Compendium of meteorology: for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel P.6 Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology
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| Sprache: | English |
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World Meteorological Organization
1985
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| Schriftenreihe: | World Meteorological Organization: WMO
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Compendium of meteorology |b for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel |n P.6 |p Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology |c ed., Aksel Wiin-Nielsen |
| 264 | 1 | |a Geneva |b World Meteorological Organization |c 1985 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Retallack, B. J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Bd. 2,6. Compendium of meteorology. Air chemistry and air pollution meteorology
Autor:
Jahr: 1985
CONTEOS
Foreword . o „ o „ „ „ „ „ . „ „ „ t, „ t,, „ „ „., ^ „,.,. „ . „ „ o. „ t. „ „. . o t „ t, „ „ „... o.. ,, c t,.,, t t . t. ...... ix
Preface .. o o o. « „ c o „. «, „ „ o „. „ „ c „ „ o o „ o.. „.. t. t „ „ „ „ c. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ t., c „ „ „ „,, „. „ „ „ ^ „ o o „, „ xi
Chapter 1 - PRINCIPLES OF AIR CHEMISTRY AND AIR POLLUTION : GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
lol Some definitions , „ o.....e*..*„.....e*.c*..... ,^^.ñ^^ñ..^.ñ.î^^.... 1
1.2 Historical perspective .........t...ct....... .. ...*....ñ............ 1
1.3 Types and sources of the chemical constituents of the atmosphere .... 2
1.4 Air pollution meteorology: a general introduction .........«...¦. ,...„. 4
1.4.1 A flow chart . „____„................................................. 4
1.402 Emissions ......................t......................e........... ¦ · 4
1.403 Initial atmospheric behaviour....................................... 5
1«4.4 Atmospheric transport and diffusion ..................e................. 6
1.405 Chemical transformations.......................................*..?» 11
1.406 Deposition....................„..................................... 11
1.4.7 Impact on receptors 4................................................. 11
1.4.8 Impact on climate...............................................c.. 11
1.5 Pollution control and air resource management....................... 12
1„6 The role of the meteorologist in air pollution control programmes ... 13
1.7 Some literature sources ............................................. 13
1.8 Some discussion questions..........................„................ 14
Chapter 2 - AIR CHEMISTRY
2Ä Introduction........................................................ 15
2.2 Review of some of the basic chemistry.........................,..... 15
2.2.1 Atoms and molecules................................................. 15
2.2.2 Measures of concentration........................................... 16
2.2.3 Chemical reactions.................................................. 18
2O3 The composition of the atmosphere................................... 23
2.4 Sources of atmospheric substances..........................._ „....... 29
2.4.1 Natural emission processes.......................................... 29
2.4.2 Anthropogenic emissions............................................„ 31
2.5 Chemical transformations in the atmosphere .......................... 33
2.5.1 Introduction............... ,........................................ 33
2.5.2 Stratospheric photochemistry........................................ 34
IV CONTENTS
2.5.3 Gas phase transformations in the troposphere ....................... 36
2.5.4 Liquid phase transformation .„...........„.......„....· ............ 40
2.6 Aerosols ........„..............o.............„.........o........... 42
2.6.1 General remarks . „........„.......„....„........o..»..........»..... 42
2.6.2 Size distributions .................................„............... 43
2.6O3 Formation, transformation and removal processes .............„...... 45
2.6.4 Chemical composition of aerosol particles .....„....„............... 48
2.6.5 Concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles ..............0·»·.· 48
2„6.6 Optical characteristics of aerosols o.ooooooo.ooo.......o.«......... 48
2.7 Removal processes ......................o.o..·„.„...„......„..„..... 49
2.7.1 Introduction ...................o......................„.....„...... 49
2.7.2 Wet removal o.................o „........„„„.o...........o.,, „ „....... 50
2.7O3 Dry deposition .„„á«»««...,....«...,,...«.....»o.·...„.o..............o. 52
2.7.4 Time scales of removal ......„...............„.......„...».......... 56
2.7.5 Practical methods for estimating deposition in transport models .0». 57
2.8 Regional and global budgets of atmospheric constituents . 0.o........ 58
2.8,1 Introduction . „ „ , „.. „. „ „. „. „ „.. „. „. „........« o o.. o ». o----„.......... 58
2.8„2 Gases with a very long turn-over time „„ï.»........,,..,·..,...... ... .. 60
2.8.3 Water.........„...„.... =........ .... , o.„ .. , o„.. o..... „„..«. o...... 61
2.8.4 Carbon dioxide .............................o...„.coco.. ..«... ... . 61
2.8.5 Other carbon-containing gases ..................0.. „......... ,...... 64
2.8.6 Nitrogen compounds ...............................................o. 66
2.8.7 Tropospheric ozone ..oo.».......° »......... ........................ 69
2.8.8 Sulphur compounds....................o..........„................... 70
2.8.9 Particulate matter..........................J.............o........ 74
2.8.10 Radionjclides . o«»...»................... .. ........................ 75
2o9 The evolution of the atmosphere .................................... 77
2.9.1 The origin of the atmosphere ....................................... 77
2.9.2 The atmospheres of the inner planets .............................. 77
2.9.3 The evolution of the atmosphere ....................0o.o............ 79
2.10 Some discussion questions and problems ...............„............. 81
Chapter 3 - ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION
?? Introduction.....O0..0O...O.0.0...................o.......o...«..«. 87
3.2 Boundary layers..........................................„.......„. 87
3.3 Classical diffjsion theory (K-theory) ....o..,..................o... 91
3.4 The statistical theory of turbulence............................... 93
CONTEMTS
3.5 Similarity theory .......„.,.... ,¦. ,.·„...................... ... c...... 96
3.6 Diffusion theory ..........................„____c...o...o.......... 98
3.7 Plume rise____„..„.„...„.............=.........„.. c........«.....o 101
3.8 Aerodynamic effects . ...o............„...„...............„ „........ 104
3.9 Mesoscale transport and diffusion ....„...........................o 106
3.9.1 Urban wind fields „...„.„...............„___c..................... 106
3.9.2 Coastal winds . .„........„........„......... ,.. „____„. «............ 107
3.9.3 Valley and slope winds.....„........ ,. .. .. ........e.o.......o.... 108
3O9O4 Circulations induced by heated plumes ..................„......... 109
3.9.5 Combinations of mesometeorological patterns .........„......«.....„ 110
3.10 Long-range transport and diffusion oo................ o............. 110
3.11 Some discussion questions ......................................... 113
Chapter 4 - SHORT-TERM MODELLING AND PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
4.1 Introduction ..................................................«... 117
4.2 Point-source models .................„......»...................... 117
4.3 Plume-rise equations .............................................. 123
4.4 The estimation of s and s ..................„.................... 125
4.5 Other types of sources .„„ ..«.....................„.·..„.. ,....... 126
4O6 Models for complex terrain and mesoscale circulations „...........„ 127
4.7 Synoptic-scale transport models ................„.................» 129
4.8 Multiple-source models .................«..........o».........u...o 131
4.9 Model performance and sensitivity analyses ........o.«r..........u. 132
4o10 Synoptic prediction techniques ...............................„.... 134
4.11 Some discussion questions and problems ...............„........... 134
Chapter 5 - AIR POLLUTION CLIMATOLOGY
5.1 Introduction .. o. „.............„................................... 139
5.2 Ways of summarizing air pollution data .......„.................... 139
5.3 Pollution potential climatology .................................. 146
5.4 Climatological classifications ..............„.......o............. 150
5.5 Ways of summarizing air quality data to reveal relations with
meteorological factors ............................................ 151
5.6 Climatological air pollution models ..........................o.... 151
5.6.1 Short-range models ..............................„.........„.„..... 151
5.6.2 Models for complex terrain and mesoscale circulations .. *.......... 152
5.6.3 Synoptic-scale climatological models .............................. 153
5.6.4 Global models ..„.«„.«o.»«...»...»............................»o.. 155
VI CONTENTS
5.7 Some discussion questions and problems ............................ 155
Chapter 6 - MONITORING AND INSTRUMENTATION
6.1 Air chemistry measurements ........................................ 159
6.1.1 Introduction.....»...................o..........o „ o.....o... o..... 159
6.1.2 Methods of measurement ............................................ 159
6Ä.Ç Measurement of Ñ0„ and CO......................................... 160
6.1.4 Sulphure dioxide and particulate sulphate . «....................... 160
6.1O5 Oxides of nitrogen and ozone ...................................... 162
6.1.6 Aerosols.......................................................... 162
6.1.7 Deposition by precipitation ....................„.................. 166
6.1.8 Dry deposition .«......... , ....................»................... 167
6.1.9 Data quality -jnd storage .......................................... 168
6.2 Meteorological instruments used for air pollution surveys ....o... 169
6.2.1 Introduction ...................„..........»..................„.. ,. 169
6.2.2 Micrometeorological instrumentation ................„.............. 169
6.2.3 Mesoscale studies ................................................. 170
63 Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)...................... 174
6.4 Network design criteria ........................................... 180
6.4.1 Siting criteria for WMO BAPMoN stations ........................o,. 180
6.4.2 Siting criteria for WHO air pollution monitoring stations ..„...... 182
604.3 Network density . „. „..........„.........„.......„........„......... 183
6.5 Some discussion questions.........„............................... 184
Chapter 7 - EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
7.1 Effects of air pollution on climate ................................ 187
7.1.1 Introduction ....................................................... 187
7.1.2 The atmospheric greenhouse effect .................................. 187
7.1.3 The climatic effects of aerosols ................................... 192
7.1.4 Synoptic effects ................................................... 194
7#2 Effects of air pollution on human health ........................... 194
7.3 Effects of air pollution on property ............................... 195
7.4 Effects of acidic precipitation on ecosystems ...................... 196
7.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion ...................................... 196
7.6 Air quality criteria............................................... 198
7.7 Some discussion questions .......................................... 200
Chapter 8 - AIR RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
8.1 Air pollution control authorities .................................. 203
CONTENTS VII
8.2 Air pollution standards ......................„........o........... 204
8.3 Environmental impact assessments .................................. 208
8„4 Some questions for discussion ..................„.................. 209
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| spelling | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel P.6 Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology ed., Aksel Wiin-Nielsen Geneva World Meteorological Organization 1985 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World Meteorological Organization: WMO ... Abluft (DE-588)4000170-2 gnd rswk-swf Abluft (DE-588)4000170-2 s DE-604 Wiin-Nielsen, Aksel Sonstige oth Retallack, B. J. Sonstige oth Defant, Friedrich 1884-1974 Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV005970754 6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028058756&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel Abluft (DE-588)4000170-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000170-2 |
| title | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel |
| title_auth | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel |
| title_exact_search | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel |
| title_full | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel P.6 Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology ed., Aksel Wiin-Nielsen |
| title_fullStr | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel P.6 Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology ed., Aksel Wiin-Nielsen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Compendium of meteorology for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel P.6 Air Chemistry and Air Pollution Meteorology ed., Aksel Wiin-Nielsen |
| title_short | Compendium of meteorology |
| title_sort | compendium of meteorology for use by class i and class ii meteorological personnel air chemistry and air pollution meteorology |
| title_sub | for use by class I and class II meteorological personnel |
| topic | Abluft (DE-588)4000170-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Abluft |
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