Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo "Nauka i Technika"
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The state according to the legal and political ideas of Wacław Makowski Bibliogr. s. 806-820. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 829 s. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788364014086 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ·, The State According to the Legal and Political
Ideas of Wacław Makowski
Wacław Makowski was born on 2 November 1880 in Vilnius. In the years 1898-1902 he
studied at the Department of Law of the Imperial University in Warsaw. During his time at
the University he joined organisations of students espousing progressive and socialist views.
In the dispute dividing Polish socialists, i.e. whether in line with the ideas of Karol Marx so-
cialism should be internationalist, or whether socialist ideas should be combined with the
struggle for Poland s independence, W. Makowski in the end spoke out in favour of the lat-
ter. He published his first articles in academic journals [Life Sentence, Bloody Revenge -
1901) while still a student and also showed his literary talent, publishing poetry and literary
papers in periodicals connected with progressive intelligentsia. Following graduation he
went to Austro-Hungary, and after a stay in Galicia (Kraków, Lvov) and a trip to France
(Paris), he returned to Warsaw. There, he began working in 1903 as a trainee lawyer and
then as an attorney-at-law. He soon acquired a reputation as an outstanding counsel in cri-
minal cases involving both common and political crimes. He defended not just the revolu-
tionaries from the Revolutionary Faction of the Polish Socialist Party of ƒ. Piłsudski, whose
ideas he shared. He paid for this with his arrest during the 1905 revolution.
W, Makowski did not limit himself to his legal practice and literary studies. He was very
active among Warsaw’s progressive intelligentsia. He joined a Masonic lodge (around 1910)
and published articles in the legal press, in which he disclosed his interest in matters aca-
demic, including the theory and philosophy of penal law (papers - Felonies, Penalties and
Special Courts ֊ 1911, Introduction to the Philosophy of Penal Law - 1917). In the funda-
mental dispute regarding the gist of penal law between two schools - classical and positivist,
W. Makowski embraced the latter. As an expert in penal law, analysing the phenomenon
of crime, he placed emphasis upon the analysis of the psychological and sociological aspects
of the offenders behaviour. His criminal law studies had a decisive influence upon W. Ma-
kowski s philosophic, social and subsequently political views. Without renouncing the idea
of a struggle for progress and social justice, W. Makowski accepted social solidarity as the
main principle of social life, which should outweigh competition. In his deliberations regar-
ding the gist of law W. Makowski came out in support of the psychological and sociological
theory of law, accepting Leon Petrażycki as his mentor.
After the start of the First World War, under the new conditions, W. Makowski entered
civic activity (organisation of citizen courts in the summer of 1915), followed by political
activity, also in the agencies of the Provisional Counci l of State, and subsequently the Regency
Council. At that stage W. Makowski already openly spoke out in favour of Poland regaining
independence. During this period he was increasingly perceived as a figure closely associa-
ted with the activity of J. Piłsudski. His political involvement notwithstanding, in 1917
W. Makowski began working at the Department of Law of Warsaw University, initially as
a lecturer in Penal Law, and author of a textbook of this subject (Rules of Combating Crime
֊ 1917).
8oo
The State According to the Legal and Political Ideas of Wacław Makowski
After Poland’s independence in November 1918, W. Makowski very quickly gained a re-
putation as an outstanding expert on penal law of Russia, Germany and Austria, when the
laws of these three occupying States still remained in force in Poland (Penal Law. Compara-
tive Lecture, vol. 2 and 2 -1919-1921 and Comments to the Russian Penal Code of 1903, vol.
1-3,1921-1922). In 1919, W. Makowski was appointed member of the Penal Law Section of
the Codification Commission preparing a draft of the Polish Penal Code, and in 1923 he be-
came Professor of Penal Law at Warsaw University. Earlier, in the summer of 1920, he joi-
ned the army as a volunteer. The High Command of the Polish Armed Forces found a way to
properly use the abilities of the volunteer, mostly in the area of military penal law and or-
ganisation of the military administration of justice. W. Makowski left the army in 1922 as a
colonel. Between June 1922 and May 1923, W, Makowski headed the Ministry of Justice (in
three consecutive governments), which at the time of his appointment was an expression of
the trust of J. Pisłudski and his associates in him. As a minister of justice, apart from nume-
rous ministerial duties, W. Makowski paid a lot of attention to improving the quality of do-
mestic legislation, not just in his ministry. The achievements of the minister include the
enactment of prison rules and regulations affording political prisoners a number of privile-
ges unavailable to other inmates.
In the early 1920s W. Makowski also developed an interest in constitutional law, inter-
national public law and governmental studies (articles: The League of Nations and State
Sovereignty , “The Power of the Constitution” - 1925). At the same time, in his lecture en-
titled A Citizen and the Republic , after conducting a critical analysis of the young Polish de-
mocracy, W. Makowski presented a vision of a properly functioning democratic state and
parliamentary democracy based on the principle of social solidarity, and not on the liberal
ideology (1924).
In May 1926, following the coup d état carried out byj. Pisłudski, W. Makowski took over
the portfolio of justice minister in the first post-May cabinet of PRsudki’s faction and kept it
until the end of September 1926. He played a key role in amending the March Constitution,
bringing about a strengthening of the position of the executive at the expense of the legisla-
ture, in line with Pifsudski’s postulates, most of which could be found in the August Amen-
dment to the 1921 Constitution, without, however, breaching its main principles
(sovereignty of the nation, separation of powers (publication: Amendment to the Constitu-
tion. Addresses and Statements of the Minister of Justice, Professor Wacław Makowski -
1926) . As a justice minister, he continued to attach considerable importance to issues rela-
ted to the giving and improving of law, particularly aiming at increasing the participation of
experts in the legislative process. On the eve of leaving the ministry he established the Legal
Council, a body tasked with monitoring the quality of the legislation (article entitled:
A Number of Remarks on the Legal Council - 1927).
In the fall of 1926, W. Makowski celebrated the 25th anniversary of his academic work.
In his address he mentioned that recently he had been giving more and more attention to
the issues of a new state which should be based on the co-ordination of work, positive
guarantees, solidarity of interests and on understanding the fundamental co-operation bet-
ween citizens and the Republic” (the text appeared in a special publication entitled Legal
Deliberations - 1928). After leaving the ministry, W. Makowski focused on academic work
in the field of penal law (activity in the Codification Commission), as well as theory of law
and government (articles: Le probléme du pouvoir” and Democracy Transformations” -
1927) . In the article on democracy W. Makowski wrote that the old model of democracy, in-
spired by the liberal ideology with its individualism and based on the activity of political
parties, was becoming a thing of the past. The new model of democracy requires the ap-
801
d The State According to the Legal and Political Ideas of Wacław Makowski
pearance on the political stage of organisations representing different group interests and
consequently the creation of new systemic solutions. These should facilitate the represen-
tations of various social groups coming into contact with the State agencies for the purpose
of realisation of their aims and needs, without the increasingly ineffective intermediation
of political parties. At the same time, W. Makowski found the time to write the foreword to
the Polish translation of Montesquieu’s work “De l esprit des lois . There he put forward a
thesis that the numerous admirers of the work had failed to carefully read all the comments
made in the chapter devoted to the political system of England. Authorities should be sepa-
rated in the state, but not completely separated from each other, as they should also co-ope-
rate. In addition, W. Makowski suggested that, in the case of states in the 20th century, the
word authorities” should be replaced by the functions of the state , whose catalogue can
no longer be confined to a catalogue of three items (Foreword to De l esprit des lois -
1927).
W. Makowski was elected Member of Parliament in the 1928 elections and became the
chairman of the Constitutional Commission, and subsequently took part in the work aimed
at adopting amendments to the March Constitution, this time fully consistent with the po-
stulates of the governing coalition (publication: On the Road to Constitutional Reform -
1929). Simultaneous to his political activity, W. Makowski continued his work as an acade-
mic and lecturer (articles: Les transformations du driot penal L’idee du juste - Louvain
1929). In 1929, when the debate on the proposed amendments to the March Constitution en-
tered the decisive phase, W. Makowski delivered a lecture on a new Poland in a new Eu-
rope , in which he put forward a number of fundamental theses: 1. Neither of the leading
contemporary ideologies - liberalism, nationalism, reformist socialism, Bolshevism and Ita-
lian fascism - is capable of resolving the dilemmas of the contemporary world; 2. The dis-
pute regarding Poland’s political system must be resolved by way of strengthening the
executive in its relations with the legislature. The incorrect solutions contained in the 1921
March Constitution, as well as those included in its fundamental principles, must be remo-
ved once and for all; 3. The problem of repairing Poland’s political system is not just a Po-
lish problem. This problem - and W. Makowski would continue to repeat this thesis in his
works - is faced by all states in the civilised world in the 20th century. 4. The contemporary
state facing the realities and problems of the surrounding world must change its functions
and accept new and hitherto unknown tasks and, consequently, change its political system
by rejecting Montesquieu’s principle of separation of powers, because only the executive
with reinforced competencies, which should become the main element of the state, and not
the legislature, will be able to meet the new challenges and perform the new duties. 5. This
new state capable of carrying the burden of the new challenges can only be a state based
on the idea of social solidarity, which is the foundation of human social life ( A New Poland
in a New Europe” - 1930, La pologne nouvelle dans l’Europe nouvelle” ֊ Paris 1931).
W. Makowski was again elected to the Parliament in 1930 and took over the position of
chairman of the Constitutional Commission. A year later, he was elected Deputy Speaker of
the Parliament, and was included in Poland’s delegation to a session of the Inter-Parlia-
mentary Union. These latter, new duties resulted in a number of publications in the field of
international public law (e.g. The Free City of Gdańsk in the Case Law of the International
Court of justice in The Hague - 1933). W. Makowski continued to participate in the work on
a new constitution, introducing de iure an authoritarian system in Poland. He played an
important role in this work, albeit not as prominent as in 1926. As the work was approaching
its finale (in 1935) W. Makowski was gaining the status of a leading ideologue and theoreti-
cian of the Piłsudski camp, providing ideological, not to say doctrinal, and theoretical jus-
802
______________The State According to the Legal and Political Ideas of Wacław Makowski Ijt
tification for the solutions contained in the future Constitution (articles: Leading Princi-
ples of the New Constitution -1934, Ideological Assumptions of Polish Statehood ֊ 1935).
The work of W. Makowski in the field of constitutional law and governmental studies of the
time had two dimensions: first, they were an attempt to provide a theoretical justification
for the political concepts of J. Piłsudski and his supporters, and second, were a presentation
of a new vision of the state, created by W. Makowski (article: Towards A social State -
1933). In the opinion of W. Makowski, faced with new social realities of the 20th century, re-
quiring the state organisation to perform new functions, the state should become a social
state , i.e. a state based on the principle of social solidarity and recognising the primacy of
the common good over other group interests present in society. Adoption of this concept
presumed rejecting the principle of superiority of the rights and freedoms of the individual
over the community, as reflected in the liberal ideology. It was obvious to W. Makowski that
adopting these new principles of political system and increasing the interference of the state
in social and economic life would necessitate the introduction of new institutional solutions
in the state, in place of the existing solutions based on the separation of powers and the sup-
remacy of the legislature over the executive. This was carried out in the 1935 April Consti-
tution.
Back in 1931, W. Makowski became the chief editor of a new periodical entitled New
State , in which the results of the work of the Constitutional Commission were presented and
discussed, and where papers on constitutional law and governmental studies written by do-
mestic and foreign authors were published. In 1932, W. Makowski published his comments
to the new Penal Code which came into force in 1933 ( Penal Code. Comments. 1st edition
1932, 2nd edition 1933). W. Makowski played a key role in its creation and is currently re-
cognised as one of the most outstanding Polish experts in the area of penal law not just in
the 1918-39 period, but overall. At the same time, W. Makowski prepared a study on the me-
chanisms of political life in a modern democratic state ( Advertising and Social Will - 1st
edition 1932, 2nd edition 1934). In this work W Makowski criticised the functioning of po-
litical parties in contemporary systems, both multi- and mono-party, on the basis of his ana-
lysis of the activity of political parties in the leading countries of Europe and the United
States. W. Makowski ended his deliberations with the conclusion that political parties were
ceasing to play their fundamental function, i.e. intermediation between the state and society,
and had become a more or less destructive element in the political life of contemporary so-
cieties. Later, in the second half of the 1930s, W. Makowski made an attempt to create a po-
sitive vision of democracy, i.e. a democracy based on solidarity. He painted a picture of the
desired solutions in the political system of a social state and made a reference to the term
organised democracy , i.e. a democracy where the activity of political parties should be re-
placed in the Parliament and in the political life of the country by the activity of civic orga-
nisations representing actual and varied needs of society and ideological and personal
differences ( Soviet Constitution in: „We and you - 1938).
Apart from his activity in Poland, W. Makowski carefully observed the surrounding world.
He often travelled to Western Europe. He increasingly shared his observations regarding
foreign and domestic affairs with his readers on the pages of the press. A selection of his ar-
ticles was published in a book ( Revision of the Social Contract - 1933). A paper on social
law occupied a separate place among the contemporary works of W. Makowski. The author
analysed works by leading law theorists (including L. Duguit and M. Hauriou), extracting
from their works elements which he considered close to the theories of L. Petrażycki and his
own deliberations regarding the gist of law as a social phenomenon (article: On the Concept
of Social Law - 1933).
803
€P The State According to the Legał and Political Ideas of Wacław Makowski ______________
The involvement of W. Makowski in the country’s political life did not affect his work at
the Department of Law, where in the early 1930 he began teaching Constitutional Law, and
where in 1937 he received yet another title of Professor of State (Constitutional) Law. This
did not mean abandoning studies of penal Jaw, as evidenced by another, corrected and sup-
plemented edition of the Comments to the Penal Code ( Penal Code. Comments , edition
3 - 1937). Earlier, in the years 1935-1937, W. Makowski twice headed the Department of
Law as its Dean. W. Makowski took part in international conferences (e.g. Lyon 1934 and
Rome 1936), and visited academic centres in France and Italy. In the latter country he was
received not only as an outstanding expert on penal and constitutional law, but also as a So-
vietologist, as these matters were also included in his interests (article: La nouva constitu-
zione sovietica vista da un giuristo pollaco - Roma 1937). This Polish academic had been
carefully monitoring contemporary totalitarian states since the 1920s.
In 1936, W. Makowski published a book containing a selection of his articles written in
the years 1933-1936, which he considered most important (above all Society and the State
- 1936, and New Tendencies in Public Law - 1935). The leitmotif of the entire publication
was the concept of a social state, as was clearly indicated in the book’s title ( Social State” -
1933). The liberal state of old - W. Makowski explained - ...a state of individuals expands its
structure, becoming a state of an organised community ... the state was forced to take ac-
tions of an intermediary and regulator in a whole range of relationships between people ...
this is done in the interest of the community, the interest of individual groups and the com-
mon interest tied to it through social solidarity... A social state is forced to actively interfere
with social life, it is constantly required to do this...”.
His services to the creation of the April Constitution meant that in the 1935 parliamen-
tary elections W. Makowski received a mandate of a senator and became deputy speaker
and chairman of the Legal Commission of the Senate. J. Piłsudski died in 1935. His death
was followed by a number of important changes in the government, not limited to personal
changes. In place of the Non-Party Block of Co-operation with the Government (BBWR) steps
were taken to set up the Camp of National Unity (ONZ), and in 1937 nationalism, hitherto absent
from the authoritarian ideology of Piłsudski, began to appear. W. Makowski accepted these
changes, but in his publications he attempted to create an interpretation of the idea of na-
tionalism in which the definition of the nation as a community of people was not based so-
lely on the ethnic factor, but also on emotional (psychological) factors. W. Makowski’s
approval of the new credo of the nationalist camp (and new personal configurations at its
top) had further consequences. When both Houses of Parliament, elected in 1935, were dis-
solved in 1938 before the end of their term, W. Makowski stood in the elections as a candi-
date of the Camp of National Unity (election address entitled The Nation and the
Parliament - 1938) and was elected, becoming the speaker of the Diet. In the same year,
a book was published with a wide selection of his articles written in the years 1934-1937
(“We and You” ֊ 1938).
In 1939, the printing was completed of another book by W. Makowski entitled Gover-
nmental Studies . It was a textbook, and, to be more precise, its first part, because part two
was supposed to be published later and pertain to constitutional law. Part one was intended
for students beginning their studies at the Department of Law in the 1939/40 academic
year. However, things did not go according to plan. The author intended the work to be a ty-
pical academic textbook, containing the entire body of knowledge required in a course of
governmental studies. However, after presenting all this information, including an extensive
discussion of the most important theories pertaining to law and government in the 19th
and 20th century, the author made it clear that, in his opinion, the gist of the phenomenon
The State According to the Legal and Political Ideas of Wacław Makowski
of the state could be properly explained and its objectives, tasks and functions analysed only
on the basis of the psychological and sociological theory of law. In addition, in the conclusion
of the work, W. Makowski referred to a social state as a state based on social solidarity and
capable of performing the new tasks of the state in social life, and, above all, a state prepa-
red to make an optimal separation in the human life of that which should remain the do-
main of the state s activity and which should be the domain of civic activity.
After the German invasion of Poland, on 2 September 1939, W. Makowski chaired the last
session of the Parliament, and subsequently left Warsaw with the President and the Gover-
nment. On 17 September 1939, following the invasion by the Red Army, he crossed the bor-
der with Romania. Attempts made by W. Makowski to reach the West in the fall of 1939, and
to leave Romania in the summer of 1941 via Yugoslavia, failed. W. Makowski returned to Bu-
charest, where, monitored by the Secret Police, he again joined the life of Polish refugees, also
as a lecturer. W. Makowski began experiencing health problems in the 1930s. They retur-
ned on a much larger scale as his living conditions in Romania, despite the support offered
by the local academics, remained poor. His health deteriorated rapidly leading to premature
death. W. Makowski died on 28 December 1943 in Bucharest and was buried there.
805
SPIS TREŚCI
Uwagi wstępne
1. Cel pracy i jej porządek. Omówienie źródeł.................................... 5
2. Wacław Makowski życiorys...................................................... 12
I. „Urodzony w niewoli, okuty w powiciu... Działalność naukowa Wacława
Makowskiego przed 11XI1918 r.
1. Społeczeństwo jako wynik procesu dziejowego................................... 81
2. Społeczeństwo a jednostka..................................................... 89
3. Geneza państwa i prawa. Idea sprawiedliwości.................................. 98
4. Idea państwa i prawa. Źródła inspiracji....................................... 1 OS
5. Idea państwa i prawa w praktyce: nowe doświadczenia w latach I wojny światowej 114
6. Konkluzje ................................................................... 119
II. W odrodzonej Polsce. Wiara, nadzieja i... rozczarowanie.
Działalność W. Makowskiego w latach 1918-1926.
1. Wiara, czyli budowanie fundamentów państwa w służbie niepodległej
i demokratycznej Rzeczypospolitej............................................. 121
2. Nadzieja czyli próba obrony parlamentarnej i demokratycznej Polski przez
poszukiwanie innej niż liberalna koncepcji państwa i społeczeństwa............. 177
3. Rozczarowanie, czyli analiza istoty i konsekwencji zbrodni stanu w realiach
nowoczesnego i demokratycznego państwa........................................ 185
4. Konkluzje.................................................................... 193
Ili. W „Rządzie Pracy i... poza rządem. Rola W. Makowskiego w pierwszych
pomajowych rządach Kazimierza Bartla od maja do września 1926 roku.
1. Zamach majowy w wystąpieniach nowego ministra sprawiedliwości
W. Makowskiego............................................................ 196
2. Nowela Sierpniowa - udział W. Makowskiego w jej uchwaleniu................... 200
3. W. Makowski jako minister sprawiedliwości. Utworzenie Rady Prawniczej........ 223
4. Po opuszczeniu ławy rządowej. Jubileusz 25-lecia pracy naukowej byłego ministra. 239
5. Konkluzje.................................................................... 246
IV. „Miedzy majem a Brześciem . Działalność W. Makowskiego w latach
1926-1930.
1. Działalność W. Makowskiego po odejściu z rządu na polu historii doktryn
politycznych i teorii prawa, czyli nie tylko sporu o Monteskiusza ciąg dalszy.. 249
2. KonWuzje................................................................. 274
3. Rola W. Makowskiego w próbie rewizji Konstytucji Marcowej w Sejmie II kadencji,
czyli ciąg dalszy autorskich prac nad nową koncepcją państwa oraz początek prac
(a ściślej udziału w pracy) nad nową formą ustroju Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej... 279
4. „Nowa Polska w nowej Europie , czyli koniec wieńczy dzieło, ale tylko w wymiarze
refleksji teoretycznej........................................................ 317
5. Konkluzje................................................................ 332
V. W poszukiwaniu „nowego państwa w nowej Europie . Działalność
W. Makowskiego w latach 1930-1933.
1. W Sejmie III kadencji. Udział W. Makowskiego w pierwszej fazie prac nad nową
konstytucją RP (1930-1933) jako najważniejsza, ale nie jedyna powinność sanacyjnego
parlamentarzysty............................................................ 337
2. Od bolszewizmu i faszyzmu do New Deal®u. Współczesny świat w oczach
W. Makowskiego. Lata 1930-1933............................................ 386
3
3. Nie tylko nowy kodeks karny... Na pograniczu nauk prawnych i innych nauk
społecznych. Działalność naukowa W. Makowskiego w latach 1930-1933........ 407
4. Konkluzje.................................................................... 436
VI. „Ekstrawagancje przejdą, zostanie prawda, którą jest obudzenie solidarności
społecznej Uchwalenie Konstytucji Kwietniowej. Działalność W. Makowskiego
w latach 1934-1935.
1. W Sejmie i Senacie III kadencji. Udział W. Makowskiego w pracy nad uchwaleniem
nowej konstytucji w latach 1934-1935.......................................... 441
2. Poza Sejmem i Senatem. Udział W. Makowskiego w pracy nad uchwaleniem nowej
konstytucji w latach 1934-1935................................................ 477
3. Konkluzje..................................................................... 506
VII. „Odtąd będzie nami rządzić prawo”. Obecność W. Makowskiego na szczytach
sanacyjnej elity władzy w latach 1935-1937.
1. Ideolog, polityk i uczony czyli konstytucja w ujęciu W. Makowskiego......... 513
2. W. Makowski jako autorytet akademicki - teoretyk państwa i prawa i konstytucjonalista
oraz ekonomista........................................................... 554
3. Konkluzje................................................................... 587
VIII. „Zjednoczenie Narodu to czyn... Miejsce W. Makowskiego w obozie rządzącym
wiatach 1937-1938.
1. Pojęcie narodu w myśli W. Makowskiego przed 21 lutym 1937 roku............ 589
2. Stosunek W. Makowskiego do inicjatywy pułkownika Adama Koca............... 594
3. „My i wy , czyli o zjednoczeniu narodu, ale także o społeczeństwie, państwie
i państwie społecznym....................................................... 611
4. O „zagadnieniach prawniczych ., nie tylko w „My i wy ...................... 622
5. O życiu gospodarczym Europy i świata, czyli wykład ekonomii politycznej
profesora W. Makowskiego.................................................... 642
6. W. Makowski jako globtroter................................................ 660
7. Konkluzje................................................................ 677
IX. „Ostatnie lata . Obecność W. Makowskiego na szczytach sanacyjnej elity
władzy w latach 1938-1939.
1. Ostatnia batalia - wybory do Sejmu i Senatu V kadencji (1938-1942].......... 681
2. Ostatnia sesja i ostatnia mowa.............................................. 695
3. Ostatnie dzieło............................................................. 716
4. Konkluzje................................................................... 731
Uwagi końcowe.
1. Państwa autorytarne w międzywojennej Europie................................ 733
2. Autorytarna II Rzeczypospolita na tle państw autorytarnych międzywojennej
Europy...................................................................... 753
3. Wacław Makowski jako uczony i jako polityk................................. 756
4. Idea solidaryzmu społecznego w rozważaniach W. Makowskiego jako polityka
i uczonego w latach 1926-1939. Cechy charakterystyczne..................... 768
5. Nowa Polska w nowej Europie jako państwo społeczne, czyli solidarystyczne
społeczeństwo w autorytarnym państwie....................................... 797
The State According to thè Legai and Politicai Ideas of Wacław Makowski........... 800
Źródła i bibliografía............................................................... 806
Indeks osobowy...................................................................... 821
4
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kulesza, Władysław T. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1052437176 |
| author_facet | Kulesza, Władysław T. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kulesza, Władysław T. |
| author_variant | w t k wt wtk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042540657 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)920521236 (DE-599)BVBBV042540657 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042540657 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:24:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788364014086 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027974725 |
| oclc_num | 920521236 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 829 s. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo "Nauka i Technika" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kulesza, Władysław T. Verfasser (DE-588)1052437176 aut Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego Władysław T. Kulesza Warszawa Wydawnictwo "Nauka i Technika" 2014 829 s. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The state according to the legal and political ideas of Wacław Makowski Bibliogr. s. 806-820. Indeks Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / i państwo jhpk Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / myśl polityczna i społeczna jhpk Makowski, Wacław 1880-1942 (DE-588)1035481189 gnd rswk-swf Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd rswk-swf Makowski, Wacław 1880-1942 (DE-588)1035481189 p Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027974725&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027974725&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kulesza, Władysław T. Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / i państwo jhpk Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / myśl polityczna i społeczna jhpk Makowski, Wacław 1880-1942 (DE-588)1035481189 gnd Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1035481189 (DE-588)4115590-7 |
| title | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego |
| title_auth | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego |
| title_exact_search | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego |
| title_full | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego Władysław T. Kulesza |
| title_fullStr | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego Władysław T. Kulesza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego Władysław T. Kulesza |
| title_short | Państwo w myśli politycznej i ustrojowo-prawnej Wacława Makowskiego |
| title_sort | panstwo w mysli politycznej i ustrojowo prawnej waclawa makowskiego |
| topic | Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / i państwo jhpk Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / myśl polityczna i społeczna jhpk Makowski, Wacław 1880-1942 (DE-588)1035481189 gnd Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / i państwo Makowski, Wacław / (1880-1942) / myśl polityczna i społeczna Makowski, Wacław 1880-1942 Politisches Denken |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027974725&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027974725&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuleszawładysławt panstwowmyslipolitycznejiustrojowoprawnejwacławamakowskiego |