esta blished that examined bones were in majority the wastes of eaten meat, creating rather varied diet, because not only beef and pork meat were eaten but also mutton, goatmeat, birds and fish. Venison was represented by roe and deer meat and wild game birds, like graylag goose and mallard more often, than the other anseriformes, i.e.: garganey, common teal, tufted duck and long-tailed duck which ac cording to modem data inhabit lakes and ponds, nesting in water shrubs. Their meat due to rare occurrence was regar ded as luxury. Predominance of duck meat in the residents’ Summary diet may have been a result of more general trend appe aring at the fall of the Middle Ages, particularly in the be ginning of the modem times among the burghers of Pome ranian towns (e.g. Gdańsk) and castles (Mala Nieszawka, Malbork, Grudziądz). Local waters delivered other impor tant diet components, like pike and tench, rarely sturgeon and cod, delivered from distanced areas (first could have been fished in the Vistula or Drwęca rivers, while the other in the Baltic or being imported from Scandinavian centers. Cattle and other household animal meat (sheep, goat) must have been delivered from outside and not produced local ly, what is confirmed by a small percentage of animal heads
identified in excavated relics. In case of pigs, at least a part of them must have come from stationary breeding in house hold buildings situated within the castle area. Cattle deli vered veal and beef. Slaughtering growing animals betwe en 4th month of age and 3rd year was rather avoided, which enabled to breed cows delivering milk after every calving. Milk strategy is confirmed by cows predominance in grown up herd. Sheep breeding was directed to deliver meat of va rious individuals, although it came mainly from adult ani mals, over 18 month of age. Pork came from animals slau ghtered in various age, from piglets with juicy meat to older individuals fully developed, with higher rate of fat, there fore more caloric, suitable for preserving food for winters. Taking into consideration high rate of hare and roe partici pation it can be supposed that starting at least from 15th c. woods surrounding the castle could have been destroyed substantially, which on the other hand created preferable conditions for breeding cattle and small ruminantia. Apart from lakes and pastures, the area was rich in wet lands and meadows, unapproachable for men but preferred by cranes. 7.2. Results of analyses of wood residues Within the bioarchaeological works of Wąbrzeźno castle finds, anthracological analyses of botanical remains were performed (four samples obtained in 2010-2011 in the area of the castle and the bailey). Macrobotanical remains were tested and marked in accordance with standardized pro cedures. The analyses delivered two taxa, one of decidu ous tree: willow tree (Salix
sp.) and the other of coniferous tree: scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Each sample was spe cies homogenous. Pine remains were marked in three te sts, a willow in one test (its remains were excavated from the area of the castle yard, in the trench where the relics of a well were registered). The other sample taken from the place of the main castle existence and two samples from the ward contained remains of a pine. Trenches in the ward where the samples were found were connected with the
Summary wall surrounding its eastern part and a building of frame work construction. Using pine and willow wood resulted probably from its properties and accessibility of that mate rial. Pine wood is often used in various constructions while willow, although does not belong to durable and mechani cally resistant material, is used in special constructions, like branches/fascine for protecting river banks or damp areas. Pine wood could have been brought from wet-ground fo rests situated South-East from Wąbrzeźno. Macrobotanical remains of willow wood indicate exploitation of local buil ding material, which could have appeared in big quantities in riparian woodland of the lake areas. 8. Attempts of the castle building stages and spatial arrangement reconstruction on the ground of historical, archaeological and architectonic research results Basing on recent studies, it was possible to verify the ele mentary castle dimensions. The high castle measured about 36 x 37-38 m. The main wing (southern) was about 10 m wide, western one - 9.3 m, northern wing about 9 m, eastern bailey -16 m wide and the moat situated in front of it 15.7 m, while irregular, brick ward was about 70 χ 100 m. As it results from the metrical analysis, a new Chelmnian rod was used in measuring the central wing and the gallery. Contrary to Teutonic castellimi, during high castle building no bigger earthworks were performed - no leve ling, lifting the surface, either. Only foundation trenches were made - narrow ones for the walls and broad ones for southern wing with a cellar. Due to fragmentary state of
wall preservation, it is difficult to define particular building stages, concerning this castle part. The watchtower and cir cumferential curtain, like the walls of southern and western wings are in solid brickwork. It is not easy to state clearly if these both parts were being erected at the same time, al though building techniques similarity let us suppose it was so. The conclusion is that the outher curtain with the tower and internal walls of the wings were built concurrently. The situation is analogous to bishop castle in Lubawa. The gal lery was built in the next constructing stage, and later the bailey walls, which had multilateral outline and its surface was not leveled keeping the natural slopes. The following building stage concerned constructing the ward on irregular plan. Mounds of earth from the internal circumferential wall’s side were specially made to broaden and flatten the plateau. The material may have come from the earth obtained during the moat digging up. Subsequent bigger building works were probably per formed in the castle not earlier than in the beginning of 235 17th c, when framework constructions in eastern bailey were built. 9. Summary Presentation of the above analysis of archaeological-archi tectonic, historical and biological results outlines a picture of a relatively small architectonic construction. It is known today that the castle was erected on a plan close to a square with sizes - 36 χ 37/38 m. Detail fragments registered, par ticularly tracery and frieze bricks, resemble to analogous details seen in facades of cathedrals and
other buildings of Chełmno Land refer to general building trend and fashions of these territories in 14th and 15lh c. In case of Wąbrzeźno castle, both clearly separated bailey and wide moat, streng thened additionally by characteristic retaining wall give evidence what patterns and designs the builders based their construction on. Taking up a decision on its location, pro bably defensive values of the small headland surrounded by watershed of two lakes were considered. The castle was en circled by ramparts and connected with a moat and a brid ge with one bailey, possibly with the other one as well, that fact however was not verified during exploration. Lengthe ned eastern bailey was equipped with a cobbled road which relics were excavated during the works, connecting the ba iley with the high castle. The castle was distanced a little from the settlement, but well connected with it. The hypo thesis concerning a brick castle in the place of a former wo oden-earthen stronghold were not confirmed. On the other hand, the location of brick bishops’ fortress being erected from the beginning of 14th c was closely connected with the developing town center, distanced from it only 800 m East, which location was combined with completing buil ding works of the castle itself. Analyzing Wąbrzeźno castle interior, it seems that the constmction did not differ much ftmctionally from typical Teutonic Order’s conventual ca stles. Its representative/symbolic and not only defensive character is emphasized by a form of the main tower. As it results from inventory information, the tower
did not have the entrance placed some meters above the ground, typi cal for main towers, what evidently weakened its defensi ve character. Its ‘central’ situating, close to the gate to the castle and its predominant position ֊ the highest compa ring to other building parts must have impressed the visitors and inhabitants of the bishops’ property. The castle form and architectonic detail characteristics, obtained during the excavations, give however, the picture of a little ‘provin cial’ character of Wąbrzeźno residence/fortress because of clearly seen reduction of its architectonic form in compari son to Teutonic original structures. It is evident in the objec-
236 ťs plans and spatial arrangement of its interior, but also in character of the building material used. Close formal bonds of the fortress with the group of the oldest regular Teutonic Order structures, called by T. Torbus ‘early castles’, inclu ding, e.g. Papowo Biskupie, Lipienek, Rogoźno and Golub are confirmed by: - sizes: the castle was of similar dimen sions as the oldest regular conventual castles, like Papo wo Biskupie, which had already existed in the period when Wąbrzeźno castle was being in building; - chronology: all these objects were probably built at the end of 13th c and the 1st quarter of 14th c (1300-1330) - Wąbrzeźno castle can Summary be listed into this chronology; - parcham: the oldest group of regular castles is characterized by irregular parcham or is deprived of it at all: Wąbrzeźno fortress had a parcham with irregular outline; - avant-corps or built up comer towers or their lack: in case of Wąbrzeźno castle, there is no eviden ce for such elements existence, although they are reported in castles of Papowo Biskupie (avant-corps) or Golub (built up); - main towers; its situating in Wąbrzeźno castle, from the inside, at eastern curtain, near the gate, resembles the oldest regular Teutonic castles, erected in the end of 13th c and the beginning of 14th c. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042632495 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1101924926 (DE-599)BVBBV042632495 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Wąbrzeźno (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie) / zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno (Polska) / Zamek biskupów chełmińskich jhpk Wąbrzeźno (DE-588)10032593-2 gnd Chełmno (DE-588)4070152-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Wąbrzeźno (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie) / zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno (Polska) / Zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno Chełmno |
| id | DE-604.BV042632495 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-29T00:18:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323133131 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028065029 |
| oclc_num | 1101924926 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 252 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 31 cm + 1 CD-R (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials redakcja naukowa Marcin Wiewióra ; Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Instytut Archeologii Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2014 252 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 31 cm + 1 CD-R (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliografie Seite 237-249 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Architektura obronna polska / archeologia / 14 w Zamki i pałace / archeologia / Polska Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Wąbrzeźno jhpk Bischof (DE-588)4006949-7 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd rswk-swf Wąbrzeźno (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie) / zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno (Polska) / Zamek biskupów chełmińskich jhpk Wąbrzeźno (DE-588)10032593-2 gnd rswk-swf Chełmno (DE-588)4070152-9 gnd rswk-swf Chełmno (DE-588)4070152-9 g Bischof (DE-588)4006949-7 s Wąbrzeźno (DE-588)10032593-2 g Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Wiewióra, Marcin Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials Architektura obronna polska / archeologia / 14 w Zamki i pałace / archeologia / Polska Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Wąbrzeźno jhpk Bischof (DE-588)4006949-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006949-7 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4009104-1 (DE-588)10032593-2 (DE-588)4070152-9 |
| title | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials |
| title_alt | Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research |
| title_auth | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials |
| title_exact_search | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials |
| title_full | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials redakcja naukowa Marcin Wiewióra ; Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_fullStr | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials redakcja naukowa Marcin Wiewióra ; Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials redakcja naukowa Marcin Wiewióra ; Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_short | Zamek biskupów chełmińskich w Wąbrzeźnie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych |
| title_sort | zamek biskupow chelminskich w wabrzeznie w swietle badan archeologiczno architektonicznych studia i materialy wabrzezno chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological architectural research studies and materials |
| title_sub | studia i materiały = Wąbrzeźno Chelmno bishops castle in the light of archaeological-architectural research : studies and materials |
| topic | Architektura obronna polska / archeologia / 14 w Zamki i pałace / archeologia / Polska Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Wąbrzeźno jhpk Bischof (DE-588)4006949-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Architektura obronna polska / archeologia / 14 w Zamki i pałace / archeologia / Polska Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Wąbrzeźno Bischof Ausgrabung Burg Wąbrzeźno (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie) / zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno (Polska) / Zamek biskupów chełmińskich Wąbrzeźno Chełmno |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028065029&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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