Wind energy: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2016]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 333 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781482263992 1482263998 |
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| adam_text | WlRd Enengif AN INTRODUCTION
Wind Energy: An introduction covers wind energy system types, operation,
modeling, analysis, integration, and control. Beginning with a history of the
development of wind energy, this comprehensive book:
• Explains the aerodynamic theories that govern the operation of
wind turbines
• Presents wind energy statistics to address the stochastic nature
of wind speed
• Employs the statistical modeling of wind speed to evaluate sites for
wind energy generation
• Highlights the differences between the most common types of
wind turbines
• Analyzes the main power electronic circuits used in wind energy
• Details the induction, synchronous, and permanent magnet generators
from the basic principle of induced voltage to the steady-state
and dynamic models
• Explores the operation, stability, control, and protection of type
1,2, 3, and 4 wind turbines
• Discusses the main integration challenges of wind energy systems
with electric utility systems
• Features numerous models, illustrations, real-world examples,
and exercise problems
• Includes a solutions manual and figure slides with qualifying
course adoption
Wind Energy: An Introduction requires a basic knowledge of electric circuit
theory, making it an ideal text for students at the senior-undergraduate and
graduate levels. In addition, the book provides practicing engineers with a
handy professional reference.
Contents
ft
Preface..........................................................................xiii
Author.............................................................................xv
List of Variables................................................................xvii
1. History of the Wind Energy Development.........................................1
1.1 Wind Turbines........................................................... 4
1.2 Offshore Wind Turbines....................................................8
Exercise........................................................................9
2. Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines.................................................11
2.1 Wind Speed,,.............................................................14
2.1.1 Impact of Friction and Height on Wind Speed.......................14
2.1.2 Air Density.......................................................16
2.2 WT Blades................................................................18
2.2.1 Angle of Attack...................................................19
2.2.2 Relative Wind Speed...............................................22
2.2.3 Pitch Angle.......................................................24
2.3 Coefficient of Performance...............................................24
2.3.1 Tip-Speed Ratio...................................................30
2.3.2 Blade Power.......................................................31
2.4 Separation of WTs........................................................35
Exercise.......................................................................40
3. Wind Statistics...............................................................43
3.1 Average Variance and Standard Deviation..................................44
3.2 Cumulative Distribution Function.........................................46
3.3 Probability Density Function.............................................47
3.3.1 Weibull Distribution Function.....................................48
3.3.2 Rayleigh Distribution Function....................................50
3.4 Dependency and Repeatability.............................................51
3.4.1 Cross-Correlation.................................................51
3.4.2 Repeatability................................................... 53
Exercise.......................................................................54
4. Overview of Wind Turbines.....................................................59
4.1 Classification of Wind Turbines..........................................59
4.1.1 Alignment of Rotating Axis...................................... 59
4.1.2 Types of Generators...............................................62
4.1.3 Speed of Rotation.................................................63
4.1.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine.................................64
4.1.3.2 Variable-Speed Wind Turbine..............................65
4.1.3.3 Assessment of FSWT and VSWT..............................66
vii
viii Contents
4.1.4 Power Conversion................................................ 67
4.1.5 Control Actions.................................................. 68
4.1.5.1 Soft Starting............................................68
4.1.5.2 Generation Control.......................................68
4.1.5.3 Reactive Power Control...................................69
4.1.5.4 Stability Control...................................... 69
4.1.5.5 Ramping Control......................................... 69
4.2 Types of Wind Turbines................................................. 69
4.2.1 Type 1 Wind Turbine...............................................70
4.2.2 Type 2 Wind Turbine...............................................70
4.2.3 Type 3 Wind Turbine...............................................72
4.2.4 Type 4 Wind Turbine...............................................73
4.2.5 Type 5 Wind Turbine...............................................74
Exercise.......................................................................75
5. Solid-State Converters........................................................77
5.1 AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load................................... 77
5.1.1 Rectifier Circuits.............................................. 77
5.1.2 Voltage-Controlled Circuits.......................................80
5.1.3 Three-Phase Circuits..............................................82
5.2 AC/DC Converters with Inductive Load.....................................86
5.2.1 Current Calculations..............................................87
5.2.2 Voltage Calculations..............................................89
5.2.3 Freewheeling Diodes...............................................90
5.3 DC/DC Converters.........................................................92
5.3.1 Buck Converter....................................................93
5.3.2 Boost Converter...................................................94
5.3.3 Buck-Boost Converter..............................................98
5.4 DC/AC Converters........................................................100
5.4.1 Three-Phase DC/AC Converter......................................100
5.4.2 Pulse Width Modulation...........................................103
5.5 AC/AC Converters........................................................108
Exercise......................................................................108
6. Induction Generator..........................................................113
6.1 Description of Induction Machine........................................113
6.2 Representation of Induction Machine.....................................119
6.2.1 Flux Linkage.....................................................122
6.2.2 Balanced System..................................................123
6.2.3 Rotating Reference Frame.........................................124
6.3 Park s Equations........................................................128
6.3.1 Steady-State Model...............................................129
6.3.1.1 Root Mean Square Values.................................131
6.3.1.2 Real and Reactive Powers................................132
6.3.1.3 General Equivalent Circuit..............................133
6.3.1.4 Torque..................................................136
Contents ix
6.3.2 Dynamic Model of Induction Generator...........................139
6.3.2.1 Dynamics of Electrical Mode............................139
6.3.2.2 Rotor Dynamics.........................................141
Exercise....................................................................145
7. Synchronous Generator......................................................149
7.1 Description of Synchronous Generator..................................149
7.2 Salient Pole Synchronous Generator....................................150
7.2.1 Rotating Reference Frame.......................................152
7.2.2 Parks Equations................................................155
7.2.3 Steady-State Model.............................................155
7.2.3.1 Root Mean Square Values................................156
7.2.3.2 Real and Reactive Powers...............................160
7.3 Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generator...............................164
7.4 Dynamic Model of Synchronous Generator................................166
7.4.1 Dynamics of Rotating Mass......................................166
7.4.2 Dynamics of Electrical Modes...................................169
7.4.2.1 Field Dynamics.........................................170
7.4.2.2 Terminal Voltage Dynamics..............................172
7.4.2.3 Electric Torque Dynamics...............................173
7.4.3 Block Diagram of Synchronous Generator.........................173
Exercise....................................................................176
8. Type 1 Wind Turbine System.................................................179
8.1 Equivalent Circuit for the Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator..........179
8.1.1 Power Flow.....................................................179
8.1.2 Electric Torque................................................185
8.1.3 Maximum Power..................................................188
8.1.4 Maximum Torque.................................................190
8.2 Assessment of Type 1 System...........................................192
8.3 Control and Protection of Type 1 System...............................192
8.3.1 Reactive Power of Type 1 System................................192
8.3.2 Inrush Current............................................... 194
8.3.3 Turbine Stability..............................................197
Exercise....................................................................201
9. Type 2 Wind Turbine System................................................ 203
9.1 Equivalent Circuit of Type 2 Generator.............................. 203
9.2 Real Power............................................................207
9.3 Electric Torque.......................................................211
9.4 Assessment of Type 2 System...........................................214
9.5 Control and Protection of Type 2 System...............................214
9.5.1 Inrush Current.................................................214
9.5.2 Turbine Stability..............................................215
Exercise....................................................................216
x Contents
10. Type 3 Wind Turbine System................................................. 219
10.1 Equivalent Circuit................................................... 221
10.2 Simplified Model..................................................... 222
10.3 Power Flow.............................................................223
10.3.1 Apparent Power Flow through RSC........................... 231
10.3.2 Apparent Power Flow through GSC.............................. 235
10.4 Speed Control...................................................... 237
10.5 Protection of Type 3 Systems.......................................... 240
10.5.1 Electrical Protection..........................................241
10.5.1.1 Crowbar System..................................... 242
10.5.1.2 Chopper System................................... 245
10.5.2 Electromechanical Protection............................... 247
10.5.2.1 Stator Dynamic Resistance.......................... 248
10.5.2.2 Rotor Dynamic Resistance......................... 251
Exercise.................................................................... 254
11. Type 4 Wind Turbine...........................................................257
11.1 Full Converter.........................................................257
11.2 Power Flow........................................................... 260
11.3 Real Power Control................................................... 263
11.4 Reactive Power Control.................................................264
11.5 Protection.............................................................266
11.5.1 Chopper System.................................................266
11.5.2 Dynamic Resistance.............................................268
Exercise......................................................................269
12. Grid Integration..............................................................271
12.1 System Stability.......................................................271
12.1.1 Stability of Synchronous Generator.............................272
12.1.2 Stability of the Induction Generator...........................277
12.1.3 Systemwide Stability...........................................279
12.2 Fault Ride-Through, Low-Voltage Ride-Through...........................283
12.2.1 Impact of Fault on WTs.........................................283
12.2.1.1 Current..............................................284
12.2.1.2 Reactive Power.......................................286
12.2.1.3 Mechanical Stress....................................288
12.2.2 LVRT Requirements..............................................292
12.2.3 LVRT Compliance Techniques.....................................295
12.2.3.1 Ramping Control......................................296
12.2.3.2 Dynamic Braking......................................296
12.2.3.3 Dynamic Voltage Restorer.............................298
12.3 Variability of the Wind Power Production...............................300
12.3.1 Uncertainty of Wind Speed......................................300
12.3.2 Variability of Wind Power Output...............................302
12.3.3 Balancing Wind Energy..........................................303
12.3.3.1 Energy Storage.......................................304
12.3.3.2 Load Management......................................305
Contents xi
12.4 Reactive Power........................................................305
12.4.1 Turbine Reactive Power Control...............................305
12.4.2 Static VAR Compensator.......................................308
12.4.2.1 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor........................309
12.4.2.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor........................314
12.4.2.3 TSR-TSC.............................................315
12.4.2.4 Static Compensator..................................315
12.4.3 Synchronous Condenser........................................316
Exercise....................................................................318
Index...........................................................................321
|
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| title | Wind energy an introduction |
| title_auth | Wind energy an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Wind energy an introduction |
| title_full | Wind energy an introduction Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi |
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| title_short | Wind energy |
| title_sort | wind energy an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
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