Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku: (1948 - 1960)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Banská Bystrica
Belianum
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 140 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788055707624 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804174745136005120 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Summary
The changes of the Czechoslovak villages, based on the destruction
of personal production and the creation of big socialist cooperative farms
were the result of the Marxist idea of socialist agriculture. This idea was the
result of several notions that outlined the positive aspects of big agricultural
collectives. It was understood that small farms were not able to increase
production and accumulate sufficient goods. This notion was taken over
from the interpretation of Stalin. This concept was formed during the late
19th century and early 20th century in the German social democratic party
and it became the core of various studies especially of two important works.
The work of K. Kautsky: The agrarian question and Lenin’s work: The
development of capitalism in agriculture, which was a collection of studies
made to support Kautsky against E. David (Sozialismus und Land-
wirtschaft). It was characterised by two mistakes - first it omitted the fact
that a small producer with increased workload (bigger work intensity) could
out produce big collectives; it was seen that if one concentrates land it is
automatically mass production. However as it was later revealed, not every
production on big land is automatically mass production.
The mistakes of this concept were underlined by our research. It
showed great capacity of small personal production during the collectivisa-
tion of agriculture in Czechoslovakia. However, official statistics were
manipulated so that they show the positives of collective agriculture. By
using the comparative method with primary materials we successfully cre-
ated a more or less accurate picture of production figures in personal com-
panies. The statistics concentrated on the absolute production numbers in
gross and market agricultural production as they clearly showed the increase
of collective farming and decrease in personal farming. The regime deliber-
ately did not mention gross and market production from 1 ha of land, be-
cause it clearly showed that in the personal sector, production was higher
each year. On the other hand the state sector (collectives) was clearly pro-
ducing less and less each year from 1 ha of land. This showed that the gath-
ering of land into big parcels did not automatically mean mass production.
The results of our comparison are even more important because they clearly
119
show the ability of personal sector to out produce the state sector even in the
situation of being administratively and economically handicapped by the
state.
The results of our research show that the evolution towards mass
production in agriculture could be achieved even when the personal sector
was being disturbed. This could have been achieved in two ways: the con-
centration of land in big collectives aimed at extensive production, as well
as creating the conditions for the existence of smaller enterprises aimed at
intensive production. The results of the production in collectives during the
1950s and later, never showed advantages of this system. Even the most
successful collectives showed that it might be the right way but not the only
way how to reach mass production. Small personal production was impor-
tant in the production of intensive plants which require a great deal of atten-
tion and constant care. The research showed that the creation of socialist
agriculture through the creation of collectives as the sole means to increase
production was a very one sided view, which created a great deal of prob-
lems.
Part of this concept was the illusory notion of free transfer of farm-
ers to collectives. Small and middle farmers truly suffered by intensive
work and small prices of their production, so they aimed at improving their
materialistic position. They expected it in the form of lucrative loans,
mechanisation, good prices on fertilizer and seeds or the increase of prices
of their products. In short they expected advantages, which would increase
the reproduction of their farms. They never connected the improvement of
their position by losing their freedom, self-sufficiency and satisfaction from
their own work. The idea of collectivisation, which would free them from
material problems at the price of their own independence, was foreign to
them. Another negative aspect of this process was the possible prolétarisa-
tion. There was one exception during the summer of 1949, when farmers
themselves showed interest in creating collectives. In truth these were the so
called “new farmers”, who were displaced persons after the agricultural
reform in the southern parts of the Bratislava and Nitra counties. They
found themselves in a difficult material situation; they did not have enough
employees or mechanisation to work the fields. To join a (at that time) non
producing collective meant they could get the necessary fertilizer, seeds and
machines to work their fields. According to certain reports, in spite of these
120
advantages they considered joining the collective farming method only for a
short time, until the employee situation improves.
A new situation arose in Slovakia in 1950 when new collective
farms were created with common production and group property. From this
point on the voluntary membership of farmers became a problem. In spite of
the fact that during 1950 we record a significant increase in collective
farms, which would show increased interest in this form of agricultural pro-
duction. However our research showed that the people who joined were not
productive farmers. The collectives were joined by people coming from so-
cial groups in villages, who accepted and realised party doctrine during the
previous era. These were mainly workers, small farmers and others who
owned small land areas. More than on third of them were communists.
Especially these people, who usually controlled more than 60 percent of the
collective, initiated the transformation towards higher types of collective
farming.
A certain problem remains regarding the question of voluntary
membership of communists - who were accomplished personal producers.
Despite pressure and threatening coming from the highest party organisa-
tions, the majority of farmers who were members of the communist party,
did not embrace the idea of collectivisation during the 1950s. It is showed
also by the number of their membership in the communist party. From the
17th June until the 1st December 1951, during the time of transfer towards
collectivisation, party membership among farmers plummeted by 50 per-
cent. Even though such a massive departure did not repeat itself, neverthe-
less farmers were leaving the party during the following years. Those farm-
ers who stayed in the party also were not positively inclined towards collec-
tivisation. Their motives for staying in the party were various. It is a fact
that they were not joining collective farms en masse. In 1955 half of them
were still not members of collective farms. Only members of the party, who
did not have any land, were applying to join collective farms. Farmers -
who were members of the party, were trying to find various ways how to
postpone the creation of collective farms or were actively against their crea-
tion. Their negative stance was represented mainly by passive resistance.
Productive and active farmers did not see any reason to join collec-
tive farms and therefore they had to be forced by the state. This was proven
by historical research during the 1980s. The force that was used by party
121
and state representatives against farmers, who did not join the collective
farms, was presented as sporadic and due to their correct political stance.
Officially they just lacked the proper political knowledge. In truth, the as-
pect of force was inherent to the phenomena of collectivisation. The crea-
tion of mass production in agriculture through the creation of collective
farms automatically robbed the farmers of their freedom. This resulted in
the general decline in agricultural production. Administrative and economic
obstacles created by the communist regime for the personal farmers, were
supposed to pressure them to join collective farms. For example they had to
sell their machines to the collective farms, had to pay higher prices for fer-
tilizer and other commodities. Especially the price politics were unfair. To
pressure the farmers to join collectives the so-called “class repurchase” was
created. This meant that the amount of goods from lha of land, which had
to be sold to the state was categorised according to the size of land and not
the real production numbers. This meant that personal farmers had to sell
more of their goods at a low price than those working in collective farms.
Nevertheless even this was not enough to force the farmers to join collec-
tives. They adapted to the current economical possibilities and continued to
work their own land. The economic pressure therefore had to be increased
and a part of it was “persuasion work”.
Persuasion work was based on the fiction that to get the farmer to
join the collective was only a question of proper presentation, without con-
sideration towards the real possibilities, personal interests or experience of
the individual farmer. Emphasis was put on the improvement of planning
and organisation of persuasion - the improvement of techniques for the
transfer of ideological content. Agitation was seen as a solution for the
membership problem, as well as low production figures again without con-
sideration for climate conditions for example. Therefore agitation was sys-
tematic, constant and daily, which was supposed to automatically bring the
farmer to the collective. This meant a constant psychological pressure. Agi-
tators had to fulfil quota for their districts and were personally responsible
for the results. To flilfil them they began to act violently towards the farm-
ers. Especially effective was the clearing of supply debts which accumu-
lated among personal farmers. This clearing was only possible if the farmers
joined the collective. Official party representatives declined any involve-
ments in these acts and attributed them to sporadic incidents; nevertheless
122
they quietly supported such strategies, in 1953 for example, when farmers
were massively leaving collective farms, the Central committee of the
communist party decreed that these farmers are supposed to be dealt with
like representatives of capitalism. They were supposed to lose all social be-
nefits, support, and loans and fulfil all quotas immediately.
The most important comes at the end. According to contemporary
arguments, collectivisation was supposed to improve the supply situation of
the population because small farmers were seen as being too ineffective.
Nevertheless, this did not happen. In spite of a double increase in work pro-
duction in agriculture, the volume of produced agricultural goods in 1960
did not even reach pre-war numbers in Czechoslovakia. This clearly showed
that word production is not the only important aspect of agricultural produc-
tion
123
OBSAH
Úvod............................................................. 5
1 Rok 1948 - zmena v agrárnej politike KSČ a jej realizácia na Slovensku
v rokoch 1949 - 1950............................................ 13
2 Vývoj poľnohospodárstva na Slovensku v rokoch urýchľovania kolektivi-
zácie (1951 - 1952)........................................... 43
3 Rok 1953 - vyvrcholenie krízového vývoja v poľnohospodárstve na Slo-
vensku........................................................ 64
4 Zvláštnosti druhej etapy kolektivizácie na Slovensku a jej výsledky (1955
- 1960)......................................................... 85
Záver.......................................................... 113
Summary........................................................ 119
Použitá literatúra a pramene................................... 124
T abuľková príloha............................................. 133
|
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| author_facet | Varinský, Vladimír |
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| era | Geschichte 1948-1960 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1948-1960 |
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| id | DE-604.BV042585816 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:05:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788055707624 |
| language | Slovak |
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| spelling | Varinský, Vladimír Verfasser aut Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) Vladimír Varinský 1. vyd. Banská Bystrica Belianum 2014 140 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1948-1960 gnd rswk-swf Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 s Geschichte 1948-1960 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028019139&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028019139&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Varinský, Vladimír Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164682-4 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) |
| title_auth | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) |
| title_exact_search | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) |
| title_full | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) Vladimír Varinský |
| title_fullStr | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) Vladimír Varinský |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku (1948 - 1960) Vladimír Varinský |
| title_short | Kapitoly z dejín kolektivizácie na Slovensku |
| title_sort | kapitoly z dejin kolektivizacie na slovensku 1948 1960 |
| title_sub | (1948 - 1960) |
| topic | Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektivierung Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028019139&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028019139&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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