Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st.:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kyïv
"'NVP' Interservis"
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 445 S. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804153332148731904 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ЗМІСТ
Передмова
............................................
Частина І.
Методологія дослідження
Розділ
1.
Стан наукової розробки проблеми
...............................................13
Розділ
2.
Алгоритм наукового пошуку
......................................................36
Частина
II.
Особливості становлення фізичної культури в УСРР у 1920-ті роки:
різноманіття напрямів і влада
Розділ
3.
Засадничі принципи організації фізкультурного життя в Україні
.........51
Розділ
4.
Фізичне виховання у педагогічному процесі. Зародження
фізкультурної освіти і науки в УСРР
........................................................98
Розділ
5.
Спорт, як елемент ідеологічної боротьби в Європі
...........................113
Розділ
6.
Спортивна робота
...................................................................129
Частина ПІ.
Історичні умови функціонування фізичної культури
наприкінці 1920-х
-
упродовж 1930-х років
Розділ
7.
Особливості організації рухової активності людей: фізкультура
на виробництві
..................................................................................147
Розділ
8.
Інституалізація фізичної культури. „Вшськовізація спорту.
..............167
Розділ
9.
Розвиток фізкультурної освіти і науки
...........................................209
Розділ
10.
Становлення радянського спорту на українських теренах
...............239
Частина
IV.
Державна політика в галузі фізичного виховання і спорту в УРСР
упродовж 1940-х років
Розділ
11.
Заходи уряду стосовно фізичної культури у період визволення
України від нацистської окупації та повоєнної відбудови
.............................267
Розділ
12.
Поступ фізичного виховання
.....................................................333
Розділ
13.
Особливості спортивної роботи
...............................................361
Післямова
.......................................................................................381
Бібліографія
.....................................................................................391
Список скороченнь
............................................................................421
Іменний
показчик
..............................................................................423
Термінологічний
показчик
.................................................................429
Summám........................................................................................
438
SUMMARY
The investigated years
-
a time when the Soviet government in
Ukraine could provide their own meanings organized of motor activity
of the masses, which are often not consistent with the functions that it
had to perform by physical activity. Actually, these meanings gave the
latest signs of Soviet , resulting in the cultivation those or another type
of sports, organization of competition etc., acquired traits, different from
the the worldwide rules. This applies to the militarization of physical-
sports life, and use it as a means of stimulating economic activity of the
masses, etc. For a long time are defined aspects remained outside search
interest of historians. So now and there is no comprehensive study of
special historical conditions and specifics development of physical
education and sport in Ukraine
1920-1940
years. Despite this source
base for their study generally representative.
Undoubted merit of Soviet power in that they sought to
inculcate, but of public opinion was adopted (through institutions of
general and special education) the idea necessity of development the
system of physical education. Same time, despite the correct slogans,
state institutions has limited their influence on it only theoretical-
methodological measures. Logistical support of system of physical
education the entire educational sector during researched period were in
poor condition. Consequences of strong industrialization did not affect
her: gyms in schools are few and they are available only in the cities;
physical playgrounds, mainly made by initiative of pupils and teaching
staff and their expense. In institutions of higher education the situation
is, in general, was similar.
Nevertheless, in a society formed social demand for the
development of physical education and sport, and the result was the
discovery of colleges and the Institute of Physical Culture. However,
438
practically implement complex of measures to meet (implementation)
of these needs failed. First, due to lack of funds to build the necessary
infrastructure: stadiums, gyms and playgrounds. It is not only about
the number of sports facilities, but also equipping them, availability of
appropriate specialists. Secondly, and most importantly, not a desire of
the government to do so. The easiest way to help understand of situation
with sporting infrastructure in the USSR and the USA.
Undoubtedly that the latter was one of the richest countries
in the world, but the Soviet Union in the field of sports is constantly
focused on caring for people , the most progressive system , the
greatest sporting nation in the world, providing, at the same time
compelling the military achievements
-
so the comparison seems valid.
So, according to the Soviet press The junior and hight schools <United
States in 1929> to physical education is given
2-3
times on the week
on
45
min.,
excluding study circles. Rare school does not have a pool
to swim.
[...]
The majority of schools have not one, but several teachers
of physical education
[268,
p.16]
...
In New York, there are
2
major
stadium, one for
40 000
people, another for
75 000,
and in Chicago for
105 000 [242,
p.
15].
Instead, the first one hundred thousandth stadium
was built in the Soviet Union only in
1956,
and in
1991
on the whole
country was only eight stadiums, with a capacity of over
50
thousand
people, while in the United States only in one state of California was
fourteen
[214,
ρ
.239-240].
That is, the physical-sports sphere Ukraine
traditionally had a low budget priority power which entirely satisfies
performed physical training function of people, free time which, thus,
became controlled by it. Beyond this, the involvement of large numbers
of people to a single shares
-
athletic parades, trade union-komsomol
or star runs
-
proves their loyalty to the totalitarian system. Thus,
we can state of complete dependence of physical culture in the Soviet
Ukraine from state political doctrine, not from the inner motivations
determinants. Hence the relative popularity those or another type
of sports that power in a certain historical period sought to impose on
people.
It is not questioned executed Soviet sport during
20 -
early
30 s function proletarianization of society, through imposition of
collectivism, discredited personality. Specified principle imposed by the
439
authorities as the only possible form of motor activity of people. Through
it has undergone significant changes the system public recognition of
sporting achievements: individual starts were rejected, instead of gave
priority to collective achievements. The distorted form has become the
definition winners of the competition when the sports component of
inferior political or recreational. Therefore, the competition lost their
contestability and without it the sport is not possible.
The system of state management in the sphere of physical
culture and sport was the invention of the Bolsheviks. They make
the most centralized and given official status it with goal to give the
necessary vectors of development. During the twenty years about sport
as a social phenomenon to speak is difficult
.
First, due to a significant
limited the competition
-
a crucial moment for the sport. Desire to wins
-
rejected, were condemned championship and establishing records
as a manifestation of individualism and threat collectivism. Thus, did
not traced and is another sign for sports the aspect
-
in those years
virtually absent economic component of this phenomenon. Alternatives
of government funding did not exist, which is very narrowed the
possibilities of development of this phenomenon. Despite the receipts
from the public in the form of membership fees, voluntary-compulsory
donations, etc., they could not meet the needs of development (update)
material-technical base in these areas. Sport is not possible without
appropriate infrastructure, which in those years significantly lacked.
During the
20-40
years the state will undoubtedly popularizes
specially organized motor activity of citizens, but it concerns the people
who did not go in for sport: track and field races, swimming (in the
summer), ice skating and skiing (in winter). Actually those activities that
feed propagation collectivism on the one hand and on the other
-
making
the recreation of people controlled. Number of starts great
-
we can talk
about the pathos of competition! However, demonstrated results did not
noted of great success. The mass has not turned into quality, despite all
the assurances of Soviet leaders. Records set by athletes in the 40s were
based, first, on the physical abilities of athletes.
Telling fact
-
despite the accentuation on many people movement,
its ehalitarnosti, collectivism, that is more or less always been inherent
in the Soviet of physical doctrine, the majority of the achievements in
440
the international arena received by athletes in individual starts, not in
the team. In winning the last significant influence talent of coach, his
professional training, scientific studies of sports science in general;
and to a lesser extent
-
the natural ability of individual athletes, the
cumulative act of the state machine. Actually from the above can be
concluded follow: supposedly participation of many people in physical
of movement in the USSR, its popularity and demand for hundreds of
thousands of people are just bare numbers. Available material base (or
rather
-
lack thereof), lack of free time and necessary food predetermined
passive considerable part of population of the republic to go in for sport.
In a highly public exploitation of people, when the primacy given to
the economic and military power development, physical activity simply
could not be a priority for the masses.
Through the physical parades actualization aesthetic and
entertainment component of physical education. All shades of gray filled
everyday life of the Soviet people and only physical measures (along
with art) was dissolved Soviet routine light of positive emotions. Yet for
regular lessons of organized physical activity lacked main
-
good food
and free time people! That is why we can say that the popularization of
physical education and sports in the USSR in the
30-40
ies
were only
demagogic nature and not aimed at practical implementation, because
the real competition (strife) with foreign athletes, by and large,no.
It should be noted that the Bolsheviks did not politicize sports
work, but they first tried to use it to spread their own ideology. For this
purpose it was created Red Sports International, which was a reflection
of III International in the field of physical area and one of the a means
of their own political struggle for dominance in the European working
class. For this Communist government was ready in the international
arena reject the fundamental principles of physical life as they were
formed for cultivation in the USSR. Ie is not encourage the individual
competition, rejecting joint starts with bourgeois athletes exposing
the condemnation football as a hooligan play in the middle of the
country, the Soviet leadership considered all of the above, quite
acceptable for use abroad like a means of propaganda of communist
ideas. In this process took part and Ukrainian athletes whose through
of the structure of RSI included to the international sport movement.
441
Despite the best efforts the USSR influence Red Sports International on
sport life in the world was small and ideological functions performed it
fell short of expectations. During the second decade of its existence, the
Soviet leadership closed out activities specified institutions and look for
other ways to implement their propaganda purposes.
Feature of the development of physical-sports industry in
Ukraine demonstrated a lasting impact on her of
Sokol
societies and
sports mugs of Jewish minority. When on the territory of the RSFSR
they cease to exist in the early 20s, the USSR lasted almost to the end of
the decade. This is due to the fact that from imperial era the Ukrainian
land ( southwestern land ) remained relatively uniformly and better
developed regarding to
Sokol
traditions, compared to Russian, which
clearly stood out the dominance of the two metropolitan regions. Beyond
this, in the Ukrainian provinces passed the so-called zone of residence
Jews in the Russian Empire, that the said territory focused a large
number of Jewish sports associations, such as Makkabi , Heholuts
and others. At the same time, in post-revolutionary years influence of
newly created Proletcult on the physical culture of the republic was not
significant, unlike the rest of the country.
Sports life relatively evenly was developing in the cities of
Ukraine, while the village remained aloof from it. It wasn t long
dominance of a single center, such as in Russia, where at one level were
Moscow and Leningrad, and at the other all the rest. Even Kharkiv
having Institute of Physical Education didn t have hegemony in
Ukrainian sport: basketball was traditionally strong in Odessa, Kievan
weightlifters and wrestlers accounted worthy competition, skillful
representatives water sports were in Odessa and Dnepropetrovsk, etc.
Unlike other areas of the Soviet Union, Ukraine has not received
spread the hockey, while the most popular, as elsewhere, was football.
Despite this, the USSR became the only republic in which in the mid
20 s, the real competition some time was a handball.
A characteristic feature of Soviet culture
30-40
years was
militarization of minds of large masses of people. This was continued
in military Physical Education and Sport, which culminated in the
establishment set of exercises Ready for Labor and Defense and
its variants, such as BHPO and GSO. At the same time, in order to
442
substantiate the feasibility and consistency of their appearance, in
the Soviet scientific discourse entrenched approach by which sport
supposedly originated as preparation ancient warrior and in the GPO
proposed see the continuation
ofthat
tradition. No! Sport in antiquity
-
a symbol of courage; sublimation of male aggression. It isn t regarded
only as an applied tool but as military training. On the contrary
-
its
elements have contributed to it, but this does not mean the conclusion
that the physical training of the ancient athlete had to serve his military
training. No, it was secondary. Only later, in the Middle Ages, preparing
to joust also performed direct of military training. In the ancient world
the competition
-
is, first, heave offering sacrifice to the gods, where
the victim is a health of athlete. Bodily exercise is not seen as an end in
itself and was a kind of test, hardening the inner spirit of man. Hence
the asceticism in its original sense
-
process of improvement through
physical exercise. Therefore, the death of an athlete during competition
automatically made him the winner. In particular, Hans Humbreht
reference to the event in
564
ВС
when Arahion of Fihaliyi competed for
his third victory in Pankration. Much younger rival strangled him during
the competition. Respected at the time of his death, more than at any
time during his life, Arahion was declared the winner posthumously,
despite the fact that this match he did not win
[205,
s.134].
However, it is not loses its meaning ancient race. It was also
showed a perfect of physicality citizens thereof or other city-states.
Tradition compete nude brought to the Olympic Games by Spartans,
in a society where identity is perhaps the most soluble in the society.
They to proved that on this citizen can count not only as a strong and
skilled warrior, but also as the common man who can continue their
family, providing at the same time, the growth city-states. That is,
frank demonstration of male nakedness was witness to the policyholder
loyalty of its citizens; they had nothing to hide, because the city-states
was perceived by them as a big family. This practice (without resorting
to blatant nakedness) adopted the totalitarian states of the interwar time,
which in one way or another sought to impose a vision of society in
the state as a kind of family of fraternal peoples. Thus, the ancient
sport can be seen as a symbol of courage (with emphasis on
symbol )
and perfect physicality that dedicated (given out, sacrificed) to the
443
■>■>
gods and city-states. Instead, a set of GPO devoid of any symbolism
(even symbolic medieval of joust, where the winner has the right to
choose the best lady of tournament). Sacrifice, of course, there is
-
all
30-40-years imbued it. But this is not poetic pathetic sacrifice hero
(in Greek hero mean equal to the gods, demigod ), and sacrifice
-
Commitment warrior which in the ancient world was itself understood.
Therefore I argue that the entire set of physical exercises combined in
GPO is not sport, although there are present competition. Please note
that till dominates militarization
-
sport in the true sense does not exist.
At the same time, notes that utilitarian approach to the sport,
just in the preparation of a skilled warrior, was characteristic of many
political and social leaders of Europe s interwar time. Do not stay aside
and Ukrainian scientific discourse, which was the embodiment of Ivan
Boberska
-
one of the first theorists of national physical training.
It is noteworthy that in the study of historical context and
specifics of Physical Education and Sport in Soviet Ukraine, their periods
sometimes overlaps the periodization of the history of Ukraine. This is
due to the fact that at some stages of historical flowering of the state
change of internal or foreign policy priorities, led to mirrored change of
paradigm the development of physical culture:
1921-1928
gg.
-
The period
of the New Economic Policy, when the relative freedom of enterprise
and political pluralism coincided with of search new value-normative
basis for the functioning of physical-sports area; collapse of the
NEP
and start of forced industrialization coincides with the government s
desire to replace the contents of physical job in the economic sphere.
At the same time, the gradual militarization of society, which unfolded
from the early 30 s, entails military and physical culture.
Later, in the
40
s, after the victory in World War II, the Soviet
Union endured confrontation from the fields of fighting on the sports
fields of the world. From
1946
he goes to the international arena:
participates in continental and world championships, becoming a member
of the international sports organizations. The purpose of these steps
advocated desire to present winning their athletes, as the personification
of the advantages of the Soviet political system, in a confrontation with
the political systems of the capitalist countries. Therefore, the state
rovernment had to take into account existing practices, changing and
444
adapting their sport to international requirements, and then
-
whole
system of physical education. Thus, drastically revised paradigm
of physical culture: from closed social organization, which in its
development used more principles of political (economic) expediency
rather than internal determinants, it has become a social institution,
which was based on generally recognized in the world system of values
and norms. Please note that exactly political expediency will lead to a
paradigm shift in the development of physical-sports areas of Ukraine
and the USSR as a whole. Soviet sport alive in the legal field sport world,
but it has lost its
радянськість
-
that it is differed during the previous
decades. He became different. But that s another story, which requires
a separate study.
445
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tymošenko, Jurij Oleksandrovyč 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1070999997 |
| author_facet | Tymošenko, Jurij Oleksandrovyč 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tymošenko, Jurij Oleksandrovyč 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | j o t jo jot |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042559909 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910454220 (DE-599)BVBBV042559909 |
| era | Geschichte 1920-1950 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1920-1950 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV042559909 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:24:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027993632 |
| oclc_num | 910454220 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 445 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | "'NVP' Interservis" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tymošenko, Jurij Oleksandrovyč 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1070999997 aut Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. Jurij Tymošenko Kyïv "'NVP' Interservis" 2014 445 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1920-1950 gnd rswk-swf Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd rswk-swf Militarismus (DE-588)4039356-2 gnd rswk-swf Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd rswk-swf Leibeserziehung (DE-588)4035137-3 gnd rswk-swf Proletarisierung (DE-588)4175909-6 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 s Leibeserziehung (DE-588)4035137-3 s Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 s Proletarisierung (DE-588)4175909-6 s Militarismus (DE-588)4039356-2 s Geschichte 1920-1950 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027993632&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027993632&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tymošenko, Jurij Oleksandrovyč 20./21. Jh Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd Militarismus (DE-588)4039356-2 gnd Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Leibeserziehung (DE-588)4035137-3 gnd Proletarisierung (DE-588)4175909-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056366-2 (DE-588)4039356-2 (DE-588)4026486-5 (DE-588)4035137-3 (DE-588)4175909-6 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. |
| title_auth | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. |
| title_exact_search | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. |
| title_full | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. Jurij Tymošenko |
| title_fullStr | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. Jurij Tymošenko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. Jurij Tymošenko |
| title_short | Istoryčni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizyčnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij Ukraïni v 20 - 40-vi roky XX st. |
| title_sort | istorycni umovy ta specyfika rozvytku sportu j fizycnoho vychovannja v radjansʹkij ukraini v 20 40 vi roky xx st |
| topic | Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd Militarismus (DE-588)4039356-2 gnd Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Leibeserziehung (DE-588)4035137-3 gnd Proletarisierung (DE-588)4175909-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sport Militarismus Ideologie Leibeserziehung Proletarisierung Ukraine Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027993632&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027993632&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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