Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
"Litera Print "
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Gypsies / Roma on the roads of war |
| Beschreibung: | 408 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789544871253 |
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GYPSIES/ROMA ON THE ROADS OF WAR
A Summary
The wars that lasted from the 3 rd until the 15th century, waged for gain of ter-
ritories in the Balkans, the Near and the Middle East, rearranged the ethnic strata.
Gypsies/Roma formed an integral part of the resettlement and the migration of peo-
ples from the East to the West.
There are numerous written evidences by Arab and Byzantine chroniclers and
historians about groups being resettled and migrating from India. The Persian poet
Ferdowsi mentions those groups under the name of „Zwr/“, the Arab sources refer
to those as ,,Zotf\ and in Byzantium the ancestors of the contemporary Gypsies/
Roma appeared under the name of ,^4thinganoiwhich most probably coined the
contemporary name „tziganf'“' in all of its various European forms.
Some part of the Gypsies/Roma left India in military structures, which trav-
eled accompanied by supply wagons for repair and maintenance of the army equip-
ment, and this theory is proven by the existence of military terminology of Indian
origin in the Roma dialects.
References from the texts of the Arab historian al-Tabari give us reasons
to discuss the Gypsies/Roma as a population deriving from the military troops in
Sindh, who served in the army of the Sassanids (who ruled the Persian Empire from
the 3rd until the 7th century), and later on settled in the Arab lands during the Um-
mayad dynasty in the 7th century.
The Eastern Roman Empire — Byzantium (4th - 15th century) comprised of
various territories with a diversity of tribes and peoples. The Empire used them ra-
tionally for its purposes, the army recruitment being one such example.
In its long history Byzantium has fought almost all the time. The wars waged
in the East conquered some territories of Armenia, Persia, the Arab Caliphate. The
Athinganoi of those territories practically found themselves within the Byzantine
Empire and they arrived in the Balkans as attendants to the Byzantine troops from
Armenia. Once they had entered through the boundaries of the Byzantine Empire,
the Athinganoi permanently settled there for several centuries on end. Being resi-
dents of those lands, they were both agents and subjects of the state policy.
The presence of Armenian words in the Roma dialects and especially the
ones relating to weaponry, armoury and horse riding equipment, suggests a closer
and long-term communication between the Gypsies/Roma and the Armenians in a
military environment.
A historicised legend says that when the founder of the Bulgarian state As-
paruh Khan set off to the Balkans, there were Gypsies blacksmiths ( ) who
came with his people. Their job was to take care of the manufacturing and repair
of weapons. Once they had arrived in the new territories, they settled and remained
living together with the rest of the population.
In the beginning of the 11th century a Turkic Muslim dynasty built the Empire
of the Gaznavis in the territory of Eastern Iran and contemporary Afghanistan. In
388
the time of Sultan Mahmud Gaznavi (998-1030) the Empire organized 17 sudden
and unforeseeable military raids against India. In the Gaznavis’ army the Rajput
soldiers, who spoke a mixture of dialects of Indian-Aryan origin, adopted a military
terminology based on their native languages and mixed with many Persian loan-
words. That was the language that Gaznavi used in order to communicate with his
Indian subordinates and troopers.
The end of the 12th and the whole of the 13th century passed under the flags of
the crusades in Europe and the Near East. These events gave the Gypsies/Roma a
chance to move towards Europe as part of the crusaders army.
When in the middle of the 14th century the Ottomans began their conquest of
the Balkans, the Gypsies/Roma had already established a strong state in Anatolia.
After the year 1352, the intervention of the Ottomans in the internal affairs of Byz-
antium, their participation in the war in Thrace, as well as a number of other events
lead to the settlement of Gypsies in the Balkans, which allowed them to penetrate
the West unrestricted. The first military mobilized units of the Yuruks who arrived
after the battle at Kosovo Polje (1389) were accompanied by Gypsy caravans. Ob-
viously, Gypsies/Roma took part in the very first raids of the Ottomans. As a result
of the purposeful administrative actions of the authority, they were also part of the
colonisation wave in the Balkans.
When the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans began, there were already perma-
nently settled Gypsies/Roma who had been living in those lands for a comparatively
long time. In the 14։h-15lh century they appeared often under the name Egyptians.
The evidences of Gypsies/Roma penetration in the other Balkan lands and states
date back to that period.
The military and political history of the Balkans links the Gypsies/Roma also
to the Ottoman Empire. They were subject to individual registration, which suggests
that they had a specific taxation status due to their military or economic status. The
Gypsies/Roma did not stay out of the army — the most important institution of the
Empire. Although some authors say that they participated only in the army support
structures, the reference examples prove that they were also enrolled in the various
divisions of the Ottoman armed forces - they were Janissaries, Sipahis, Seraskeers,
Timariots, Musselems, Yamaks, Voynuks, Celepkeçans, etc. Since the establishment
of the Ottoman military system and during the stages of its reorganisation and refor-
mation over the centuries there have always been Gypsies/Roma enrolled in it.
The establishment of armed forces (army) during the Third Bulgarian King-
dom began as early as the restoration of the Bulgarian state system in 1878 . The
status of the Bulgarian Army in the period 1878-1945 was governed by the Tamovo
Constitution, a number of legislative regulations and statutory acts. According to
the Constitution the military service was compulsory for each Bulgarian subject.
The purpose of the compulsory military service was to provide military training to
the whole male population of the country who were fit to carry arms. Every year
thousands of new recruits were enrolled in the army, including Gypsies/Roma, and
they all had to be trained and brought up to be faithful and valiant defenders of the
389
motherland. The manning of the army shows that young men of every social strata,
various ethnicity and educational background were enrolled in it. Thus, in the begin-
ning of the 20th century the Bulgarian Army became a mass organisation.
That is how the Gypsies/Roma found their place in the rows of the Bulgarian
Army. They were not omitted by the military legislation, nor by application in prac-
tice. Regardless of their religious denomination, they were included in the conscrip-
tion lists and were called to serve their compulsory military service. Alongside the
men of other ethnic groups, they served different roles in the armed forces according
to their physical fitness and professional qualifications. They benefited from the
bonuses provided for in the military laws. Those who deferred, failed to appear or
had left the country were called again in the years after to fulfil their constitutional
duty.
During their life in the army all the soldiers were placed in the same condi-
tions irrelevant of their ethnicity or religious denomination. The equal sharing of
the common every day life in the army with the others socialized the Gypsies/Roma
with the rest of the soldiers. They were included in a new way of life.
The army used to educate the Gypsies/Roma. Their individual will and con-
duct were subjected to the requirements of the army discipline. As soldiers they
were expected to know and understand and fulfil their duties. They would acquire
the notion of order and orderly routines. Falling in line would discipline them and
affiliate them to the conditions of the army environment. They were trained to as-
sume responsibilities and to keep the army property. The common army life taught
them team working, comradeship, mutual help and assistance. They grew to be men
during the years of military service. In this way the free Gypsy spirit learned to con-
form with the order and rules in the army.
In the wars for national liberation and union, which Bulgaria waged between
1912-1913 and 1915-1918, the state made use of all of its men potential in order
to achieve its goals. The Gypsies/Roma, being Bulgarian subjects, were called in
and took part in the realization of the Bulgarian dream of a united nation. Thus they
became part of it. They adapted together with the other soldiers to the harsh condi-
tions of war and scarcity of food, clothing, the poor living and sanitary conditions
that went with it. They participated in the wars on fully equal terms, regardless of
their religious division to Christians and Muslims. Gypsies/Roma fought together
with all the rest in a number of battles memorable both to the regiments where they
served, and to the military glory of the Bulgarian Army as a whole. Quite a big
number of them died, went missing, were injured, died of their wounds or diseases,
or returned as disabled veterans. The conscription registers of the recruitment army
departments, the regiments’ documentation, the army conscription statistics and the
death statistics show that Gypsies/Roma were enrolled in almost all of the units and
formations of the Bulgarian Army during World War I.
Some Gypsies/Roma who had taken part in the wars during the second decade
390
of the 20th century, began to play active and leading roles in the Roma community.
Those men who had gone through training in the Bulgarian Army and had walked
the thorny paths of war, emerged with a new consciousness, self-awareness and
culture, with different political thinking and civil positions. After their return from
the fire lines they initiated various forms of re-organization and defence of the rights
and freedoms of their ethnic group. Years later, those men who knew the army order
and discipline, would obey the laws and manifest their civil position. New leaders
grew up and it was them who propelled the organised manifestations among the
Roma community. They became more and more involved in the socio-political and
cultural and educational life in the country.
There were Gypsies/Roma in the units and formations of the Bulgarian Army
who took part in the two phases of the final stage of World War II. Some of them
fell in the battle fields in Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria. Those who had shown
bravery, those who got killed in a battle or died of their wounds, were promoted
postmortem to NCO’s. Many of them also received state awards and military hon-
ours for their participation in the war.
About 200,000 people died in the five wars the country waged after the Lib-
eration from Ottoman rule. Death makes people equal and it makes them heroes.
Over 1,800 soldiers memorials commemorate their heroism. They are everywhere
— in cities, in villages, in army unit compounds, on the emblematic battles spots. No
one is left behind and no one is forgotten, regardless of his ethnicity or religious de-
nomination. Those memorials mention not only Bulgarians, they mention the names
of Turks, Armenians, Jews and Roma, both with their Bulgarian and Turkish-Arab
names. The soldiers’ memorials are part of our national memory and our national
cultural heritage.
In the beginning of the 21st century, the descendants of the Gypsies/Roma of
Rakitovo (Pazardzhik area) who died in the wars, commented: “Nobody revolted
against the military service, everybody went to protect Bulgaria, to defend it ”, old
Yusein Chukaov says, whose great grandfather’s name is mentioned on the memori-
al in Rakitovo. And his neighbour Alii Zhivov adds: “It doesn’t matter who is what,
if we are in our country, we must defend our motherland. When Bulgaria needs to be
defended, it won’t matter even if a brother is called to stand against his brother”.
391
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие.5
За книгата „Циганите по пътищата на войната“.9
Вместо увод - Защо циганите по пътищата на войната?.14
I. По пътищата на войната от Индия до Балканите.19
II. Циганите във военните и паравоенните структури
на Османската империя.66
III. Циганите в българската армия от Освобождението
до Балканските войни (1878-1912 г.).104
111.1. Изграждане на българската армия
и превръщането й в масова.104
111.2. Циганите служат в различни родове войски.131
111.3. Военната служба прави войника защитник
на своя народ, добър гражданин на държавата
и му дава много други ползи за живота.142
111.4. Сръбско-българската война - първото
голямо изпитание на младата българска армия.150
IV. Участието на циганите във войните за национално
освобождение и обединение (1912-1918 г.).160
IV. 1. Първа балканска война (1912-1913 г.).160
IV.2. Бойни действия през войната.174
IV.3. Бит, почивка, свободно време,
празници по време на война.185
IV.4. Втора балканска война (1913 г.).197
IV.5. Първа световна война.209
IV.6. На всички фронтове по време на
Първата световна война участват и хиляди цигани.231
IV. 7. Войнишки бит, време за отдих, време за почивка.258
V. Българската армия и циганите
в междувоенния период (1919-1938 г.).280
V.1. Попълване на армията в условията
на Ньойския договор.280
V.2. Периодът на скрито развръщане
на българската армия (1928-1938 г.).295
3
\/.3. Нов социален и политически статус на мъжете
участници във войните и техните семейства. 314
VI. Българската армия и циганите в годините
на Втората световна война (1939-1945 г.).318
- VI.1. Циганите в българската армия -
септември 1939-август 1944 г.318
VI.2. Участие на българската армия в заключителния етап
на Втората световна война - септември 1944-май 1945 г.357
VI. 3. Заключителна фаза на Втората световна война -
битуване по време на война.372
VII. Признателна България.377
Заключение.384
Резюме на английски език.388
Ползвана литература.392
Съкращения.408
I |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ivanova, Evgenija I. 1960- Krǎstev, Velčo ca. 20.-21. Jahrhundert |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1047264978 (DE-588)1047265710 |
| author_facet | Ivanova, Evgenija I. 1960- Krǎstev, Velčo ca. 20.-21. Jahrhundert |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Ivanova, Evgenija I. 1960- |
| author_variant | e i i ei eii v k vk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042543533 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910339979 (DE-599)BVBBV042543533 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1878-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1878-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV042543533 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:11:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789544871253 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027977552 |
| oclc_num | 910339979 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 408 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | "Litera Print " |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ivanova, Evgenija I. 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1047264978 aut Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata Velčo Krăstev ; Evgenija I. Ivanova 1. izd. Sofija "Litera Print " 2014 408 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Gypsies / Roma on the roads of war Geschichte 1878-1945 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsteilnehmer (DE-588)4424394-7 gnd rswk-swf Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd rswk-swf Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 s Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 s Kriegsteilnehmer (DE-588)4424394-7 s Geschichte 1878-1945 z DE-604 Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 s 1\p DE-604 Krǎstev, Velčo ca. 20.-21. Jahrhundert Verfasser (DE-588)1047265710 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027977552&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027977552&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ivanova, Evgenija I. 1960- Krǎstev, Velčo ca. 20.-21. Jahrhundert Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata Kriegsteilnehmer (DE-588)4424394-7 gnd Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4424394-7 (DE-588)4055409-0 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4050473-6 (DE-588)4067777-1 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata |
| title_auth | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata |
| title_exact_search | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata |
| title_full | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata Velčo Krăstev ; Evgenija I. Ivanova |
| title_fullStr | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata Velčo Krăstev ; Evgenija I. Ivanova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata Velčo Krăstev ; Evgenija I. Ivanova |
| title_short | Ciganite po pătištata na vojnata |
| title_sort | ciganite po patistata na vojnata |
| topic | Kriegsteilnehmer (DE-588)4424394-7 gnd Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Zigeuner (DE-588)4067777-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegsteilnehmer Soldat Militär Roma Volk Zigeuner Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027977552&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027977552&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ivanovaevgenijai ciganitepopatistatanavojnata AT krastevvelco ciganitepopatistatanavojnata |