The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin
Ernst
2015
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | This translation is the revised version of the original German edition titled Handbuch Technischer Lawinenschutz (ISBN 978-3-433-02947-3), publ. 2011 |
| Beschreibung: | 408 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783433030349 3433030340 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook |c ed. by Florian Rudolf-Miklau ... |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | XIII
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AVALANCHE HAZARDS 1
1.1.1 OVERVIEW AND TERMINOLOGY 1
1.1.2 AVALANCHE HAZARDS: HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL RELEVANCE 2
1.2 TECHNICAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE: CLASSIFICATION 3
1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OF DEFENSE MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS 3
1.2.2 PERMANENT TECHNICAL AVALANCHE PROTECTION (DEFENSE STRUCTURES) 6
1.2.3 TECHNICAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE WITH TEMPORARY EFFECTS 7
1.3 AVALANCHE DISASTERS, DEVELOPMENT OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE:
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 10
1.3.1 CHRONICLE OF AVALANCHE CATASTROPHES 10
1.3.1.1 AVALANCHE DISASTERS IN THE ALPS 10
1.3.1.2 AVALANCHE DISASTERS IN OTHER REGIONS 12
1.4 HISTORY OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE 13
1.4.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE 13
2 AVALANCHES: EVOLUTION AND IMPACT
17
2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF AVALANCHES 17
2.1.1 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS 17
2.1.2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF AVALANCHES 17
2.2 METEOROLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF AVALANCHE EVOLUTION 19
2.2.1 WEATHER CONDITIONS FORMING AVALANCHES IN THE EUROPEAN ALPS 19
2.2.1.1 GENERAL REMARKS 19
2.2.1.2 NORTHWESTERN (PRECIPITATION BUILD UP) AREA 20
2.2.1.3 WESTERN WEATHER CONDITIONS 21
2.2.1.4 SOUTH FOEHN SITUATION 22
2.2.1.5 OCCLUSION FROM THE NORTH EAST - NORTH-EAST LOCATION 23
2.2.2 WEATHER CONDITIONS FORMING AVALANCHES IN NORTH AMERICA
(WESTERN RANGES) 23
2.2.3 WEATHER CONDITIONS FORMING AVALANCHES IN OTHER MOUNTAIN
REGIONS.... 24
2.3 NIVOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF AVALANCHE EVOLUTION 24
2.3.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL SNOW 24
2.3.2 GENESIS OF SNOW 25
2.3.3 SNOW METAMORPHISM 27
2.3.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 27
2.3.3.2 PRINCIPLES OF SNOW METAMORPHOSIS 27
2.3.3.3 INITIAL METAMORPHISM 28
2.3.3.4 EQUILIBRIUM GROWTH METAMORPHISM 28
2.3.3.5 FACETING 29
2.3.3.6 MELT-FREEZE METAMORPHISM 30
2.3.4 SNOWPACK 31
2.3.4.1 FORMATION OF SNOWPACK AND LAYERING 31
2.3.4.2 MOVEMENTS AND TENSIONS IN SNOW COVER 31
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1045574627
XIV CONTENTS
2.3.4.3 AVALANCHE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO EVOLUTION ! 33
2.4 FREQUENCY AND MAGNITUDE OF AVALANCHE EVENTS 34
2.4.1 CRITERIA FOR FREQUENCY, MAGNITUDE AND RISK ASSESSMENT 34
2.4.2 FREQUENCY (RECURRENCE) OF AVALANCHE EVENTS 37
2.4.3 MAGNITUDE OF AVALANCHE EVENTS 37
2.4.4 INTENSITY OF AVALANCHE IMPACT 38
2.5 MORPHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF AVALANCHE EVOLUTION 39
2.5.1 AVALANCHE CATCHMENT AREA 39
2.5.2 AVALANCHE STARTING ZONE 41
2.5.3 AVALANCHE PATH 45
2.5.4 AVALANCHE RUNOUT ZONE (DEPOSITION ZONE) 47
2.6 AVALANCHE PROTECTION FOREST 48
2.6.1 EFFECTS OF VEGETATION AND FOREST ON AVALANCHE FORMATION 48
2.6.2 EFFECTS OF AVALANCHES ON TREES AND FORESTS 52
3 AVALANCHE DYNAMICS: MODELS AND IMPACT
55
3.1 PRINCIPLES OF AVALANCHE DYNAMICS 55
3.1.1 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55
3.1.1.1 GENERAL REMARKS 55
3.1.1.2 CHARACTERISTIC CRITERIA OF AVALANCHE MOVEMENT 55
3.1.1.3 AVALANCHE VELOCITY 55
3.1.1.4 MODEL LAWS OF AVALANCHE MOVEMENT 57
3.1.1.5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR AVALANCHE DYNAMICS 58
3.1.1.6 CONSTITUTIVE LAW 59
3.1.2 DYNAMICS OF FLOW AND POWDER SNOW AVALANCHES 60
3.1.2.1 AVALANCHE RELEASE 60
3.1.2.2 MOVEMENT OF FLOW AVALANCHES I 60
3.1.2.3 MOVEMENT OF POWDER SNOW AVALANCHES 60
3.1.2.4 MOVEMENT OF MIXED-MOTION AVALANCHES 62
3.1.2.5 MOVEMENT OF WET SNOW AVALANCHES AND SLUSH FLOWS 63
3.2 NUMERICAL AVALANCHE MODELS AND SIMULATION 64
3.2.1 APPLICATION OF AVALANCHE MODELS 64
3.2.2 PRINCIPLES AND DATA FOR AVALANCHE MODELLING 65
3.2.3 AVALANCHE MODEL OVERVIEW: CLASSIFICATION 66
3.2.4 STATISTICAL-TOPOGRAPHICAL AVALANCHE MODELS 67
3.2.4.1 ALPHA-BETA MODEL 67
3.2.4.2 OTHER STATISTICAL MODELS 68
3.2.5 PHYSICAL-DYNAMIC AVALANCHE MODELS 69
3.2.5.1 VOELLMY-SALM MODEL 69
3.2.5.2 AVAL-ID 71
3.2.5.3 RAMMS 74
3.2.5.4 SAMOSAT 74
3.2.5.5 APPLICATION OF AVALANCHE MODELS IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE 77
3.3 AVALANCHE ACTION ON OBJECTS (OBSTACLES) 78
3.3.1 DYNAMIC AVALANCHE ACTION 78
3.3.1.1 PRINCIPLES 78
CONTENTS XV
3.3.1.2 ACTION BY FLOW AVALANCHE ON OBSTACLES OBSTRUCTING THE FLOW 79
3.3.1.3 ACTION BY FLOW AVALANCHES ON NARROW OBSTACLES 81
3.3.1.4 ACTION BY POWDER SNOW AVALANCHES 83
3.3.1.5 IMPACT OF MASSIVE COMPONENTS (ROCKS, TRUNKS) 85
3.3.1.6 ACTION BY VERTICAL AVALANCHE DEFLECTION 85
3.3.1.7 ACTION BY WET SNOW AVALANCHES 87
3.3.2 DAMAGE EFFECTS OF AVALANCHES 87
3.3.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 87
3.3.2.2 DAMAGE EFFECTS BY FLOW AVALANCHES 89
3.3.2.3 DAMAGE EFFECTS BY POWDER SNOW AVALANCHES 90
4 AVALANCHE HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING OF PROTECTION
MEASURES
91
4.1 AVALANCHE HAZARD (RISK) ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING 91
4.1.1 MODEL OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONCEPT 91
4.1.2 AVALANCHE HAZARDS AND RISKS: DEFINITIONS AND QUANTIFICATION 91
4.1.2.1 AVALANCHE HAZARDS AND HAZARD SCENARIOS 91
4.1.2.2 AVALANCHE DAMAGE AND RISK 95
4.1.3 METHODS OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT 97
4.1.4 AVALANCHE RISK ASSESSMENT 99
4.2 MAPPING OF AVALANCHE HAZARDS AND RISKS 100
4.2.1 OVERVIEW 100
4.2.2 HAZARD (INDICATION) MAPS 102
4.2.3 HAZARD ZONE PLANS 105
4.2.4 RISK MAPS 109
4.3 PLANNING OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 109
4.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING 109
4.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE 113
4.3.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OBJECTIVES 113
4.3.2.2 QUANTITATIVE AND RISK-BASED PROTECTION OBJECTIVES 115
4.3.3 SECTORIAL PROTECTION CONCEPTS 117
4.3.3.1 PRINCIPLES 117
4.3.3.2 PROTECTION CONCEPT FOR SETTLEMENT AREAS 118
4.3.3.3 PROTECTION CONCEPTS FOR TRAFFIC ROUTES AND SUPPLY LINES 119
4.3.3.4 PROTECTION CONCEPTS FOR SKI AREAS 121
4.3.4 PLANNING PROCESS FOR TECHNICAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE MEASURES 121
4.3.4.1 GENERAL PLANNING PROCEDURES IN AVALANCHE DEFENSE 121
4.3.4.2 DESIGN OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 124
5 STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE PROTECTION: DEFENSE SYSTEMS
AND CONSTRUCTION TYPES
127
5.1 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE 127
5.2 STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE IN THE STARTING ZONE 127
5.2.1 OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION 127
5.2.2 SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES: CONSTRUCTION TYPES 130
5.2.2.1 PROTECTION EFFECT OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 130
5.2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION 130
XVI
CONTENTS
5.2.2.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPES: SNOW BRIDGE OF STEEL 133
5.2.2.4 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: SNOW NET 136
5.2.2.5 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: COMBINED SNOW BRIDGE 140
5.2.2.6 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: SNOW BRIDGE AND SNOW RAKES OF WOOD 142
5.2.2.7 HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 144
5.2.2.8 TYPE APPROVAL TEST 146
5.2.3 FOUNDATION AND ANCHORING OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 149
5.2.3.1 GENERAL REMARKS 149
5.2.3.2 METHODS OF FOUNDATION (ANCHORAGE) 149
5.2.3.3 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION METHODS 151
5.2.4 SNOWDRIFT CONTROL STRUCTURES 155
5.2.4.1 EFFECTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SNOWDRIFT CONTROL STRUCTURES 155
5.2.4.2 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: SNOWDRIFT FENCE 157
5.2.4.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: WIND BAFFLE 157
5.2.4.4 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: WIND ROOF (JET ROOF) 159
5.2.5 SNOW GLIDE PROTECTION STRUCTURES 159
5.2.5.1 PROTECTION EFFECTS 159
5.2.5.2 SNOW GLIDE PROTECTION METHODS: OVERVIEW 159
5.2.5.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: ARRAY OF POSTS 162
5.2.5.4 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: SNOW GLIDE TRIPOD 163
5.2.5.5 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: BERMS 163
5.3 STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE IN THE AVALANCHE PATH AND DEPOSITION
ZONE 165
5.3.1 CLASSIFICATION 165
5.3.2 LONGITUDINAL DEFENSE STRUCTURES (CONSTRUCTION TYPES TO GUIDE AND
DEFLECT AVALANCHES) 165
5.3.2.1 PROTECTION EFFECTS OF AVALANCHE DEFLECTING STRUCTURES 165
5.3.2.2 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: GUIDING WALL 165
5.3.2.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: DEFLECTING DAM (WALL) 166
5.3.3 TRANSVERSE DEFENSE STRUCTURES (CONSTRUCTION TYPES TO CATCH OR
RETARD
AVALANCHES) 167
5.3.3.1 PROTECTIONS EFFECTS OF AVALANCHE CATCHING OR RETARDING
STRUCTURES 167
5.3.3.2 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: CATCHING DAM (WALL) 169
5.3.3.3 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: AVALANCHE-RETARDING CONE 169
5.3.3.4 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: AVALANCHE BREAKER 171
5.3.4 AVALANCHE GALLERIES AND TUNNELS 172
5.3.4.1 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: AVALANCHE GALLERY (TUNNEL) 172
5.3.4.2 CONSTRUCTION TYPE: AVALANCHE-SECURE PIPE BRIDGE 173
6 STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE DEFENSE: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
177
6.1 NORMATIVE BASES OF DESIGN 177
6.1.1 EUROCODE AND NATIONAL STANDARDS IN AUSTRIA, GERMANY AND
SWITZERLAND 177
6.1.2 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD (ANSI) AND CANADIAN STANDARD (CSA)...
177
6.2 DESIGN OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES IN THE STARTING ZONE 179
6.2.1 GENERAL RULES FOR DESIGNING AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 179
CONTENTS XVII
6.2.2 DESIGN SNOW HEIGHT 180
6.2.2.1 METHODOLOGY 180
6.2.2.2 EXTREME SNOW HEIGHT IN SWITZERLAND, AND AUSTRIA 180
6.2.2.3 EXTREME SNOW HEIGHT IN USA AND CANADA 182
6.2.3 POSITION OF PROTECTED OBJECTS 182
6.2.4 STATIC SYSTEMS FOR AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 183
6.2.5 ACTIONS ON SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 184
6.2.5.1 OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION 184
6.2.5.2 SNOW PRESSURE 185
6.2.5.3 END-EFFECT LOADS 189
6.2.5.4 RESULTING SNOW PRESSURE AND LOAD ARRANGEMENT 190
6.2.5.5 SNOW PRESSURE ON GRATE 192
6.2.5.6 SNOW LOAD ON SLIM COMPONENTS (STRUCTURES) 194
6.2.5.7 LATERAL LOADS 195
6.2.5.8 DEADWEIGHT 195
6.2.5.9 WIND LOAD 195
6.2.5.10 OTHER ACTIONS 195
6.2.6 LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATION OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
IN THE STARTING AREA 196
6.2.6.1 GENERAL RULES FOR LAYOUT 196
6.2.6.2 SLOPE INCLINATION SUITABLE FOR SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 196
6.2.6.3 VERTICAL EXTENSION OF DEFENSE AREA 196
6.2.6.4 HORIZONTAL EXTENSION OF DEFENSE AREA 197
6.2.6.5 CONCEPTS FOR ARRANGEMENT OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 197
6.2.6.6 HEIGHT OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 199
6.2.6.7 DISTANCE BETWEEN (ROWS OF) STRUCTURES IN THE LINE OF SLOPE 200
6.2.6.8 LATERAL DISTANCE BETWEEN STRUCTURES 201
6.2.6.9 COMBINATION OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES WITH SNOW GLIDE
DEFENSE
STRUCTURES 203
6.2.7 BUILDING MATERIALS FOR AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 204
6.2.7.1 GENERAL FUNDAMENTALS OF BUILDING MATERIALS 204
6.2.7.2 CONSTRUCTION STEEL 204
6.2.7.3 CONSTRUCTION WOOD 204
6.2.7.4 FASTENERS AND CONNECTING MEANS 205
6.2.7.5 ROPES AND REINFORCING STEEL 205
6.2.7.6 ANCHOR GROUT 206
6.2.8 STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN 208
6.2.8.1 GENERAL FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN 208
6.2.8.2 ACTION COMBINATIONS 208
6.2.8.3 SUPPORT REACTIONS AND INTERNAL FORCES 209
6.2.8.4 DIMENSIONING OF SUPPORTING CONSTRUCTIONS OF SNOW SUPPORTING
STRUCTURES IN STEEL 212
6.2.8.5 DIMENSIONING OF GRATES OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES IN STEEL
213
6.2.8.6 DIMENSIONING OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES IN WOOD 213
6.2.8.7 DIMENSIONING OF SNOW NETS 215
6.2.8.8 DIMENSIONING OF SNOW RAKES 217
XVIII CONTENTS
6.2.8.9 CORROSION PROTECTION FOR STEEL STRUCTURES ABOVE GROUND 218
6.2.9 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF SNOW SUPPORTING
STRUCTURES 219
6.2.9.1 PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN 219
6.2.9.2 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES :.. 219
6.2.9.3 DESIGN SITUATIONS 220
6.2.9.4 PARTIAL FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR PILE FOUNDATIONS 221
6.2.9.5 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR SUPPORTS 221
6.2.9.6 DESIGN OF GIRDER FOUNDATIONS 224
6.2.9.7 CORROSION PROTECTION FOR FOUNDATIONS 228
6.2.9.8 TESTING OF MICROPILES 228
6.2.10 DESIGN OF SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES ON PERMAFROST SITES 230
6.3 DESIGN OF SNOWDRIFT PROTECTION STRUCTURES 233
6.3.1 DESIGN OF SNOWDRIFT FENCES AND WIND BAFFLES 233
6.3.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 233
6.3.1.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF SNOWDRIFT FENCES AND WIND BAFFLES 234
6.3.1.3 ACTION AND ACTION COMBINATIONS 235
6.3.1.4 CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES 235
6.3.2 DESIGN OF WIND ROOFS (JET ROOF) 235
6.3.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 235
6.3.2.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 235
6.3.2.3 ACTION AND ACTION COMBINATIONS 236
6.4 DESIGN OF AVALANCHE CATCHING, DEFLECTION AND RETARDING STRUCTURES
237
6.4.1 DETERMINING OF THE REQUIRED HEIGHT OF CATCHING AND DEFLECTION
DAMS (CLASSICAL APPROACH) 237
6.4.2 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED HEIGHT OF CATCHING AND DEFLECTION DAMS
BY A MORE PHYSICALLY BASED APPROACH 237
6.4.2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 237
6.4.2.2 CATCHING AND DEFLECTION DAMS 239
6.4.2.3 AVALANCHE GUIDING DAMS 242
6.4.2.4 STORAGE CAPACITY 242
6.4.2.5 ACTIONS ON AVALANCHE DEFLECTION AND RETARDING DAMS 243
6.4.3 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF AVALANCHE DEFLECTION AND RETARDING DAMS 244
6.4.3.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOTECHNICAL DAM DESIGN 244
6.4.3.2 RULES OF DAM CONSTRUCTION 245
6.5 DESIGN OF AVALANCHE BREAKERS 247
6.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS 247
6.5.2 ACTIONS ON AVALANCHE BREAKER AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 247
6.5.3 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 248
6.6 DESIGN OF AVALANCHE GALLERIES (TUNNELS) 248
7 CONSTRUCTION WORK AND MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURAL AVALANCHE
CONTROL
255
7.1 CONSTRUCTION WORK (AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES) 255
7.1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK IN ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS 255
7.1.1.1 CONDITIONS ON AVALANCHE CONTROL CONSTRUCTION SITES 255
CONTENTS
XIX
1 A.1.2 DEMANDS FOR BUILDING METHODS AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINES IN
AVALANCHE CONTROL 255
7.1.2 CONSTRUCTION SITE FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 255
7.1.2.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE FACILITIES: OVERVIEW AND REQUIREMENTS 255
7.1.2.2 SOCIAL AND OFFICE ROOMS, HOUSING FOR WORKERS 257
7.1.2.3 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 258
7.1.2.4 SUPPLY AND DISPOSAL AT CONSTRUCTION ZONES 260
7.1.3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON AVALANCHE DEFENSE CONSTRUCTION SITES 261
7.1.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION 261
7.1.3.2 TRANSPORTATION ROAD 261
7.1.3.3 MATERIAL ROPEWAY AND CABLE CRANES 265
7.1.3.4 HEAVY TRANSPORT HELICOPTERS 265
7.1.4 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS IN AVALANCHE DEFENSE IN THE
STARTING ZONE 267
7.1.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION WORK IN AVALANCHE CONTROL 267
7.1.4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF MICROPILE FOUNDATIONS AND DRILL TECHNOLOGY 268
7.1.4.3 CONSTRUCTION OF WIRE ROPE ANCHORS 270
7.1.4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND PLATE FOUNDATION 272
7.1.4.5 CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE FOUNDATION 273
7.1.4.6 CONSTRUCTION OF MICROPILE FOUNDATION IN SOLID ROCK (ROCK ANCHOR)
274
7.1.4.7 MOUNTING METHODS FOR SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 274
7.1.5 SAFETY ENGINEERING IN AVALANCHE CONTROL 275
7.1.5.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYEE PROTECTION AT CONSTRUCTION ZONES
IN
ALPINE ENVIRONMENT 275
7.1.5.2 PREVENTIVE EMPLOYEE PROTECTION (PRIOR START OF CONSTRUCTION) 276
7.1.5.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYEES ON AVALANCHE CONTROL CONSTRUCTION
ZONES 276
7.1.5.4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE-EQUIPMENT (PPE) 276
7.1.5.5 FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT AND SCAFFOLDING 279
7.1.5.6 SAFETY REGULATION FOR HELICOPTER TRANSPORTATION 281
7.2 MAINTENANCE OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 281
7.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF MAINTENANCE 281
7.2.2 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT 281
7.2.2.1 LIFECYCLE OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 281
7.2.2.2 FUNCTIONS AND STRATEGIES OF MAINTENANCE 282
7.2.2.3 INSPECTION AND CONDITION MONITORING 284
7.2.3 DAMAGE AND FUNCTIONAL DEFECTS OF AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 284
7.2.3.1 OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION 284
7.2.3.2 CAUSES FOR DAMAGES AND FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS 285
7.2.3.3 DAMAGE ANALYSIS AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT 286
7.2.3.4 DAMAGES AT SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 289
7.2.3.5 DAMAGES AT AVALANCHE DAMS 289
7.2.3.6 DAMAGE AT AVALANCHE GALLERIES AND TUNNELS 290
7.2.3.7 DAMAGE TO SNOWDRIFT STRUCTURES 290
7.2.4 MAINTENANCE MEASURES FOR AVALANCHE DEFENSE STRUCTURES 292
7.2.4.1 METHODS OF MAINTENANCE 292
7.2.4.2 METHODS OF RENOVATION 302
XX
CONTENTS
1.2 A.3 URGENCY OF MAINTENANCE MEASURES 302
7.2.4.4 RENOVATION METHODS FOR AVALANCHE WALLS 305
7.2.4.5 RENOVATION METHODS FOR SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES 306
7.2.4.6 RENOVATION METHODS FOR SNOW NETS 308
*7.2.4.7 COSTS OF MAINTENANCE AND RENOVATION 308
8 BUILDING PROTECTION (DIRECT PROTECTION) MEASURES 311
8.1 STRUCTURAL BUILDING PROTECTION MEASURES 311
8.1.1 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PROTECTION AGAINST AVALANCHES 311
8.1.2 AVALANCHE ACTION ON BUILDINGS 311
8.1.3 STRUCTURAL MEASURES AT THE BUILDING 314
8.1.3.1 SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING 314
8.1.3.2 CONSTRUCTIVE BUILDING PROTECTION MEASURES 314
8.1.3.3 BUILDING PROTECTION MEASURES WITH TEMPORARY EFFECT 317
8.1.3.4 DESIGN AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING PROTECTION AGAINST
AVALANCHES 318
8.1.4 STRUCTURAL MEASURES IN FRONT OF THE BUILDING 319
8.1.4.1 GENERAL REMARKS 319
8.1.4.2 AVALANCHE SPLITTING WEDGES 319
8.1.4.3 ROOF TERRACE 321
8.1.4.4 IMPACT WALLS 321
8.1.5 BUILDING DEFENSE MEASURES FOR OTHER STRUCTURES 321
8.2 SAFETY CONCEPTS FOR BUILDINGS ENDANGERED BY AVALANCHES 323
9 ARTIFICIAL RELEASE AND MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR AVALANCHES...
325
9.1 METHODS OF TEMPORARY AVALANCHE DEFENSE 325
9.2 ARTIFICIAL RELEASE OF AVALANCHES 325
9.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 325
9.2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARTIFICIAL RELEASE OF AVALANCHES 326
9.2.3 EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RELEASE 327
9.2.4 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL AVALANCHE RELEASE: OVERVIEW 328
9.2.5 COMPARISON OF METHODS: EFFECTS AND EFFICIENCY 328
9.2.6 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND RISKS OF ARTIFICIAL AVALANCHE RELEASE 330
9.2.7 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF SELECTED ARTIFICIAL RELEASE SYSTEMS
336
9.2.7.1 GAZEX 336
9.2.7.2 WYSSEN AVALANCHE TOWER LS12-5 339
9.2.7.3 AVALANCHE PROTECTION SYSTEM INNAUEN-SCHATTI IN THE
SCUOL-FTAN-SENT
SKI AREA, SWITZERLAND 342
9.3 AVALANCHE MONITORING TECHNOLOGY 345
9.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF AVALANCHE MONITORING 345
9.3.2 METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING 347
9.3.2.1 FUNDAMENTALS 347
9.3.2.2 AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS 348
9.3.2.3 WEATHER RADAR 348
9.3.3 MONITORING SNOW COVER 350
9.3.4 MONITORING SNOW MECHANICS 354
CONTENTS XXI
9.3.5 MONITORING WITH REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY 354
9.3.6 MONITORING SNOW FORCES ON AVALANCHE DEFENSE MEASURES 354
9.3.7 MONITORING AVALANCHE DYNAMICS 355
9.3.7.1 SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AVALANCHE MOTION 355
9.3.7.2 MEASURING AVALANCHE IMPACT FORCES WITH LOAD CELLS 356
9.3.7.3 MEASURING AVALANCHE FLOW DEPTH 358
9.3.7.4 MEASURING VELOCITY WITH OPTICAL SENSORS 359
9.3.7.5 MEASURING VELOCITY WITH PULSED DUAL DOPPLER RADAR 359
10 TECHNICAL AVALANCHE PROTECTION INTERNATIONAL:
FACTS AND FIGURES
363
LITERATURE
373
INDEX
393
ADVERTISER INDEX
408
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Rudolf-Miklau, Florian 1966- |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:24:27Z |
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| spelling | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook ed. by Florian Rudolf-Miklau ... Berlin Ernst 2015 408 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This translation is the revised version of the original German edition titled Handbuch Technischer Lawinenschutz (ISBN 978-3-433-02947-3), publ. 2011 Lawinenverbauung (DE-588)4034796-5 gnd rswk-swf Lawinenschutz (DE-588)4166969-1 gnd rswk-swf Lawinenschutz (DE-588)4166969-1 s Lawinenverbauung (DE-588)4034796-5 s 1\p DE-604 Rudolf-Miklau, Florian 1966- (DE-588)137787820 edt DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027973651&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook Lawinenverbauung (DE-588)4034796-5 gnd Lawinenschutz (DE-588)4166969-1 gnd |
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| title | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook |
| title_auth | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook |
| title_exact_search | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook |
| title_full | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook ed. by Florian Rudolf-Miklau ... |
| title_fullStr | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook ed. by Florian Rudolf-Miklau ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook ed. by Florian Rudolf-Miklau ... |
| title_short | The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook |
| title_sort | the technical avalanche protection handbook |
| topic | Lawinenverbauung (DE-588)4034796-5 gnd Lawinenschutz (DE-588)4166969-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lawinenverbauung Lawinenschutz |
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