Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej: (1945 - 1977)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
103 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache, S. 431 - 434. - Bibliogr. S. 439 - [449] |
| Beschreibung: | 461 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788376297651 |
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SUMMARY
In this book, I have focused on the complicated relations between Poland and
Spain in a period that was very special for both countries. The chronological frame-
work of the study covers the times of communist dictatorship in Poland (dependent
on the Soviet Union) and the dictatorship of general Francisco Franco in Spain, to-
gether with the first stage of its transformation towards a democratic system.
The period in question - spanning over thirty years ֊ is seemingly quite stat-
ic. The principal characteristic of Poland-Spain relations was, at that time, mutual
hostility founded on ideological differences. The aforementioned hostility resulted
in: creation of a negative image of the opponent in the sphere of information and
propaganda, hostile actions in the international arena (particularly at the beginning),
support for centres of power in exile alternative for both dictatorships and, finally,
almost total lack of both political, economic, cultural and other relations.
Nevertheless, research conducted on the basis of archival sources enable me to
outline a much more complicated and ambiguous picture of the situation. It turns
out that — despite differences - diplomatic services of both countries managed to
conduct discussions and cooperate on many different levels. The achievement of
this new state of affairs was of evolutionary nature. The process began to develop
gradually in the first half of the sixties, and culminated in the form of establishment
of full diplomatic relations in January 1977. This date constitutes the endpoint of
my research.
This study is not a classic thesis on the history of diplomacy. In fact, the focus
is on actions of one of the parties - the communist Poland. Within the framework
of the analysis, the following areas of attitude of the authorities of the Polish Peo-
ple’s Republic towards Francoist Spain have been specified: activity at the forum
of international organisations; relations with emigration-related institutions, in par-
ticular with Spanish communists, and care taken by Polish authorities of Spanish
political refugees; use of Spanish motifs, with particular focus on the civil war of
1936-1939 and the participation of Poles in that war, for propaganda purposes; role
of these veterans, known as “Dąbrowszczacy” [soldiers of the battalion named af-
ter General Jarosław Dąbrowski], in the regime; finally, bilateral Poland-Spain re-
431
lations themselves: the initial deadlock and the gradual development, interrupted
by periods of crisis. The latter is connected with another interesting observation:
gradual change in the awareness of decision makers in the Polish People’s Repub-
lic, as far as the situation in Spain is concerned, and the related evolution in the
way the Polish society was informed of the situation in that country, forced by the
adjustment of the current discourse to the changing reality that was becoming more
and more difficult to disguise.
The publication is composed of a theoretic and methodological introduction fol-
lowed by nine chapters divided into three parts. In the introduction, notions which
are the most important from the point of view of the subject of the study, includ-
ing foreign policy and propaganda, are discussed. In order not to devote too much
space to theoretical considerations regarding these concepts, I have mentioned the
most important ways of understanding them and highlighted their specific features
which must be taken into consideration while analysing these ideas in the context
encompassing the realities of the Cold War and the Soviet Bloc. In this part, I have
also explained the methods applied in my work, and I have presented the sources
used, although their full list can naturally be found at the end of the book.
The first part of the actual study, entitled Absolute ideological hostility, begins
with the chapter called Antagonized authoritarian systems, in which I pay attention
to those features of the Francoist dictatorship which turned it into an attractive tar-
get of attack in the eyes of authorities of a communist state, such as Poland. They
include: taking inspiration from ideologies opposing the communism: conserva-
tism, nationalism and - the most controversial idea, requiring many reservations
- fascism, as well as close relations with the Catholic Church, firm and fierce anti-
communism. On the other hand, I present some features of propagan da of the Polish
People’s Republic indicating that the choosing of the Francoism as a target could
have had not only an ideological dimension, but also a practical one.
The following chapter (Policy of the Polish People s Republic vis-à-vis Spain)
refers to the engagement of Polish communist authorities in the issue of Francoist
dictatorship. It begins with a description of the degree of interest in Spain’s situa-
tion in the forties and fifties, as well as with an indication of matters which were the
most interesting for Poland, including the functioning of centres of Polish emigra-
tion within the territory of Spain. It also concerns activities undertaken by Poland
at the forum of the United Nations, the aim of which was to to lead to the isolation
and, as a consequence, to the fall of Franco’s regime. Subsequent pages are devoted
to the attitude of Warsaw towards the Spanish government in exile and milieus of
political emigration, in the case of which attention was paid mostly to the activity of
Spanish communists. They are referred to also in the subchapter devoted to political
emigrants who found refuge in the territory of Poland.
The last chapter of the first part is entitled Image of Spain in the Polish public
awareness. Within its framework, I discuss the image of the Francoist dictatorship
432
fl i
that emerged from the propaganda used by Polish communists. I also mention cam-
paigns mobilising the Polish society to act in support of the anti-Franco opposition
(since 1962, these actions were coordinated by the Polish Committee of Solidarity
with the People of Spain). The most considerable part of the chapter is, however,
devoted to the so-called Dąbrowszczacy ֊ the milieu of Polish participants of the
Spanish Civil War. I have tried to describe the issue in a possibly most comprehen-
sive way - starting from the review of the most important facts related to their ac-
tivity in Spain, through institutional framework of their functioning in post-war Po-
land, position they occupied in it and their significance for the propaganda of the
communist authorities, to the question of repressions they faced ֊ firstly at the peak
of Stalinism and, afterwards, in 1968.
The second part of the study (.Pragmatic thaw) is much shorter than the first one,
as it describes a relatively short period which initiated changes in relationships be-
tween Poland and Spain. It begins with a chapter entitled Factors affecting a para-
digm shift, in which I briefly discuss changes in the internal and foreign policy of
Spain at the threshold of the sixties and indicate - as far as possible - to what extent
they attracted the attention of authorities of the Polish People's Republic.
The following chapter (Establishment of official contacts) concerns a break-
through in mutual relations. As a consequence of talks conducted from the mid-
sixties, commercial relations were established. The latter were crowned with the
establishment of consular and commercial relations in 1969, which resulted, inter
alia, in the opening of representations in Warsaw and Madrid. The chapter presents
a comparison of development of Poland-Spain relations against other Eastern Bloc
countries which decided to get closer to Franco’s state at the same time.
The title of the final chapter of this part - The “new ” course of secret diplomacy
and the “old” official position - characteristics of anti-Francoist activity and propa-
ganda in the sixties - speaks for itself, it refers to main issues related to the topic of
Francoism used for propaganda purposes. This fragment leads to a conclusion that
modifications of international relations were at that time camouflaged with an un-
changed - compared to the previous period ֊ language of propaganda.
The third part ( Way to normalisation of relations) is the culmination of the
study. Moreover, it contains the largest number of details, as I have tried to describe
a considerably short period from the establishment of consular and commercial re-
lations to their advancement to the highest level of diplomatic relations in as me-
ticulous manner as possible. As in the previous part, the initial chapter (Phenomena
influencing the change of situation) constitutes a brief description of changes tak-
ing place in Spain and the attitude towards them presented by the authorities of the
Polish People’s Republic. It presents the establishment of contacts with members
of the government and of the opposition by the Polish representation in Madrid, as
well as perspectives of political transformation after Franco’s death that emerged
from the talks.
433
The penultimate chapter entitled Strengthening of mutual relations constitutes a
detailed description of further steps on the way to normalisation of relations, com-
prising both economic and political cooperation, as well as other areas. Also like in
the case of the second part of the study, the situation is discussed in a broader con-
text of Spain’s opening to the entire Eastern Bloc.
Finally, the most extensive chapter of the work (Enormous change and estab-
lishment of diplomatic relations) describes everything that happened in Poland-
-Spain relations after Franco’s death. I discuss the manner in which Polish diplo-
macy assessed the progressing political transformation of Spain, the way in which
it eventually led to the establishment of diplomatic relations with Spain, and the po-
sition of Poland in the Iberian Peninsula compared to that of other countries of the
Block, including the Soviet Union. A certain culmination point in the work and, at
the same time, a starting point for further research, is the brief presentation of the
outlook for the development of the situation after the normalisation of relations.
Separate paragraphs are devoted to two more phenomena, which were specific to
the seventies: evolution of the image of Spain in the press of the Polish People’s
Republic and influence of progressing transformations on relations between Polish
authorities and Spanish communists, who were definitely against the strengthening
of relations between Warsaw and Madrid.
The events reconstructed in this book lead to numerous conclusions. First of all,
for the Polish People’s Republic, Francoisi Spain constituted a kind of enemy fig-
ure. Using the latter for propaganda purposes allowed the justification of the policy
pursued. A similar role was played by civil war veterans (unfortunately, other fac-
tors weakened the role of Dąbrowszczacy and, as a result, their potential was not
fully exploited). Moreover, after the decision to strengthen relations with Francoist
Spain, Poland was given opportunities to conduct activities on the Iberian Peninsu-
la which were unique among Eastern Bloc countries (including the Soviet Union).
Nevertheless, as a result of a delay in taking further steps, which was probably
caused by concerns about Moscow’s reaction, the opportunities were wasted. What
is more, until the consolidation of relations with Spain, the image of the country in
the eyes of decision makers from the Polish People’s Republic was created mainly
by information received from Spanish communists. Their radical interpretations,
distorted by the ideology, became less significant only when the establishment of
the Polish representation in Madrid made it possible to collect more objective infor-
mation. Finally, it is necessary to indicate a fact of a more universal dimension ֊ the
ideological hostility did not prevent cooperation, where it was beneficial for both
countries, and the development of the cooperation did not have to be accompanied
either by an immediate change in the official discourse or a weakening of ties with
the anti-system opposition.
434
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp. 9
Polityka zagraniczna - ideologia - propaganda. 10
Polityka zagraniczna. 11
Ideologia. 16
Teoria stosunków międzynarodowych wobec realiów zimnej wojny 20
Uwagi o roli ideologii komunistycznej w polityce radzieckiej. 22
Propaganda. 26
Metodologia. 32
Źródła. 33
CZĘŚĆ I. BEZWZGLĘDNA WROGOŚĆ IDEOLOGICZNA
1. Zantagonizowane systemy niedemokratyczne. 39
Fundamenty frankizmu. 39
Fundamenty ideowe. 41
Praktyka polityczna. 53
Geneza dojścia Franco do władzy. 61
Obrona przed faszyzmem jako element legitymujący władzę socjali-
styczną w Polsce. 65
2. Polityka Polski Ludowej wobec Hiszpanii. 70
Władze Polski Ludowej wobec sytuacji politycznej, gospodarczej
i społecznej w Hiszpanii. 70
Polacy w Hiszpanii frankistowskiej. 77
Działalność na rzecz międzynarodowego ostracyzmu
państwa Franco. 81
5
Stosunki z rządem republikańskim i organizacjami
emigracji politycznej. 89
Emigranci hiszpańscy w Polsce. 103
3. Obraz Hiszpanii w polskiej świadomości społecznej. 121
Hiszpania Franco w propagandzie PRL. 121
Społeczne akcje protestacyjne wobec represji frankistowskich. 134
Kult dąbrowszczaków. 142
Polscy komuniści w Hiszpanii. 142
Ramy instytucjonalne. 150
Misja dąbrowszczaków w Polsce Ludowej. 152
Dąbrowszczacy dla dąbrowszczaków. 157
Dąbrowszczacy dla Polski Ludowej. 159
Dąbrowszczacy wobec zagranicy. 173
Polska dla dąbrowszczaków. 176
CZĘŚĆ II. PRAGMATYCZNA ODWILŻ
4. Czynniki oddziałujące na zmianę paradygmatu. 195
Reorientacja polityki frankistowskiej u progu lat sześćdziesiątych. . 195
Zmiana sytuacji Hiszpanii z polskiej perspektywy. 201
5. Nawiązanie oficjalnych kontaktów . 208
Pierwsze porozumienia między Polską a Hiszpanią. 208
Nawiązanie stosunków konsulamo-handlowych. 213
Inne kraje socjalistyczne wobec Hiszpanii. 218
6. Nowy kurs tajnej dyplomacji a stara postawa oficjalna.
Charakterystyka antyfrankistowskich działań i propagandy
w latach sześćdziesiątych. 222
CZĘŚĆ III. DROGA DO NORMALIZACJI STOSUNKÓW
7. Zjawiska kształtujące zmianę sytuacji. 233
Perspektywy transformacji politycznej Hiszpanii w świetle
obserwacji przedstawicielstwa polskiego. 233
Polska wobec nowych paradygmatów dyplomacji hiszpańskiej . 254
6
8. Zacieśnianie wzajemnych stosunków. 261
Gospodarcza (i nie tylko) obecność Polski w Hiszpanii. 261
Początki współpracy na płaszczyźnie politycznej. 311
Hiszpańska ofensywa dyplomatyczna w obozie socjalistycznym . 319
9. Wielka zmiana i nawiązanie stosunków dyplomatycznych. . 331
Ocena sytuacji politycznej w Hiszpanii po śmierci Franco. 331
Zmiana i zastój w stosunkach polsko-hiszpańskich. 349
Nowy czy stary kurs polityczny. 355
Nawiązanie stosunków dyplomatycznych. 361
Inne kraje socjalistyczne na drodze do normalizacji z Hiszpanią. 362
Stosunki bilateralne po normalizacji. 367
Perspektywy na kolejne lata. 371
Blok wschodni wobec nowej Hiszpanii. 373
Hiszpania lat siedemdziesiątych w prasie PRL. 377
Kontakty z komunistami hiszpańskimi w okresie przełomu. 412
Zakończenie. 427
Summary. 431
Wykaz skrótów. 435
Bibliografìa. 439 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Różycki, Bartołomiej 1984- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1042071683 |
| author_facet | Różycki, Bartołomiej 1984- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Różycki, Bartołomiej 1984- |
| author_variant | b r br |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042616923 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)911493039 (DE-599)BVBBV042616923 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1977 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1977 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Spanien (DE-588)4055964-6 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Spanien Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV042616923 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T01:39:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376297651 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028049712 |
| oclc_num | 911493039 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 461 S. Ill. |
| psigel | DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2015 |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| spelling | Różycki, Bartołomiej 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1042071683 aut Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) Bartołomiej Różycki Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2015 461 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 103 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache, S. 431 - 434. - Bibliogr. S. 439 - [449] Geschichte 1945-1977 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Spanien (DE-588)4055964-6 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Spanien (DE-588)4055964-6 g Geschichte 1945-1977 z DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 103 (DE-604)BV017143574 103 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028049712&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028049712&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Różycki, Bartołomiej 1984- Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4055964-6 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) |
| title_auth | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) |
| title_exact_search | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) |
| title_full | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) Bartołomiej Różycki |
| title_fullStr | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) Bartołomiej Różycki |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej (1945 - 1977) Bartołomiej Różycki |
| title_short | Polska Ludowa wobec Hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpańskiej transformacji ustrojowej |
| title_sort | polska ludowa wobec hiszpanii frankistowskiej i hiszpanskiej transformacji ustrojowej 1945 1977 |
| title_sub | (1945 - 1977) |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Spanien Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028049712&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028049712&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rozyckibartołomiej polskaludowawobechiszpaniifrankistowskiejihiszpanskiejtransformacjiustrojowej19451977 |