Kobiety z marmuru: robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
102 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliogr. S. 325 - [337] |
| Beschreibung: | 343 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788376297644 |
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
The aim of this book is the analysis of the mass process of professional activation of women in
post-war Poland, especially of women workers in industry. The main research questions concern
the dynamics of changes in the realm of women workers’jobs between 1945 and 1960, as well as
the role played by the economy, politics and culture in the process of activation. The paper first
presents the politics of employment - its goals, tools and means of execution. It then answers the
question of the effectiveness of these policies, as well as the social reactions they elicited. Women
laborers’jobs are also discussed in the context of women’s non-professional roles (e.g. child care,
homemaking), as well as their political activity.
The research which is at the basis of this book belong to the field of social history and women’s
history. The analysis uses the category of gender for both the object of study and as an explana-
tory term.
The chronological frame for the paper is defined by the end of the Second World War at one
end and changes in the sphere of women’s employment at the beginning of the 1960s at the other.
It was in this latter period, after a several year departure from the politics of “productivization”
of women, that the government began once again to search for ways of raising the employment
rate. This resulted in an acceleration of the process of professional activation of women, as well
as in their undertaking jobs in fields hitherto seen as masculine.
The book is chronologically and thematically structured. The first three chapters concern
three consecutive periods: the post-war years ( 1945-1948), Stalinism (1949-1955) and the period
of destalinization and the second half of the 1950s ( 1956-1960). The fourth chapter is a case study
of the women workers at the Metal Products Factory in Kraśnik, from its establishment in 1949
to the end of the 1950s.
A variety of sources have been used in the research. Employment politics have been reconstructed
based on the central records of governmental institutions and political parties, especially the Polish
Workers’ Party (PPR) and the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). Various aspects of professional
work can best be studied through reports and inspection documents. Most valuable in this regard
are materials produced by institutions of the so-called women’s movement, particularly the female
divisions of political parties and trade unions. Personal journals and letters written to institutions
have turned out to be important sources testifying to the experiences of women workers and public
views on women’s professional work. Women’s press and, for the 1956-1960 period, sociological
studies, have also been used. Party documents at the factory, district and provincial level, as well
as a number of interviews with former workers of the factory, formed the basis for the last chapter.
The aim of the first chapter is to determine the scale of changes in the realm of women’s pro-
fessional work in the years immediately after the war. The post-war situation and transformations
of the wartime and occupation period are an important context. An analysis of post-war problems
317
leads to the conclusion that the years 1945-1948 did not bring about a revolution in the field
of women’s work: neither the employment policies nor the actual changes that took place at this
time were revolutionary. As a result of the war and occupation - the loss of “breadwinners,” the
pauperization of society and to a certain degree, a newfound independence of women - the number
of women looking for jobs increased greatly. The social policy of the time attempted to keep up with
this phenomenon by concentrating on women’s unemployment, trying to expand on and execute
protective legislation, mainly in the name of the “biological reconstruction” of the nation, and by
creating nurseries and preschools. Not many actions were carried out in this period in the name
of equal rights. The most important change of 1945-1948 was the significant increase of women
workers in industry. By the end of the 1940s, about 36 percent of women employed outside of ag-
riculture were working at blue-collar jobs. During this period, it was still mainly in traditionally
“feminine” branches of industry that the ranks of women workers were growing, although some
new sectors and “new professions” were becoming accessible to them.
The structure of the second chapter reflects the shape of employment policies in 1949-1955.
It presents the premises, goals and instruments of political and administrative actions undertaken by
the authorities, which were to introduce important changes in the sphere of women’s professional
work, especially that of women factory workers. The most important elements of these politics
(called “product! vization”) were the increase of women’s employment, promotion of women work-
ing in “masculine” professions and their rising in the professional hierarchy. In light of women’s
situation in the job market in the years preceding Stalinism, the politics of “productivization” can
be seen as revolutionary, although they did not seek to change certain elements of the gender divi-
sion of labor. Recruitment methods, among others, were such a “conservative” element, in which
gender still played a key role. Another important characteristic of these policies was the coupling
of their economic premises with ideological slogans.
The politics of “productivization” was executed rather ineptly. It also met with resistance,
stemming from deeply engrained and strongly fixed cultural regarding beliefs the traits and social
roles of both sexes. Not only were male workers, factory leaders and representatives of local ad-
ministrations disinclined towards “productivization,” so were lower-level activists of the Polish
United Workers’ Party. The presented analysis of three elements of women’s employment poli-
cies leads to the conclusion that they were implemented or rejected in varying degrees. The idea
of women working in “new” professions provoked more resistance than the increase of women’s
employment in general. The most aversion and distrust was raised by promotion policies. A major
hindrance to the increase of women’s employment turned out to be the fiasco of the social care
project, especially the development of nurseries and preschools.
Despite the obstacles women employment politics were met with, significant changes in this
realm took place in 1950-1955. By the end of the six-year plan, twice as many women were
working outside of agriculture than the early 1950s. Industrial workers constituted a large part
of this increase. The politics of “productivization” coincided with a real need for jobs. Many
women wanted or had to start working after the war, and Stalinism made this possible. For some
of the new women workers, especially those from rural areas, a factory job was a sign of social
advancement.
A qualitative change was more difficult to carry out, although some signs of this are also evi-
dent. Many more women workers took part in professional training than before. Tens of thousands
of them gained qualifications and could receive prestigious and better paying jobs. Stalinism also
led to the feminization of some professions, which were previously rarely performed by women.
318
The goal of the third chapter is the characterization of the processes of destalinization in the
realm of the professional work of women laborers and their direct results, as well as finding an
answer to the question about the lasting changes brought about by Stalinism. During the time of po-
litical thaw, the politics of “productivization” was criticized. As a result of this criticism, as well as
changes in economic policies, there were attempts to limit the professional activity of women. On
the other hand, the country was battling unemployment, which had been rising since the middle
of the decade. Yet the “return home” of women workers was no longer possible; the transformations
which had begun in the first half of the decade were irreversible.
The situation of both women laborers and women trying to find jobs took a turn for the worse
in the middle of the 1950s. The turn in economic and ideological policy made it necessary to justify
anew the professional work of women. It was still not the norm for married women, especially moth-
ers of small children, to be working. The level of acceptance depended on the type of job performed.
An especially negative opinion was held regarding women factory workers, partly because of the
widespread opinion that factory work was not suitable for women. The fact that hundreds of thou-
sands of women were working in factories all over the country did little to change these beliefs.
The case study presented in the last chapter of the book confirms to a large degree the conclu-
sions drawn from nationwide research. On the other hand, it also shows the importance of local
economic and cultural factors. Women readily undertook jobs in the newly opened factory, as there
were really no other possibilities for employment. The numerous accessions of women to jobs in
the metal factory, including in positions seen as masculine, did not meet with cultural resistance;
certain gender stereotypes did not play such an important role here as in established industrial centers.
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp................................................................... 7
Temat i ceł badań........................................................ 8
W kręgu historii kobiet................................................. 10
Struktura książki....................................................... 15
Źródła.................................................................. 19
Przed epoką „produktywizacji” - o pracy zawodowej kobiet w Polsce
do 1945 roku............................................................ 21
1. Po wojnie: rewolucja?.................................................. 28
Dziedzictwo wojny....................................................... 28
Bezrobocie.............................................................. 35
Praca kobiet 1945-1948: trwanie czy zmiana? ............................ 45
Ochrona pracy: teoria i rzeczywistość................................... 57
Obszary nierówności .................................................... 68
Praca a pozazawodowe role społeczne..................................... 78
Robotnice i polityka: opór, współzawodnictwo, przynależność partyjna ... 92
Podsumowanie............................................................ 99
2. Robotnice a stalinizm 1949-1955 ...................................... 101
Ideologia i propaganda ..............................................101
Polityka zatrudnienia - przesłanki, instrumenty........................ 105
Nowe robotnice......................................................... 118
„Nowe” zawody.......................................................... 134
Awanse................................................................. 156
Codzienność robotnic: ochrona i warunki pracy, opieka nad dziećmi ..... 163
Aktywność polityczna .................................................. 191
Podsumowanie..........................................................201 3
3. Dylematy destalinizacji................................................ 204
Irena do domu? ........................................................ 205
Bezrobocie............................................................. 219
Nowa polityka.......................................................... 226
Praca kobiet 1956-1960 ................................................ 242
Ku zmianie............................................................. 263
Podsumowanie........................................................... 266
5
4. Wiejskie kobiety w fabryce metalowej. Robotnice Kraśnickiej Fabryki
Wyrobów Metalowych w latach 1949-1960 ............................... 268
Fabryka i miasto .................................................... 269
Praca w KFWM......................................................... 274
Nowe robotnice....................................................... 278
Stary „porządek płci”................................................ 285
Warunki pracy i życia ............................................... 290
Polityczna aktywność robotnic i „ruch kobiecy” w zakładzie .......... 293
Odwilż w KFWM ....................................................... 296
Podsumowanie......................................................... 307
Zakończenie ......................................................... 309
Summary................................................................ 317
Wykaz skrótów.......................................................... 321
Bibliografia .......................................................... 325
Indeks osób ......................................................... 339
|
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| author | Jarska, Natalia 1981- |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)911245936 (DE-599)BVBBV042616098 |
| discipline | Soziologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1960 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1960 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Jarska, Natalia 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1049944909 aut Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 Natalia Jarska Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2015 343 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 102 Bibliogr. S. 325 - [337] Zsfassung in engl. Sprache, S. 317 - [319] Geschichte 1945-1960 gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Arbeiterin (DE-588)4002587-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Arbeiterin (DE-588)4002587-1 s Geschichte 1945-1960 z DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 102 (DE-604)BV017143574 102 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028048889&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028048889&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jarska, Natalia 1981- Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Arbeiterin (DE-588)4002587-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4002587-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 |
| title_auth | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 |
| title_exact_search | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 |
| title_full | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 Natalia Jarska |
| title_fullStr | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 Natalia Jarska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kobiety z marmuru robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 Natalia Jarska |
| title_short | Kobiety z marmuru |
| title_sort | kobiety z marmuru robotnice w polsce w latach 1945 1960 |
| title_sub | robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1960 |
| topic | Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Arbeiterin (DE-588)4002587-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Frau Arbeiterin Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028048889&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028048889&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jarskanatalia kobietyzmarmururobotnicewpolscewlatach19451960 |