Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani: (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni)
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Albanian |
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Shkup
Interlingua
2012
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | PST: Ombudsman - European experience and experience in Macedonia. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Zugl.: Priština, Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2008 |
Beschreibung: | 239 S. |
ISBN: | 9789989173455 |
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adam_text | Avokati i popullit ~ Ombudsmani | 221
CONCLUSION
From the approach and methodology that has been used in
this research, we may conclude that the institution of the
ombudsman plays a very important role in the protection of
human rights and good governance and administration of any
modern society. No matter the appointment and its diversified
definition, its mission remains one of the most humane and
noble missions that a state institution can have for the citizens
of that state. The journey from Sweden in 1809 to former
communist societies in Eastern European countries, at the
beginning of XXI century, including the Republic of Macedonia,
has proven and justified the need for its existence.
A flood of ombudsman originated as a response to
increasingly larger complaints of citizens against the work of the
administrations of the countries they live they exercise their
rights. Today, the control of public administration through
citizen complaints has become more flexible, more efficient and
more successful. A cause to this flood is also easy and informal
access for citizens in this institution, as well as intervention and
its decisions making process of the same nature. Unlike the
courts and administrative bodies that make decisions merit
based and behind which lie sanctions enforcement and violent
instruments of the state, ombudsman s decisions do not have
this character, they appear in the form of comments, suggestions
and recommendations. Ombudsman’s decision are backed by
another power such as, feeling, consciousness, awareness and
preparedness of the body and public official for the respect of
human rights and mechanisms for their protection. Above all,
behind the decisions of the ombudsman lies the general opinion.
The friendly treatment that a citizen finds at ombudsman
cannot be found anywhere else, at least not at the administra-
tion and the courts. The increasingly large number of compla-
ints to the ombudsman is a result of inefficient and inadequate
operation of administration and the courts and this should be a
222 I Suzana Saliu
signal for the state on how the system works. For this, the state
should be grateful and accept the ombudsman as a sincere
friend, and not as an enemy or opposition that threatens the
state power. State authorities and ombudsman have a common
goal - the respect and promotion of human rights and strengthe-
ning of good governance and good administration.
But, where does the power of the ombudsman comes
from? The answer lies primarily in his/her independence, the
nature of jurisdiction, personality and credibility, objective and
independent investigation, in easy access, in the way of
cooperation, in his/her perception by the public, but also on
other features of his/her work.
Maximum independence of the Ombudsman from the
government, especially the executive, is of great importance for
the effectiveness of the institution. Ombudsman must ensure
personal, institutional, but also functional independence. Insti-
tutional independence is greater if the ombudsman is elected by
the Parliament. Parliamentary Ombudsman is the most
widespread model in the world and is also present in Macedonia
and other countries in the region, so not be elected by executive.
Personal independence of the ombudsman should be
determined by law which also provides the length of the term,
and is not preferred to be shorter than five years, and the
impossibility of his/her dismissal from office without cause.
While the functional independence of the ombudsman lies on
his/her decisions which are not subject to any control.
it is very important that the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman
be well-defined at legal and political systems of the countries in
which we operate, so to be built on strong constitutional and
legal basis (as defined in almost all European countries]. But,
despite this, the Ombudsman should always be given room for
self-jurisdiction that will extend beyond the law, which often
makes it an outgrowth of legislative body, it is a fact that human
rights are always evolving, which means that they are always
one step ahead of the law. These rights have evolved to such an
extent that today good governance has become a fundamental
human right. The principle of being fair and principles of ethics
make ombudsman look beyond the written norms. Only in
isolated and undemocratic countries, where the level of respect
Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani 223
for human rights is low, the ombudsman institution is disrega-
rded and has weak normative base.
Comprehensive and independent investigation that ombu-
dsman makes, can also reform and change the behavior of
biggest bureaucrats in administration.
Introduction of new values in society and appearance of
new phenomena beyond the classic role of the ombudsman,
such as control of the work of administration forces him/her
more and more to deal with the major problems of society. The
need for the extension of its jurisdiction in the most sensitive
areas of society, such as the military, security forces, police,
prisons, courts, is continuously increasing and plays very imp-
ortant role in the protection and promotion of the rights of
members of ethnic minorities, which means caring for the
principle of non-discrimination. This role is mostly needed in
multiethnic and multicultural societies, where ombudsman not
only deals with complaints of members of ethnic minorities and
of different groups, but it also deals with general issues, such as
the overall legislature that has to do with them, their
representation in state bodies, education, social issues, cultural,
and even potential conflicts that may arise between these
members and the state. In such societies, the ombudsman
should appear as the main guarantee to the advancement of the
rights of these members. However, in order to be successful as
ombudsman, it would be beneficial to have specialized
Ombudsmen (Sweden, Finland). If there are constraints for this,
then this serious problem should be dealt by specialist teams,
namely separate departments at the national ombudsman
offices (Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia).
The role and function of the Ombudsman is increasingly
necessary in the fight against various negative phenomena,
especially against corruption, which as a consequence of bad
governance, societies in transition have grasped serious prop-
ortions (Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania). Ombudsman s
investigative power that emanates from his unlimited access to
all official documents of the state, regardless of the degree of
confidentiality of information, can shed light on the operations
of troubled state power holders.
It is necessary and competent to expand the jurisdiction of
the Ombudsman on the work of the courts. The complaints of
224 | Suzana Saliu
citizens addressed to the Ombudsmans of democratic states are
mostly related to the work of the courts (Macedonia, Albania
and Montenegro). The reports of Macedonian Ombudsman
mention that the courts are the most criticized organs of the
state, even more criticized than the police. The comments made
by judges that the Ombudsman threatens the independence of
the courts, but the interventions of Ombudsman do not deal
with the decisions of these organs, but only with the admini-
stration of the courts, with the prolonging of judicial procedures
which can impact the efficiency of the work of the courts. The
courts should therefore see the Ombudsman as an “amicus
curiae” and not only as an institution that undermines their
independence. In order not to have arguments over the jurisdi-
ction of the court over the Ombudsman, it is necessary to clarify
this issue with the law, even with the constitution (the
Ombudsman of Sweden, Finland and Poland have the right to
intervene on the court decisions).
The Ombudsman should certainly ensure that the people
have easy access to them. They should convince the people that
their role is to protect their interests. This could be done
through various methods including public appearances through
TV, press, brochures, telephone lines for free etc. The campaign
about the competencies of the Ombudsman should reach every
citizen. Easy access means even the in person access of citizens
to the office of the Ombudsman, so that the office premises is
located in most frequent streets. The Ombudsman staff should
reflect the composition -ef local population and all services
offered by the Ombudsman should be free of charge.
The Ombudsman should establish cooperation with
various local and international non-governmental organizations
dealing with protection of human rights, and should also
maintain contacts with other interest groups and stakeholders.
This could even be included in the law, as the practice foreseen
by the legislation of Poland, Slovenia, Albania and many other
states. This cooperation is not foreseen by the Law of Macedo-
nia, which is manifested by a limited cooperation of Ombuds-
man with the organizations dealing with human rights, espe-
cially with the relevant ones such as the Helsinki Committee.
The cooperation with such organizations make the
Ombudsman a more powerful actor in the eyes of the society in
Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani | 225
which it acts. The personality and credibility of the Ombudsman
are the most important factors that have an impact on the
success of the work. Ail other factors are irrelevant if the
appointed Ombudsman is a person whose personality and
credibility is arguable. The Ombudsman must have humanity,
morality, free, fair intellectual and professional values and skills.
The personality of Ombudsman must be acceptable to the
population and organs to which is responsible for, even the
government or the institution that appoints him or her.
Therefore, it is important that in prospect Ombudsmans, the
first Ombudsman should be elected.
However, for post-conflict societies it is preferred that the
first Ombudsman comes from international institutions or
organizations (BiH, Kosovo). Nonetheless, the independence of
the Ombudsman should not imply isolation from the state. The
work and recommendations of Ombudsman should encourage
and support the government and the state. A responsible gove-
rnment with positive attitude towards human rights should play
an important role on the success of the Ombudsman. The gove-
rnments that do not cooperate or do not respect the recomme-
ndations of Ombudsman and that fear control and monitoring
should be considered government with totalitarian ideology.
Another important factor on the work and success of the
Ombudsman is the transparency and openness towards all. The
relations with the Assembly and media should be permanent.
Every Ombudsman faces challenges in having good relations
with the Assembly. The serious stand of the Assembly towards
the reports of the Ombudsman may impact on the responsibili-
ties of institutions and officials that inhibit the work of Ombu-
dsman. The Ombudsman, through the media, should inform the
public about their general work, successes and challenges,
through annual reports or reports dealing with special cases.
The Assembly and media are important wings for the
Ombudsman to put pressure for changing the situation as
requested by the Ombudsman. Therefore, it is necessary that
the relations of the Ombudsman are simple and concrete to not
inhibit their work. No state body and no public employee can
stand inferior towards the criticism of Ombudsman that are
brought forth by the media and press. On the other hand, the
relations with public are very delicate and sensitive and may
226 I Suzana Saliu
result in negative effects, therefore should be deliberately
developed. For this purpose, it is necessary that the office of
Ombudsman have a specific office dealing with such issues (PR).
The development of these^relations also impacts the perception
that the public has towards the Ombudsman.
From the analysis on this topic we can also conclude that
regardless of the model of the Ombudsman, whether parlia-
mentary, or established through another body (executive or
president), the competencies and functioning of the Ombuds-
man is the same in all state, with the exception of the Ombud-
sman of Sweden, Finland, Northern Ireland, where the Ombud-
sman has a the mandate of special prosecutor, specifically the
mandate of the penal accusation, which is not the practice in
other countries. Nevertheless, the same model and compete-
ncies do not mean that the success and results are the same. The
achievements of the Ombudsmans of the states with developed
democracies, such as Scandinavian states and western European
states, are far higher than the achievements of the Ombudsmans
of the developing states, especially the post-communist states.
The Ombudsmans of the democratic states do not face the
challenges and problems that the Ombudsmans of the develo-
ping states face. The establishment of Ombudsman on the latter
does not imply that the human rights will be protected automa-
tically, or that the state will develop good governance and
administration. The difficult circumstances in which these
Ombudsman function, economic and social difficulties, make the
Ombudsman handicapped” against the complaints, especially
among those that have issues with poverty and unemployment.
It is very difficult for the Ombudsman to function in a state
where the number of unemployed persons is higher than those
that are employed (Kosovo, Macedonia).
The success and the results of this institution depend on
general social welfare. It also depends on the level of democracy,
rule of law, economic and social status, functioning of demo-
cratic institutions, functioning of human rights mechanisms,
even from the customs, mentality and the culture that the state
has established for sustainable protection of human rights.
Nonetheless, the presence of a democratic institution, such
as Ombudsman, can promote democratic transition even in the
most problematic societies. The mission and messages delivered
Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani | 227
on the public opinion create an atmosphere for embrace and
respect of this institution among the population as well as the
state. The Ombudsman, through recommendations can educate
the administration, making it understand their role towards the
citizens, that they are not the lords of the rights of citizens, but
remind them of their real existence, that is, serve the citizens to
enjoy their guaranteed rights.
Only in this way can we achieve the overall goal of the
society “ development of a good governance culture.
The lack of power does not make the Ombudsman a lion
without teeth , as put forth by skeptics, but the teeth of the
Ombudsman stand on the power of argument that is
convincing in its core. Teeth of Ombudsman stand on the
ability of this institution to report to relevant international
institutions, which is taken as a base for creating international
opinions on the level of democracy of a country.
PĚRMBAJTJA:
HYRJE................................................ 9
INTRODUCTION......................................... ...13
1. ORGANET E ADMINISTRATĚS DHE KONTROLU i PUNĚS SĚ ADMINISTRATĚS.. 17
1.1. Organet e odministrotěs shtetěrore................. 17
1. 2. Kontrofli i puněs sě administratěs..................19
1. 3. Prejardhja e Ombudsmanít.......................... 23
2. Ombudsmani i Suedisě........................... 27
2. 1. Origjina dhe zhvillimi izyrěs.......................27
2. 2. Baza kushtetuese dhe ligjore.................... 30
2. 3. Ankesat dhe procedura e shqyrtimit..................30
2. 4. Personaliteti i ombudsmanít.........................32
2. 5. Autorizimet karakteristike..........................34
2. 6. Qasja e pakufizuar ně dokumente -fuqia hetuese.... 36
2. 7. Fshehtěsia e suksesit.............................37
2. 8. Raporti para Parlamentit........................ 38
2. 9. Organizimi.................................... 38
2.10. Statistike...................................... 41
2. 11. Ombudsmanět e specializuar.........................43
3. Ombudsmani Evropian................................ 52
3. 1. Institucionet e Unionit Evropian.................. 54
3. 2. Baza juridike..................................... 55
3. 3. Zgjedhja dhe kompetencat............................56
3. 4. Kodi pěrsjellje tě mirě administrativě..............58
3. 5. Procedura para Ombudsmanít Evropian............... 59
3. 6. Pěrvoja e Ombudsmanít Evropian......................61
3. 7. Bashkěpunimi........................................62
4. Ombudsmani i Finlanděs............................. 65
4. 0. Ombudsmani Parlamentar dhe Kancelari i Drejtěsisě...65
4. 1. Ombudsmani Parlamentar............................ 66
4. 2. Kancelari i Drejtěsisě (Chancellor of Justice)......70
4. 3. Bashkěpunimi midis ombudsmanit dhe kancelarit..... 72
5. Ombudsmani i Anglisě...................................74
5. 1. Baza juridike, eměrimi dhefunksioni.................74
5. 2. Ankesat pěrmes anětarěve tě Parlamentit.............76
6 | Suzana Saliu
5. 3. Raporti pěrhershěm i ombudsmanit me Parlamentin...76
5. 4. Ombudsmanět e specializuar...........................77
6. OMBUDSMANI I IRLANDĚS VERIORE ..........................82
6. 1. Ombusdmani per Policině i Irlanděs sě Veriut.........82
6. 2. Misioni dhe autorizimet e ombudsmanit................83
7. Ombudsmani i Polonisě...................................87
7.1. Baza juridike.........................................87
7. 2. Procedura e zgjedhjes dhe kompetencat................88
7. 3. Autorizimet dhe fuqia................................90
8. Ombudsmani i SllovenisM.................................94
8. 1. Baza juridike........................................94
8. 2. Zgjedhja dhe statusi.................................96
8. 3. Kompetencat dhe procedura............................98
9. Ombudsmani i disashteteve ballkanike....................102
9.1. Ombudsmani i Kroacisě.................................102
9. 2. Ombudsmani i Bosnjěs dhe Hercegoviněs................105
9. 3. Ombudsmani i Vojvodiněs..............................107
9. 4. Ombudsmani i Malit tě Zi............................109
9. 5. Ombudsmani i Serbisě.................................112
10. Ombudsmani i Kosověs...................................116
10.1. Mandati i Ombudsmanit................................119
10. 2. Ombudsmani dhe križat........................... 122
11. Avokati i Populut i ShqipěrisM.........................128
11. 1. Baza kushtetuese dhe ligjore........................128
11. 2. Procedura para Avokatit tě Popuiiit.................131
11. 3. Vetiniciativa dhe transparenca......................132
11. 4. Miqtě e Avokatit tě Popuiiit........................133
12. AVOKATI I POPULUT I MAQEDONISĚ..........................136
12. 0. Rrethanat shoqěrore politike dhe juridike...........136
12.1. Maqedonia - shteti i pare i rajonit qě e themeloi Avokatin e
Popuiiit....................................................137
12. 2. Ligji per Avokatin e Popuiiit tě RM-sě i vitit 1997.139
12. 3. Juridiksioni, organizimi territorial dhe funksional..139
12. 4. Statusi speciál......................................141
Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani | 7
12. 5. Fillimi i punes................................... 142
12. 6. Procedura e zgjedhjes dhe e shkarkimit...................142
12. 7. Organizimi i zyres dhe i punes...........................149
12. 8. Qasja e iehte dhe joforma!e e qytetarit..................151
12. 9. Karakteri joformal i vendosjes...........................156
12. 10. Bashkepunimi me organet dhe organizatat para te ciieve
vepron................................................. 159
12.11. Parimet e Marreveshjes Kornize te Ohrit - baze per
perforcimin e kompetencave...............................166
12. 12. Parimi i mosdiskriminimit dhe perfaqesimi i drejte .....167
12. 13. Shumice e dyfishte per emerimin e Avokatit te Popullit 172
12. 14. Te qenit i drejte eshte detyrim i Avokatit te Popullit.175
12.15. Amicus curiae ..........................................177
12.16. Juridiksioni i pakufizuar ndaj burgjeve..................178
12. 17. Shembuj nga pervoja...............................182
12. 17.1. Shembuj nga pervoja........................... 183
12. 18. Marredheniet me Parlamentin.................... 186
12.19. Marredheniet me opinionin e gjere........................188
13. ROLIJ OMBUDSMANIT n£ LUFTtN KUNDČR KORRUPSIONIT.............200
13. 1. Ombudsmani -shtylle e rendesishme kunder korrupsionit. 200
13. 2. Fuqia hetuese e ombudsmanit mund te hedhe drite mbi gdo
veprim te turbullt te pushtetit shteteror......................202
14. Ombudsmani dhe rl drejtat e komuniteteve....................207
14. 2. Funksioni dhe kompetencat........................ 209
14. 3. Ndikimi ne legjislaturen e te drejtave te komuniteteve...211
14. 4. Shembuj qe kerkojne nderhyrjen tuaj................212
15. Pj-RFUNDIM ...........................................214
CONCLUSION................................................221
16. Literatura e pErdorur:.............................. 228
17. Terguesi i emrave................................... 236
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Saliu, Suzana 1960- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1071333712 |
author_facet | Saliu, Suzana 1960- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Saliu, Suzana 1960- |
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building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV042571612 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910807898 (DE-599)BVBBV042571612 |
format | Book |
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genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content |
genre_facet | Konferenzschrift |
geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
geographic_facet | Europa Nordmazedonien |
id | DE-604.BV042571612 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:04:57Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9789989173455 |
language | Albanian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028005153 |
oclc_num | 910807898 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 239 S. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Interlingua |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Saliu, Suzana 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1071333712 aut Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) Suzana Saliu Ombudsman - European experience and experience in Macedonia Shkup Interlingua 2012 239 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Ombudsman - European experience and experience in Macedonia. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Zugl.: Priština, Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2008 Ombudsmann (DE-588)4075654-3 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Ombudsmann (DE-588)4075654-3 s DE-604 Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028005153&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028005153&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Saliu, Suzana 1960- Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) Ombudsmann (DE-588)4075654-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4075654-3 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)1181214262 (DE-588)1071861417 |
title | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) |
title_alt | Ombudsman - European experience and experience in Macedonia |
title_auth | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) |
title_exact_search | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) |
title_full | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) Suzana Saliu |
title_fullStr | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) Suzana Saliu |
title_full_unstemmed | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) Suzana Saliu |
title_short | Avokati i popullit - Ombudsmani |
title_sort | avokati i popullit ombudsmani pervoja evropiane dhe pervoja ne maqedoni |
title_sub | (përvoja evropiane dhe përvoja në Maqedoni) |
topic | Ombudsmann (DE-588)4075654-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Ombudsmann Europa Nordmazedonien Konferenzschrift |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028005153&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028005153&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT saliusuzana avokatiipopullitombudsmanipervojaevropianedhepervojanemaqedoni AT saliusuzana ombudsmaneuropeanexperienceandexperienceinmacedonia |