The politics of adoption: international perspectives on law, policy & practice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Springer
2015
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Ius gentium
41 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIII, 854 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789401797764 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The politics of adoption |b international perspectives on law, policy & practice |c Kerry O'Halloran |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Part I Adoption, Society and the Law: The Common Law Context
1 Adoption: Concept, Principles and Social Construct..................... 3
1.1 Introduction.................................................. 3
1.2 Definitional Matters and Related Concepts....................... 3
1.2.1 Legal Definition...................................... 4
1.2.2 Concepts.............................................. 4
1.3 Social Construct................................................ 6
1.3.1 Adoption and the Inheritance Motive................... 6
1.3.2 Adoption and the Kinship Motive....................... 2
1.3.3 Adoption and the Allegiance Motive.................... 2
1.3.4 Adoption and the ‘Extra Pair of Hands’ Motive..... 8
) .3.5 Adoption and the Welfare Motive....................... 8
1.3.6 Adoption and the Childless Couple Motive.............. 9
1.4 Adoption in England: Historical Context........................ 10
1.4.1 The Common Law: Parental Rights and Duties........ 10
1.4.2 The Poor Laws........................................ 13
1.4.3 Pressures for Change;
End of the Nineteenth Century....................... 15
1.5 Adoption Legislation: Evolving Principles and Policy........ 12
1.5.1 The Adoption Act 1926................................ 12
1.5.2 The Adoption of Children (Regulation)
Act 1939............................................ 18
1.5.3 The Adoption Act 1949................................ 19
1.5.4 TheChildren Act 1925................................. 19
1.5.5 The Adoption Act 1926................................ 20
1.5.6 The Children Act 1989................................ 20
1.5.7 Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999............. 21
1.5.8 The Adoption and Children Act 2002................... 21
ix
x Contents
1.6 Legal Context: Evolution of a Modern Statutory Process..... 23
1.6.1 The ‘Contract’...................................... 24
1.6.2 The Parties......................................... 25
1.6.3 The Principles...................................... 29
1.6.4 Contract or Gift Relationship....................... 34
1.7 Conclusion.................................................... 35
2 The Changing Face of Adoption in the United Kingdom................. 39
2.1 Introduction.................................................. 39
2.2 Modern Adoption Trends in the United Kingdom............. 40
2.2.1 From Traditional Model to Modern Variants........... 40
2.2.2 Causes of Change.................................... 47
2.2.3 Consequences for the Adoption Process............... 51
2.3 Family Adoption............................................... 56
2.3.1 Trends in Annual Orders............................. 57
2.3.2 Adoption by Birth Parent and Spouse................. 58
2.3.3 Adoption by Grandparent............................. 58
2.3.4 Other Relative Adoptions............................ 59
2.3.5 The Welfare Principle, the Blood Link
and Family Adoptions................................ 59
2.4 Agency Adoption............................................... 61
2.4.1 Trends in Annual Orders............................. 61
2.4.2 Voluntary Society Adoptions......................... 62
2.4.3 Child Care Adoptions................................ 62
2.4.4 The Welfare Principle and Agency Adoptions....... 70
2.5 Intercountry Adoptions........................................ 70
2.5.1 Trends in Annual Orders............................. 70
2.5.2 Transracial Adoptions............................... 71
2.5.3 The Welfare Principle and Intercountry
Adoptions........................................... 71
2.6 A Coherent Legal Model for Adoption Practice............. 73
2.6.1 Classification of Adoption by Type.................. 73
2.6.2 Social Role......................................... 74
2.6.3 Legal Functions..................................... 75
2.7 Conclusion.................................................... 75
Part II Developing International Benchmarks
for Modern Adoption Law
3 The Legal Functions of Adoption.................................... 79
3.1 Introduction.................................................. 79
3.2 Regulating the Adoption Process............................... 80
3.2.1 The Adoption Process................................ 80
3.2.2 Role of the Judiciary or Other Determining Body.. 81
3.2.3 Role of Administrative Agencies..................... 82
Contents
XI
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
ЗЛО
ЗЛ 1
3.12
3.13
Thresholds for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria...................
3.3.1 The Child.....................................
3.3.2 The Birth Parent(s)...........................
3.3.3 The Adopters..................................
Pre-placement Counselling..............................
3.4.1 The Birth Parent(s)...........................
3.4.2 The Child..............................
3.4.3 The Adopters...........................
Placement Rights and Responsibilities..................
3.5.1 Placement Decision.....................
3.5.2 Placement Supervision..................
The Hearing and Issue of Order(s)......................
3.6.1 Where Consent Is Available....................
3.6.2 Where Consent Is Not Available................
3.6.3 The Orders Available...................
Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process............
3.7.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child............
The Outcome of the Adoption Process....................
3.8.1 Adoption Orders and Third Party Applicants ....
3.8.2 Adoption Orders and First Party Applicants....
3.8.3 Adoption Orders and Relatives.................
3.8.4 Other Orders..................................
The Effect of an Adoption Order........................
3.9.1 Effect on the Child....................
3.9.2 Effect on the Birth Parent(s).................
3.9.3 Effect on the Adopters........................
Post-adoption Support Services.........................
3.10.1 Child Care Adoptions..........................
Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services...............................................
Information Rights............................
Information Disclosure Duties.................
Tracing and Re-unification Services...........
Within Family Law.............................
Adoption in Its Traditional Family Law Context
Adoption in the Context of Modern Public
Law Proceedings...............................
Adoption in the Context of Modern Private
Law Proceedings...............................
Adoption and Contemporary Family
Law Principles................................
Conclusion.............................................
3.11.1
3.11.2
3.11.3
Adoption
3.12.1
3.12.2
3.12.3
3.12.4
83
84
85
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
91
92
93
93
94
94
95
95
95
96
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
102
102
103
105
Contents
4 Adoption, the Conventions and the Impact
of the European Court of Human Rights............................... 107
4.1 Introduction................................................ 107
4.2 The United Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child 1989............................................. 108
4.2.1 Article 2—The Non-discrimination Principle........ 109
4.2.2 Article 3—The Best Interests of the Child
Is a Primary Consideration.......................... 109
4.2.3 Article 7—The Right of the Child to Know
Their Identity..................................... 109
4.2.4 Article 9—The Right of the Child
Not to Be Separated from His or Her Parents....... 1 10
4.2.5 Article 12—The Right of the Child to Express
an Opinion in Administrative and Judicial
Proceedings......................................... 110
4.2.6 Articles 13 and 14—The Right of the Child
to Self-Determination, Dignity, Respect,
Non-interference and the Right to Make
Informed Decisions............................. 110
4.2.7 Article 18—The Primary Responsibility
for the Upbringing of a Child Rests
with the Parent(s)............................. 1 1 1
4.2.8 Article 20—State Duty to Protect Child
Without Family................................. 1 11
4.2.9 Article 21—Adoption Shall Ensure that the Best
Interests of the Child Shall Be the Paramount
Consideration.................................. 112
4.2.10 Article 25—Adoption Placements Must
Be Subject to Periodic Review.................. 1 13
4.2.1 1 Article 27—Every Child Is Entitled
to a Reasonable Standard of Living............. 113
4.2.12 Article 35—Prevention of Trafficking
in Children.................................... 113
4.2.13 Articles 44 and 45—Every State Is Required
to Audit, Progress and Publish a Report........ 1 14
4.3 The European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1950 and Rulings of the ECtHR................... ....... 1 14
4.3.1 Article 6—Everyone Is Entitled to a Fair
and Public Hearing Within a Reasonable
Time by an Independent and Impartial
Tribunal Established by Law.................... 1 16
4.3.2 Article 8—The Right to Respect for Private
and Family Life................................ 1 18
Contents
xiii
4.3.3 Article 12—The Right to Marry and Found
a Family.......................................... 135
4.3.4 Article 14—Prohibition of Discrimination.......... 135
4.4 Conclusion.................................................. 136
5 Intercountry Adoption and The Hague Convention.................... 137
5.1 Introduction................................................ 137
5.2 Definitions................................................. 138
5.2.1 Full and Simple Adoptions......................... 138
5.2.2 Intercountry Adoption............................. 139
5.2.3 Overseas Adoption................................. 139
5.3 Background.................................................. 141
5.3.1 Needs............................................. 141
5.3.2 The Countries..................................... 145
5.4 The Law: Developments Leading to an International
Framework................................................... 148
5.4.1 The Common Law.................................... 148
5.4.2 The European Convention for The Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms 1950..................................... 149
5.4.3 The Hague Convention on Jurisdiction,
Applicable Law and Recognition
of Decrees Relating to Adoption 1965.............. 149
5.4.4 The European Convention on the Adoption
of Children 1967.................................. 150
5.4.5 Declaration on Social and Legal Principles
Relating to the Protection and Welfare
of Children, with Special Reference
to Foster Placement and Adoption
Nationally and Internationally 1986............... 150
5.4.6 The United Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child 1989 ................................ 151
5.4.7 The Hague Conference on Private
International Law................................. 153
5.5 Contemporary Intercountry Adoption: Policy
and Principles............................................ 155
5.5.1 A Controversial Policy............................ 155
5.5.2 Some Guiding Principles........................... 157
5.6 Contemporary Intercountry Adoption Law: The Hague
Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation
in Respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993.................... 162
5.6.1 The Hague Convention: Aims and Objectives......... 163
5.6.2 The Hague Convention: Principles.................. 165
5.6.3 The Hague Convention: Procedures.................. 168
5.6.4 The Hague Convention: Outcomes.................... 170
5.6.5 The Hague Convention: Limitations................. 170
XIV
Contents
5.7 The European Convention on the Adoption
of Children (Revised) 2008.................................. Î71
5.7.1 The Council of Europe.............................. 173
5.8 Contemporary Intcrcountry Adoption Practice................. 174
5.8.1 An Overview: The Trends............................ 174
5.8.2 Sending Countries.................................. 177
5.8.3 Receiving Countries................................ 178
5.8.4 Some Issues in Contemporary Practice............... 179
5.9 Conclusion................................................... 186
Part III Contemporary Law, Policy and Practice
in a Common Law Context
6 England Wales..................................................... 191
6.1 Introduction................................................. 191
6.2 Background................................................... 192
6.2.1 The vSocial Context Giving Rise to Adoption......... 192
6.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption............... 196
6.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process... 199
6.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy.......................... 203
6.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation........... 203
6.3.2 International Law.................................. 207
6.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives........ 207
6.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................. 210
6.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.................. 21 1
6.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies............................. 21 1
6.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 214
6.4.4 The Registrar General.............................. 216
6.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria........................ 216
6.5.1 The Child.......................................... 216
6.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................. 219
6.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria. 221
6.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................... 223
6.6.1 Wishes, Welfare and Safety of the Child............. 224
6.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 224
6.7.1 Authority to Place.................................. 225
6.7.2 Placement Supervision............................... 230
6.8 The Hearing.................................................. 231
6.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 231
6.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available...................... 232
6.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process.................. 235
6.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child.................. 235
6.9.2 Representing the Child s Welfare Interests.......... 238
Contents
XV
6.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process......................... 238
6.10.1 Adoption Order.................................... 238
6.10.2 Alternative Orders................................. 240
6.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................. 242
6.11.1 The Child......................................... 242
6.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)............................... 243
6.11.3 The Adopters...................................... 244
6.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 244
6.12 Post-adoption Support Services............................... 245
6.12.1 Adoption Support Services......................... 245
6.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services..................................................... 246
6.13.1 Information Disclosure............................ 246
6.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 246
6.13.3 Conditional Access................................ 247
6.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................ 248
6.14 Conclusion................................................... 250
7 Ireland.............................................................. 253
7.1 Introduction................................................. 253
7.2 Background................................................... 254
7.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption........ 255
7.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption............. 261
7.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process............................................ 266
7.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy.......................... 269
7.3.1 Contemporary Adoption and Related Legislation..... 270
7.3.2 International Law.................................. 272
7.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives....... 272
7.4 Regulating the Adoption Process.............................. 274
7.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.................. 274
7.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Agencies............................ 275
7.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 277
7.4.4 The Registrar General.............................. 277
7.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria......................... 278
7.5.1 The Child.......................................... 278
7.5.2 The Birth Parents.................................. 279
7.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria........................................... 281
7.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................... 284
7.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 284
7.7.1 Authority to Place................................. 285
7.7.2 Placement Supervision.............................. 286
XVI
Contents
7.8 The Hearing................................................. 286
7.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 286
7.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................... 287
7.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................... 289
7.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child................. 289
7.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests......... 291
7.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process........................... 291
7.10.1 Adoption Order...................................... 291
7.10.2 Alternative Orders................................. 293
7.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................... 293
7.11.1 The Child.......................................... 294
7.1 1.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 294
7.1 1.3 The Adopters......................................... 295
7.1 1.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order...................... 296
7.12 Post-adoption Support Services................................ 297
7.12.1 Adoption Support Services.......................... 297
7.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services...................................................... 298
7.13.1 Information Disclosure............................. 298
7.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 300
7.13.3 Conditional Access................................. 302
7.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................ 302
7.14 Conclusion.................................................... 305
8 The United States of America.......................................... 307
8.1 Introduction.................................................. 307
8.2 Background.................................................... 308
8.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption......... 308
8.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.............. 312
8.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process... 321
8.3 Overview of Modern Adoption Law and Policy................... 330
8.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation.......... 332
8.3.2 International Law.................................. 338
8.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives....... 339
8.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................... 341
8.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.................. 341
8.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies............................... 341
8.4.3 Role of the Determining Body.........*............. 344
8.4.4 Registrar.......................................... 344
8.5 Thresholds for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria.......................... 344
8.5.1 The Child..~....................................... 345
8.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 345
8.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria. 347
Contents xvii
8.6 Pre-placement Counselling................................... 352
8.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities....................... 352
8.7.1 Authority to Place................................. 352
8.7.2 Placement Supervision.............................. 353
8.8 The Hearing................................................. 353
8.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 353
8.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................... 353
8.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................. 354
8.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child................. 354
8.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests......... 355
8.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process......................... 355
8.10.1 Adoption Order..................................... 355
8.10.2 Alternative Orders................................. 356
8.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................. 357
8.11.1 The Child.......................................... 357
8.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 357
8.11.3 The Adopters....................................... 358
8.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 358
8.12 Post-adoption Support Services.............................. 358
8.12.1 Adoption Support Services.......................... 358
8.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services.................................................... 359
8.13.1 Information Disclosure............................. 359
8.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 360
8.13.3 Conditional Access................................. 361
8.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................ 362
8.14 Conclusion.................................................. 363
9 Canada............................................................. 365
9.1 Introduction.............................................. 365
9.2 Background.................................................. 366
9.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption......... 367
9.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.............. 373
9.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process............................................ 377
9.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy......................... 384
9.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation.......... 384
9.3.2 International Law.................................. 384
9.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives....... 384
9.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................. 386
9.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.................. 386
9.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies.............................. 386
9.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 388
9.4.4 The Registrar General.............................. 388
Contents
9.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility
and Suitability Criteria...................................... 388
9.5.1 The Child......................................... 388
9.5.2 The Birth Parents................................. 389
9.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria............................................ 391
9.6 Pre-placement Counselling................................... 393
9.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities....................... 393
9.7.1 Authority to Place................................ 393
9.7.2 Placement Supervision............................. 395
9.8 The Hearing................................................. 395
9.8.1 Where Consent Is Available........................ 396
9.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available.................... 396
9.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................. 396
9.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child.................. 397
9.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests.......... 399
9.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process........................... 399
9.10.1 Adoption Order...................................... 399
9.10.2 Alternative Orders................................ 400
9.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................... 400
9.11.1 The Child........................................... 401
9.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................. 401
9.1 1.3 The Adopters........................................ 401
9.1 1.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order.................... 402
9.12 Post-adoption Support Services................................ 402
9.12.1 Adoption Support Services........................... 402
9.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services..................................................... 403
9.13.1 Information Disclosure.............................. 403
9.13.2 Adoption Registers.................................. 403
9.13.3 Conditional Access.................................. 404
9.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification.......................... 405
9-14 Conclusion.................................................... 407
Australia.............................................................. 409
10.1 Introduction.................................................. 409
10.2 Background.................................................... 410
10.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption.......... 410
10.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption............. 416
10.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process..............................»............ 420
10.3 Overv iew of Adoption Law and Policy.......................... 425
10.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation........... 426
10.3.2 International Law................................... 427
10.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives........ 427
Contents
XIX
10.4 Regulating the Adoption Process.............................. 430
10.4.1 Length and Breadth of Process...................... 430
10.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies............................... 430
10.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 431
10.4.4 Registrar General.................................. 431
10.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria......................... 431
10.5.1 The Child.......................................... 431
10.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 432
10.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria. 433
10.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................... 435
10.6.1 The Adoption Applications Committee................ 435
10-7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 435
10.7.1 Authority to Place................................. 435
10.7.2 Placement Supervision.............................. 436
0.8 The Hearing.................................................. 436
10.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 437
10.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................... 437
10.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process.................. 438
10.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child................. 438
10.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests......... 439
10.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process.......................... 440
10.10.1 Adoption Order..................................... 440
10.10.2 Alternative Orders................................. 441
10.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order.............................. 442
10.11.1 The Child.......................................... 442
10.1 L2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 443
10.11.3 The Adopters....................................... 443
10.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 443
Post-adoption Support Services............................... 444
j q 10.12.1 Adoption Support Services............................ 444
• * 3 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification Services .... 444
10.13.1 Information Disclosure............................. 445
10.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 445
10.13.3 Conditional Access................................. 446
in 10.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services.................. 447
11 Zealand.......................................................... 451
Introduction................................................. 451
Background................................................... 451
11 - 2-1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption......... 452
11.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.............. 458
11 *2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process... 460
XX
Contents
11.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy......................... 464
11.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation......... 465
11.3.2 International Law................................. 466
11.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives........ 467
11.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................. 470
11.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process................. 470
11.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies............................... 470
11.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 471
11.4.4 The Registrar General............................. 471
11.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria.......................... 472
11.5.1 The Child........................................... 472
11.5.2 The Birth Parents................................... 472
11.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria............................................ 473
11.6 Pre-placement Counselling................................... 476
11.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities....................... 476
11.7.1 Authority to Place.................................. 476
11.7.2 Placement Supervision............................. 477
11.8 The Hearing................................................. 478
11.8.1 Where Consent Is Available........................ 478
11.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available...................... 479
11.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................. 479
11.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child.................. 480
11.9.2 Representing the Child s Welfare Interests.......... 481
ILIO The Outcome of the Adoption Process......................... 481
1 L10. i Adoption Order.................................... 481
1 L10.2 Alternative Orders.................................. 482
11.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................... 482
11.11.1 The Child........................................... 482
11. j 1.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................. 483
11.11.3 The Adopters...................................... 483
11.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order.................... 483
11.12 Post-adoption Support Services................................ 483
11.12.1 Adoption Support Services........................... 484
11.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services...................................................... 484
11.13.1 Information Disclosure.............................. 484
11.13.2 Adoption Registers.................................. 485
11.13.3 Conditional Access.................................. 486
11.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification.......................... 487
11.14 Conclusion.................................................... 488
Contents
XXI
Part IV Contemporary Law, Policy and Practice in a European
Civil Law Context
12 Sweden.............................................................. 493
12.1 Introduction............................................... 493
12.2 Background................................................... 494
12.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption......... 494
12.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.............. 500
12.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process.......................................... 502
12.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy ......................... 506
12.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation.......... 507
12.3.2 International Law.................................. 510
12.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives....... 510
12.3.4 Adoption Alternatives: Long Term Fostering
and Private Family Orders......................... 511
12.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................. 511
12.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.................. 511
12.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and other
Administrative Agencies............................ 512
12.4.3 Role of the Determining Body....................... 512
12.4.4 The Registrar General.............................. 513
12.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria......................... 513
12.5.1 The Child.......................................... 513
12.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 514
12.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria........................................... 515
12.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................... 516
12.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 516
12.7.1 Authority to Place................................. 517
12.7.2 Placement Supervision.............................. 517
12.8 The Hearing.................................................. 517
12.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 518
12.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................... 518
12.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................. 518
12.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child............... 519
12.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests......... 519
12.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process.......................... 520
12.1 1 The Effect of an Adoption Order.............................. 520
12.11.1 The Child.......................................... 520
12.1 1.2 The Birth Parent(s).............................. 521
12.11.3 The Adopters....................................... 522
12.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 522
xxii Contents
12.12 Post-adoption Support Services.................................. 522
12.12.1 Adoption Support Services............................. 522
12.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification Services .... 522
12.13.1 Information Disclosure................................ 523
12.13.2 Adoption Registers.................................... 523
12.13.3 Conditional Access.................................... 523
12.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................... 523
12.14 Conclusion...................................................... 524
13 France............................................................... 525
13.1 Introduction.................................................... 525
13.2 Background...................................................... 526
13.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption............ 527
13.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption................. 532
13.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process............................................... 535
13.3 Overview of Adoption Policy and Law............................. 539
13.3.1 Adoption Related Legislation.......................... 540
13.3.2 International Law..................................... 542
13.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives.......... 543
13.4 Regulating the Adoption Process................................. 544
13.4.1 Length and Breadth of Process......................... 544
13.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Agencies............................... 544
13.4.3 Role of the Determining Body.......................... 546
13.4.4 The Registrar General................................. 547
13.5 Thresholds for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility
and Suitability Criteria....................................... 547
13.5.1 The Child............................................. 547
13.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................... 549
13.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria.............................................. 551
13.6 Pre-placement Counselling....................................... 553
13.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................... 554
13.7.1 Authority to Place.................................. 554
13.7.2 Placement Supervision................................. 555
13.8 The Hearing..................................................... 555
13.8.1 Where Consent Is Available........................... 556
13.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available........................ 557
13.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process..................... 557
13.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child.................... 557
13.9.2 Representing the Child s Welfare Interests............ 558
13.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process............................. 558
13.10.1 Adoption Order........................................ 558
13.10.2 Alternative Orders.................................... 559
Contents
xxiii
13.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order................................ 559
13.11.1 The Child............................................ 559
13.11.2 The Birth Parent(s).................................. 560
13.11.3 The Adopters......................................... 560
13.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 561
13.12 Post-adoption Support Services................................. 561
13.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services....................................................... 561
13.13.1 Information Disclosure............................... 562
13.13.2 Adoption Registers................................... 563
13.13.3 Conditional Access................................... 563
13.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services.................. 563
13.14 Conclusion..................................................... 564
14
Germany.........................................................
14.1 Introduction............................................
14.2 Background..............................................
14.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption.....
14.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption..........
14.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process
14.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy.....................
14.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation......
14.3.2 International Law..............................
14.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives...
14.4 Regulating the Adoption Process.........................
14.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process..............
14.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Bodies..........................
14.4.3 Role of the Determining Body...................
14.4.4 The Registrar General..........................
14.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility
and Suitability Criteria................................
14.5.1 The Child.......................................
14.5.2 The Birth Parents...............................
14.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria
14.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................
14.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities.....................
14.7.1 Authority to Place..............................
14.7.2 Placement Supervision...........................
14.8 The Hearing...............................................
14.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................
14.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................
14.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process...............
14.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child..............
14.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests......
565
565
566
566
570
573
576
576
578
578
579
579
580
581
581
582
582
582
584
586
586
586
588
588
589
590
590
590
592
XXIV
Contents
14.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process......................... 592
14.10.1 Adoption Order...................................... 592
14.10.2 Alternative Orders.................................. 593
14.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................. 593
14.11.1 The Child.......................................... 594
14.11.2 The Birth Parentis)................................. 594
14.11.3 The Adopters....................................... 595
14.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 595
14.12 Post-adoption Support Services.............................. 596
14.12.1 Adoption Support Services.......................... 596
14.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-Unification
Services..................................................... 596
14.13.1 Information Disclosure............................. 597
14.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 597
14.13.3 Conditional Access................................. 597
14.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................ 598
14.14 Conclusion................................................... 598
Part V Contemporary Law, Policy and Practice in Asia
15 The Adoption Process in an Islamic Context.......................... 603
15.1 Introduction................................................. 603
15.2 Background................................................... 605
15.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption.......... 606
15.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.............. 61 1
15.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process... 613
15.3 Overview of Adoption Law and Policy......................... 617
15.3.1 Contemporary Adoption and Related Legislation...... 617
15.3.2 International Law................................... 619
15.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives........ 619
15.4 Regulating the Adoption Process............................. 621
15.4.1 Length and Breadth of Process....................... 622
15.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Agencies............................. 622
15.4.3 Role of the Determining Body........................ 622
15.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility
and Suitability Criteria..................................... 623
15.5.1 The Child........................................... 623
15.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................. 624
15.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria. 624
15.6 Prc-placement Counselling.................................... 626
15.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 626
15.8 The Hearing.................................................. 626
15.8.1 Where Consent Is Available.......................... 626
15.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available...................... 627
XXV
627
627
628
628
628
629
629
629
631
632
632
633
633
633
633
634
637
637
638
639
647
650
653
653
657
657
659
659
660
662
662
663
663
664
665
666
667
667
669
Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process.......
15.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child.......
15.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests
The Outcome of the Adoption Process...............
15.10.1 Adoption Order...........................
15.10.2 Alternative Orders.......................
The Effect of an Adoption Order...................
15.11.1 The Child................................
15.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)......................
15.11.3 The Adopters.............................
15.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order.........
Post-adoption Support Services....................
Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services..........................................
15.13.1 Information Disclosure...................
15.13.2 Tracing and Re-unification Services......
Conclusion........................................
Introduction............................................
Background..............................................
16.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption.....
16.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption..........
16.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption
Process .......................................
Overview of Adoption Law and Policy.....................
16.3.1 Contemporary Adoption and Related Legislation
16.3.2 International Law..............................
16.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives...
Regulating the Adoption Process.........................
16.4.1 Length and Breadth of Process..................
16.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Agencies........................
16.4.3 Role of the Determining Body...................
16.4.4 The Registrar..................................
Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility
and Suitability Criteria................................
16.5.1 The Adoptee....................................
16.5.2 The Birth Parent(s)............................
16.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability
Criteria.......................................
Pre-placement Counselling...............................
Placement Rights and Responsibilities...................
16.7.1 Authority to Place.............................
16.7.2 Placement Supervision..........................
669
670
671
671
672
672
673
674
674
675
675
675
675
676
676
676
677
677
678
678
680
680
681
683
683
684
685
692
697
701
701
702
702
703
704
704
705
The Hearing.............................................
16.8.1 Where Consent Is Available....................
16.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available................
16.8.3 Application to the Family Court...............
Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process.............
16.9.1 Welfare Interests.............................
16.9.2 Representing the Child’s Welfare Interests....
The Outcome of the Adoption Process.....................
16.10.1 Adoption Orders...............................
16.10.2 Alternative Orders............................
16.10.3 No Order......................................
The Effect of an Adoption Order.........................
16.11.1 The Child/Adoptee.............................
16.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)...........................
16.11.3 The Adopters..................................
16.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order..............
Post-adoption Support Services..........................
Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification Services
16.13.1 Information Disclosure........................
16.13.2 Adoption Registers............................
16.13.3 Conditional Access............................
16.13.4 Tracing and Re-unificati on Services..........
Conclusion..............................................
Introduction...........................................
Background.............................................
17.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption....
17.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption.........
17.2.3 Emerging Characteristics of the Adoption Process
Overview of Adoption Law and Policy....................
17.3.1 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation.....
17.3.2 International Law.............................
17.3.3 Adoption Principles, Policy and Alternatives..
Regulating the Adoption Process........................
17.4.1 Length and Breadth of the Process.............
17.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other
Administrative Agencies.......................
17.4.3 Role of the Determining Body..................
17.4.4 The Registrar General.........................
Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process:
Eligibility and Suitability Criteria...................
17.5.1 The Child.....................................
17.5.2 The Birth Parents.............................
17.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria.
Contents xxvii
17.6 Pre-placement Counselling.................................. 710
17.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities........................ 710
17.7.1 Authority to Place................................. 711
17.7.2 Placement Supervision.............................. 712
17.8 The Hearing.................................................. 712
17.8.1 Where Consent Is Available......................... 712
17.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available..................... 713
17.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process................ 713
17.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child................. 713
17.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process........................ 714
17.10.1 Adoption Order..................................... 714
17.10.2 Alternative Orders............................... 715
17.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order............................ 715
17.11.1 The Child.......................................... 715
17.11.2 The Birth Parent(s)................................ 716
17.11.3 The Adopters....................................... 716
17.11.4 Dissolution of an Adoption Order................... 716
17.12 Post-adoption Support Services............................... 717
17.12.1 Adoption Support Services.......................... 717
17.13 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification
Services.................................................... 718
17.13.1 Information Disclosure............................. 718
17.13.2 Adoption Registers................................. 719
17.13.3 Conditional Access................................. 719
17.13.4 Tracing and Re-unification Services................ 719
17.14 Conclusion................................................... 719
Part VI Contemporary Law, Policy and Practice in an Indigenous
Peoples Context
18 Intraculture Adoption.............................................. 723
18.1 Introduction................................................. 723
18.2 Indigenous People and International Law...................... 724
18.2.1 Provisions with Generic Application................ 724
18.2.2 Provisions Specific to Indigenous People........... 727
18.3 Australia: The Indigenous or Aboriginal People............... 728
18.3.1 Background......................................... 728
18.3.2 Adoption as an Imposed System...................... 729
18.3.3 Contemporary Adoption Law and the
Aboriginal People.................................. 732
18.4 New Zealand: The Maori....................................... 739
18.4.1 Background......................................... 739
18.4.2 Legislative History................................ 741
18.4.3 Contemporary Adoption Law and the Maori............ 744
xxviii Contents
18.5 Canada: The Inuit.......................................... 749
18.5.1 Background....................................... 749
18.5.2 Contemporary Adoption Law and the Inuit.......... 751
18.6 Conclusion................................................ 760
Part VII The Influence of Politics
19 Politics and a Regulatory Regime for Adoption..................... 765
19.1 Introduction.............................................. 765
19.2 Adoption and a Regulatory Regime.......................... 766
19.2.1 A Regulatory Regime.............................. 766
19.2.2 The Process...................................... 768
19.2.3 Rights of the Parties.............................. 771
19.2.4 The Order Made..................................... 773
19.3 Adoption as a Public Social Service......................... 775
19.3.1 Adoption and Family Planning...................... 775
19.3.2 The Unadopted...................................... 776
19.3.3 Post-adoption Support and Services............... 779
19.3.4 Post-adoption Information Rights................. 780
19.4 Adoption and Human Rights: Regulating
for Structural Faults..................................... 781
19.4.1 International Conventions.......................... 781
19.4.2 Human Rights and Domestic Adoption................. 782
19.4.3 Human Rights and Intercountry Adoption............. 782
19.4.4 Equality Issues and Adoption....................... 785
19.5 Adoption in a Family Law Context............................ 786
19.5.1 Key Family Law Principles.......................... 786
19.5.2 Convention Law, Family Law Adoption:
Balancing Public and Private Interests............. 789
19.6 Conclusion.................................................. 790
20 Politics and a Contemporary Social Role for Adoption................ 793
20.1 Introduction................................................ 793
20.2 Politics and the Social Role of Adoption.................... 793
20.2.1 Historical Perspectives............................ 794
20.2.2 Adoption and Religion.............................. 795
20.2.3 Contemporary Perspectives.......................... 798
20.3 Fixing Re-configured Families: Step, Kinship and Same
Sex Adoptions............................................... 800
20.3.1 Step-Adoption...................................... 800
20.3.2 Kinship Adoption................................... 802
20.3.3 Same Sex Adoption.................................. 802
20.4 Child Care Adoption......................................... 802
20.4.1 State Policy for Coercive Adoption................. 803
20.4.2 State Policy Against Coercive Adoption............. 804
20.4.3 Correlation Between Children in Care and ICA..... 804
Contents
XXIX
20.5 Intercountry Adoption......................................... 804
20.5.1 Beginnings........................................... 805
20.5.2 Disaster Relief Response............................. 805
20.5.3 Intercountry Adoption Policy Shaped
by Domestic Pressures................................ 806
20.5.4 Intercountry Adoption and Surrogacy.................. 809
20.5.5 International Commercial Surrogacy
and Trafficki ng..................................... 812
20.6 Adoption: An Increasingly Uncertain Social Construct.......... 814
20.6.1 Adoption and Cultural Context........................ 814
20.6.2 The Changing Social Role of Adoption................. 815
20.6.3 Broadening the Right of Access to Adoption........... 816
20.6.4 Broadening the Outcomes of Adoption.................. 820
20.6.5 Broadening the Definition of Adoption................ 820
20.7 Conclusion.................................................... 823
.............. 825
Conclusion................................................................ 825
Aspects of Change.................................................... 827
Indigenous Culture and Open Adoption...............
................ 831
Index......................................................
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | O'Halloran, Kerry 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1047107244 |
| author_facet | O'Halloran, Kerry 1947- |
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| bvnumber | BV042590958 |
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| edition | 3. ed. |
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| id | DE-604.BV042590958 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:05:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789401797764 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2008937453 |
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| physical | XXXIII, 854 S. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
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| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Ius gentium |
| series2 | Ius gentium |
| spelling | O'Halloran, Kerry 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)1047107244 aut The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice Kerry O'Halloran 3. ed. Dordrecht [u.a.] Springer 2015 XXXIII, 854 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ius gentium 41 Adoption (DE-588)4000522-7 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd rswk-swf Adoption (DE-588)4000522-7 s Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 s DE-604 Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Ius gentium 41 (DE-604)BV022863610 41 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028024194&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | O'Halloran, Kerry 1947- The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice Ius gentium Adoption (DE-588)4000522-7 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000522-7 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4063693-8 |
| title | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice |
| title_auth | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice |
| title_exact_search | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice |
| title_full | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice Kerry O'Halloran |
| title_fullStr | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice Kerry O'Halloran |
| title_full_unstemmed | The politics of adoption international perspectives on law, policy & practice Kerry O'Halloran |
| title_short | The politics of adoption |
| title_sort | the politics of adoption international perspectives on law policy practice |
| title_sub | international perspectives on law, policy & practice |
| topic | Adoption (DE-588)4000522-7 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Adoption Politik Völkerrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028024194&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022863610 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ohallorankerry thepoliticsofadoptioninternationalperspectivesonlawpolicypractice |