Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech |
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Moravské Zemské Muzeum
2014
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The path of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology at the time of the Czechoslovak republic 1918 - 1938 |
| Physical Description: | 339 S. zahlr. Ill. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788070284223 |
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Record in the Search Index
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OBSAH
1. Üvodem.7
2. Vymezeni problému - poznâni dëjin mezivâlecné archéologie na Moravë.9
2.1. Historické clenëni archeologického poznâni v ceskych zemich ve 20. stoleti.14
3. Pied „prehistorickou revolud“ - poznâni paleolitu na prelomu 19. a 20. stoleti.16
3.1. Paleoliticky vyzkum v Cechâch a na Moravë na prelomu 19. a 20. stoleti.27
4. Archéologie mezi svëtovymi vâlkami.41
4.1. Evropskâ archeologickâ teorie prvnich ctyr desetileti 20. stoleti.41
4.1.1. Difusionismus, migracionismus, kulturnë-historickâ archéologie a neoevolucionismus
(Gustaf Kossinna, Vere Gordon Childe).41
4.1.2. Archéologie v Sovëtském svazu ve 20.-30. letech 20. stoleti.51
4.1.3. Mezivâlecnâ archéologie ve Spojenÿch stâtech americkÿch.56
4.1.4. Funkcionalismus (John Grahame Douglas Clark).58
4.2. Rozvoj metodiky archeologického prùzkumu v mezivâlecném obdobi.60
4.3. Pfedstavy o paleolitickém clovëku se mëni - mozaika evropského paleolitického vyzkumu
v mezivâlecném obdobi.;.66
5. Moravskâ paleolitickâ archéologie v letech 1918-1938.81
5.1. Odraz archeologickych teoriiprvnich ctyr desetileti 20. stoleti v moravské paleolitické archeologii.81
5.2. ïnstitucionâlni zâzemi a prâvni rdmec archéologie na Moravë v letech 1918-1938.92
6. Hlavni predstavitelé paleolitické archéologie na Moravë mezi svëtovymi vâlkami.103
6.1. Jan Knies (1860-1937).103
6.1.1. Kniesovo muzeum Moravského krasu.104
6.1.2. Generacni vymëna: spor Jana Kniese a Karla Absolona.112
6.1.3. Prodej sbirek do Moravského zemského muzea a brnënska léta.113
6.1.4. Kniesova syntéza moravského paleolitu.119
6.2. Antonin Telicka (1866-1925). 128
6.3. Karel Absolon (1877-1960).131
6.3.1. „Diluviâlni Pompeje“ v Dolnich Vëstonicich.138
6.3.2. Zahranicni kontakty Karla Absolona.150
6.3.3. „Papez prehistoric“ abbé Henri Breuil na Moravë.154
6.3.4. Predmosti u Prerova - ucebnice moravského paleolitu.159
6.3.5. Nejbohatsi stanice stredoevropského magdalénienu - jeskynë Pekârna.162
6.3.6. Bÿci skâla a Absolonova koncepce paleolitu.166
6.3.7. Expozice Anthropos na Vÿstavë soudobé kultury v Brnë.169
6.3.8. V dobâch druhé svëtové vâlky.174
6.4. Josef Skutil (1904-1965).182
6.5. Innocenc Ladislav Cervinka (1869-1952).188
6.6. Alois Stehlïk (1877-1945).191
6.7. Karel Zapletal (1903-1972).192
6.8. Hugo Sâhka (1859-1939).193
6.9. Jan Folprecht (1873-1952).194
6.10. Dalsi badatelé ve vyzkumu moravského paleolitu.195
6.11. Moravsti nèmecti badatelé ve vyzkumu paleolitu.200
6.11.1. Franz Cupik (1897-1962).203
6.11.2. Hans Mohr (1882-1967).204
6.11.3. Hans Freising (1905-1977). 204
6.11.4. Rudolf Czizek (1878-1937).205
6.11.5. Karl Jüttner (1883-1959).206
6.11.7. Karl Schirmeisen (1868-1958).207
7. Nàstin paleolitické archéologie v sousednich zemich.209
7.1. Videhské badatelské centrum ajeho vliv na Moravè.209
7.2. Rozvoj polské paleolitické archéologie v mezivâlecném obdobi.214
7.2.1. Exkurs: Reflexe polské paleolitické archéologie u ceskych badatelû - vztahy Karla Absolona
s polskÿmi archeology.219
7.3. Paleolitickâ archéologie na Slovensku.229
8. Zavërem.234
9. Pouzitâ Literatura. 238
.263
272
Summary.
Priloha I. - Dëjiny vyzkumû moravského diluvia se soupisem literatury (Jan Knies)
Priloha IL - Soupis prijaté korespondence z pozüstalosti Karla Absolona.
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CESTY MORAVSKÉ PALEOLITICKÉ ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBÎ CESKOSLOVENSKÉ REPUBUKY
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SUMMARY
The Path of Moravian Palaeolithic Archaeology at the Time
of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1938
Interest in the history of fields of the humanities or natural sciences differ significantly in their intensity
in various countries. In part, this is because of the different traditions of scientific research, partially thanks
to a number of complex causes, reflecting the often conscious or unconscious stereotypes contained in scien-
tific knowledge. This also true in the case of archaeology, the history of which always arouses on the one
hand significant general attention (chiefly due to research on Antique monuments) and on the other hand
by a number of experts was often overlooked as unnecessary and unduly burdensome.
It is a generally known fact that deep and systematic attention to the history of archaeology is paid in
Anglo-Saxon countries (here in the past the works by mainly G. Daniel or J. Evans were considered, currently
chiefly B. G. Trigger). In the scientific tradition of German-speaking countries particularly German itself
stands out in this area (H. Gummel, E. Wahle, G. Kossack aj.), with a special regard of the study of the role
of archaeology in connection with nationalistic and nazistic movements. The tradition of research of the his-
tory of archaeology with Central Europe (or its post-communistic parts) on the contrary is not very deep
and the extensive Polish archaeological community has a more distinctive reflection than the Czech one.
Still at the beginning of the 1980s, Bruce Trigger and Ian Glover in the preparation of the double edition of
World Archaeology (vol 13/1981, No. 2 and vol 14/1982, No. 2), devoted to the history of archaeology and
regional traditions in global archaeological research, did not have Central Europe included at all. From this
perspective, a “black hole” yawned between the countries of Western Europe and the Soviet Union (in Russia
today the production of literature with the themes of the history of archaeology are also quickly growing).
The seeming nonexistence of historical reflection of the archaeological research in the Czech lands in this
case was not given only by the disregard of English-written texts, but predominantly by the lack of solid bases
in the area of the history of archaeology generally. Also Karel Sklenar spoke in the same spirit in the only
synthesis of Czech and Central European history of archaeology intended for the English-speaking reader
and at the same time indisputably one of the most quoted books by a Czech archaeologist 0Archeology in
Central Europe: the First 500 Years” from 1983. Sklenar defines this space as “terra incognita” with the study
of the history of archaeology in comparison with the situation for instance in France or England (Sklenar
1983b, 4).
In the Czech lands, whose archaeological tradition is very rich, views into the past of the field were in-
itially only random and singular interest. The first Czech overview was presented by L. Niederle (1893) and
J. Smolik (1898), then more extensively by A. Stocky in the Preface to his “Praveku” (Prehistory, 1926). For
the territory of Moravia, such a first work is particularly the introductory passage of the synthesis by
I. L. Cervinka. As one of the main topics of his research, Josef Skutil set out the interest in the history of
archaeology already in the interwar period, who thanks to his unprecedented heuristic work accumulated
and published a great amount of smaller articles and attempts at individual thematic summary chapters from
the history of archaeology. For the history of Czech archaeology, the works by Karel Sklenar are essential,
who began to devote himself to this topic from the 1960s. Since that time, he has published a number of mo-
nographs, bibliographic lists and individual studies. Thanks to this author, the field of the history of archaeo-
logy has also at least partially institutionalized in the system of sciences of the Czech Republic (in the
mid-1970s, it did so also on the international level within efforts to include the history of the field in the pro-
gramme of the congresses of the UISPP). Jana Vignatiova set out in a similar direction in Moravia in the
1970s. The singular works include also the historiosophic oriented texts by Zdenek Vasicek (1996; 2006;
2007) and a synthesis devoted to the history of archaeology from its beginnings published along with Jaroslav
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Malina in 1980 as the two-volume “Archeologie vcera a dries” (Archaeology Yesterday and Today), soon for-
cibly recalled from the book market. This work just like its post-revolution English version represents rather
a global view in the style of the work by B. Trigger, than a look into the regional history of archaeology;
Malina 1980; Malina - Vasicek 1990).
Certainly under the influence of the changes of the cultural-political paradigms after 1989 and also
thanks to the needs to seek new topics with the incoming and numerically uncommonly growing new gene-
ration of professinoal archaeologists at the turn of the 21st century, we see an increase in the interest in the
history of the field also in Czech archaeology. Vladimir Podborsky has dealt with Moravian themes in the
present for a long time. The necessary historical distance also allows reflection on the problematic relations
of political ideologies and archaeology, which in archaeology here start to appear mainly in relation to the
period of WWII. The influence of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and ideology on the shaping of our field here
remains for the moment largely untouched, again unlike the situation for instance in Polish or German
archaeology.
Also this book endeavours to expand the new knowledge from the history of Czech archaeology. The
main theme is limited to the history of the field after the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918
until its end on the threshold of WWII in 1938. The territory which the books deals with in the delimited
historical boundaries of the land of Moravia, which covers the eastern third of the Czech Republic. At the
same time, this territory is among the wealthiest for Palaeolithic monuments in the European-wide context.
Palaeolithic research in Moravia is a very significant chapter in the history of Czech archaeology, which had
a leading role in the cultural politics of the Czechoslovak Republic and the international scientific field. Few
areas from the earliest human history has evoked so many current questions and attention as the research of
the Palaeolithic period in hopeful period of the twenty-year existence of the young Czechoslovak Republic
in the interwar period. Besides accumulating and publishing for the first time the material from rich archival
collections, the text tries to fins answers to the question that archaeology represented in various periods and
various places for different groups of people, who perceived it from both professional positios and from the
perspective of enthusiastic interested parties and spectators who identified with the results of archaeological
science in some way.
The time limitation of the work and its theme come also from the context of the current state of the
knowledge of the history of archaeology in the Czech lands and from the amount and accessibility of key
archival documents. The delimitation of a study primarily on the period of the existence of the inter war Cze-
choslovak Republic is given by the fact that almost all of Czech literature dealing with the history of archaeo-
logy has so far been concentrated on the period before 1918. The upper time limit was set by the beginning
of WWII, after it ends there is an entirely new situation in the organization of archaeology and fundamental
changes come in archaeological theory and the whole cultural and political context.
The interwar period in Czecholsovakia generally had a relatively bemelo obecne pomerne priznivy vliv
for the development of prehistory. Archaeology was gradually professionalized; a new legal and institutional
foundation was put in place. It took place chiefly within the Institute of Archaeologgy of the Academy of
Sciences with state-wide activities, which was founded in 1919 and teaching at the new Czechoslovak uni-
versities in Prague, Brno and Bratislava. Also the considerably sympathetic relationship of President of the
Republic T. G. Masaryk to this science, which he often not only symbolically, but also significantly materially
supported, certainly had a positive influence on the development of archaeological institutions. This favou-
rable atmosphere was projected not on the creation of new university workplaces with new graduate and as-
sociate professor programmes in archeology, but also in the implementation of significant medieval and
prehistoric field research projects (Prague Castle, Dolni Vestonice, the cave Domica, eneolithic settlement
of Homolka - here with the participation of Harvard University, oppidum Stare Hradisko, burial grounds
from the Roman period in Trebusice, A Roman camp near Musov, a Slavonic fortified steelement at Budec,
a Slavonic burial ground in Devinska Nova Ves etc). Fundamental synthetic works on prehistory and early
medieval Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia or on the individual prehistoric cultures were also written and pu-
blished. This epoch also includes key synthetic works, which were issued soon after WWII and which pre-
sented the results of the research of the interwar period forcibly interrupted by the events of 1939-1945 and
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which became the basis for the study of the further postwar development (Stockf 1926; Cervinka 1927; 1928;
Schrdnil 1928; Skutil 1938-39; Eisner 1933; Simek 1930/1953; Böhm 1937a; 1941; Filip 1937; 1941; 1948; Bor-
kovsky 1940; Neustupny, J. 1946 ad.).
The fundamental synopsis of the available literature from the area of the history of Czech archaeology
was prepared by Karel Sklendr (2011b, 9-14). At this point, it is possible to present only a few of the important
works that directly concern the territory of Moravia. Moravian researchers devoted themselves to the first
overviews of the history of the research, focused most on chronological lists of the successful discoveries and
publications already at the beginning of the 20th century. The first such attempts were brought by I. L. Cer-
vinka in the introductory chapters of his synthetic works (Cervinka 1902,1927) and also independently (Cer-
vinka 1903). Another of these pioneering works before WW1 came from the research from Brno Frantisek
Cerny (1907). In the interwar period, a key figure for learning about the history of the field was Josef Skutil,
who not only amassed an enormous amount of small materials (the list of his bibliography by his son Skutil
1969), presented a list of the bibliography devoted to the Moravian Pleistocene from 1850-1950 (Skutil 1965),
but he also treated the first history of the paleontological and archaeological interest in the Pleistocene from
the 16th century to the present in two syntheses dealing with the Palaeolithic settlement of the Czech lands
(.Skutil 1938; 1938-1939) and dis also during the war in the journal Alböhmen und Altmähren (Skutil 1941).
Jan Knies also dealt exclusively with the history of the research of the Palaeolithic period in Moravia in an
independent subjectively conceived manuscript from 1927 (Kostrhun 2008b, 100-119, the transcript is
published here as Appendix 1). Generally, we find the outline of the history of archaeology also in a number
of already mentioned important First Republic archaeological syntheses and some partial works (Skutil 1939;
Stocky 1924a; 1926,1-12). Naturally, also in some works that were not devoted to the Moravian issue or pri-
marily the history of archaeology (Böhm 1937b; 1936-1937; 1953; 1954). Professor of Prague’s German uni-
versity Leonhard Franz (1937) turned to the history of German archaeology in Czechoslovakia, what is
important for the history of the research of the Moravian Palaeolithic is a valuable treatment of the early
excavations in the caves of the Moravian Karst by the Viennese secondary-school teacher Richard Trampler
(1903).
The most important for learning about the history of Moravian archaeology is, however, the literary
production after WWII. These include the key collected Czech works on the history of archaeology (Sklendr
1969; 1976; 1983c; Vignatiovd 1968) and also some texts concerning only the territory of Moravia (Vignatiovd
1975). Also these mentioned syntheses, however, developed the theme of the history of archaeology mainly
to the period before WWI. The interwar period was dealt with only sporadically in individual texts (Krump-
hanzlovä ed. 1972; 1975; Sklendr 1983b; Motykovd 2002). The key treatment for the description of the deve-
lopment and significance of archaeological institutions or the development of care for archaeological
monuments and constitution of the legal framework for the area of the Czech lands until 1989 is by K. Sklenaf,
published also synthetically (Sklendr 2011c). The theme was treated synoptically for Moravia by V. Podborsky
(1994b).
Researchers, other than briefer passages of general works, devoted more attention to the development
of archaeology in Moravia after WWI on the occasion of the recapitalization of various regional research
traditions (for the territory of Moravia, for instance Filer 1979; Jisl 1964; Kohoutek 1996; Kosturik 1986; Ko-
vdrnik 1995; 2001; 2008; Mechurovd 1996; Snasil 1971). It was done similarly in the evaluation of the history
and foundation of important museum institutions and collections (Nekuda 1969; Kostrhun 2003; Humpo-
lova - Podborsky 2013 etc.). In some cases, increased attention was paid to the research of the most important
archaeological localities - from the Palaeolithic period chiefly Dolni Vestonice, Predmosti near Prerov, Mla-
dec and the Moravian caves (e.g. Eickhof2009; Musil 2010; Oliva 2003c; Skutil 1951; Svoboda 1994; 2000; To-
mdskova 1995; Valoch 1960; 2001a; 2001b; Valoch et al 2011). The history of the field is naturally contributed
to by all of the biographic works dedicated to individual personalities of our research. The extensive literature
(necrologies, profiles etc.) on individual researchers are always mentioned in the appropriate chaptrs of the
presented work. At this point, however, besides the classical encyclopaedic work by Jan Filip (1966-1969),
we mention the very beneficial { Biograficky slovnik ceskych, moravskych a slezskych archeologu5 [Biographic
Dictionary of Czech, Moravian and Silesian Archaeologists] by Karel Sklenaf (2005), or for Moravian
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archaeology the ever growing “Kalendarium moravske a slezske archeologie” [Calendar of Moravian and Si-
lesian Archaeology], which has been coming out as a part of the journal Pravek [Prehistory] regularly since
1991 and the connected series of monographs “Postavy moravske archeologie” [Figures of Moravian Archaeo-
logy]. Other very valuable guides include the biographic overviews of our archaeology by individual archaeo-
logical periodicals, issued mainly thanks to the editors of “Zprav ceske archeologicke spolecnosti” (Report of
the Czech Archaeological Society; on Moravian journals: Oliva 2001a; Prochazkova 2002; Sklenar 2000 and
other devoted to individual German and Czech periodicals).
The current production, which would follow the development of Moravian interwar archaeology, hence
is not very rich in comparison with other countries. The relative „disinterest“ in a systematic treatment of
the history of archaeology after WWI is surprising, if we consider that precisely in this period the rapid de-
velopment of modern prehistory took place, which is connected with “heroic” archaeological discoveries all
over the world. It has even led some authors to label the first quarter of the 20th century as the period of the
“great revolution in prehistory” (Daniel 1962, 69-87). At the same time, it is a period in which positivism
peaked, but also nationalistic connotations in archaeology, which distinctly influenced society-wide processes.
This period also sought professional starting points from the insufficient possibilities of relative chronology
and from the limitations or impossibility to absolutely date archaeological finds and cultures before the “ra-
diocarbon revolution” in the 1950s (cf. Renfrew 1973, 21-52). Also these aspects are instructive from the
perspective of the history of the methodology of the science. The mentiond “disinterest” is on the contrary
explicable by the need for a certain historical distance and naturally also a social demand for similar topics
from the history of science, which has been rising recently. In any case, the period of the development of ar-
chaeology in interwar Czechoslovakia, precisely thanks to the relatively short but very dynamic epoch of the
transformation of the “amateurish” scientific field into a fully professionalized and institutionalized scientific
discipline in the new state, is very important and stimulating for research for the learning of the sense and
direction of Czech archaeology.
To devote attention within the study of the history of interwar archaeology in Czechoslovakia mainly
to Palaeolithic research was important also for other reasons. In the context of the creation and development
of archaeological science in Moravia, we naturally do not find elsewhere known and distinctive immense
prehistoric monuments, which were at the beginning of archaeology as a new scientific discipline with the
first researchers focusing attention in the distant history of their nations whether in Europe or on other con-
tinents, but we can state that to a certain extent precisely the Palaeolithic archaeological localities took on
the role of these prehistoric symbols in Moravia. Already in the 16th century, there were finds of fossilized
mammoth bones in Predmosti near Pferov or Moravian caves. In the 19th century, there were excavations
of the first identified traces of Palaeolithic peoples and further quickly amassing evidence from the period
of the “Diluvium” in the second half of the 19th century. The deep research tradition in this areas, which
achieved international acclaim, then strongly influenced also the archaeology in the interwar period. It was
not an accident that Karel Absolon began to call the newly discovered Dolni Vestonice (1924) the Diluvial
Poinpei and compare the finds from there with the fame of the discovery of Tutankhamuns tomb in Egypt.
For many, Palaeolithic research in Moravia at that time was one of the main identifying markers of
archaeology as a whole. Also for the newly founded republic, Moravian Palaeolithic research was an important
part of Czechoslovak cultural policy towards the international public. It was manifest e.g. in 1928, when the
Czechoslovak Republic recapitulated the 10 years of its successful existence. A new functionalist exhibition
grounds was built in Brno on this occasion, where an independent pavilion “Man and His Lineage” with the
archaeological finds of Karel Absolon from Moravian excavations was not lacking. This exhibition laid the
base for the specialized museum and scientific institute founded later Anthropos of the Moravian Museum.
The Moravian excavations then played the opposite role in the period of WWII, when Dolni Vestonice were
included in the Nazi research programme SS-Ahnenerbe, which were to confirm the existence of Nordic
races on the territory of Central Europe already at the beginning of the settlement of European by Man. Pa-
laeolithic archaeology hence plays an important role within the history of the knowledge of the field itself,
in the context of local history (in some case alive to this day), but also in the cultural-political history of our
state in general. From this perspective, the following of the history of the Palaeolithic research in Moravia
266
CESTY MORAVSKE PALEOLITICKE ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBl CESKOSLOVENSKfi REPUBLIKY
offers a number of interpretational areas and allows insight into the role of archaeology not only in the trans-
forming system of the sciences but in all of society.
Another no less important reason to follow the theme as defined is the great wealth of unpublished
archival documents. For the interwar period, the most valuable sources include Absolon’s archive deposited
in the Moravian Museum (11,000 photographs, more than 13,000 letters, a number of as-yet unarranged
archival materials), the archive from the legacy of Jan Knies deposited there, but naturally also a whole series
of as-yet only partially utilized materials from various local collections, chiefly protected in museums but
also in private hands. Another very valuable source of information is the study of period media, thus mainly
newspapers, inw chih the perception and importance of archaeological discoveries outside the field of
archaeology are mirrored. The accessibility and relative unexplored nature of the mentioned collections is
still a great challenge for the research of the history of Palaeolithic archaeology.
The actual aims and methodology of the work does not deviate in any way from the contemporary his-
torical methods for the study of the history of the humanities. The text relies on the factual treatment and
description of the development of the science in the given period, analysis of the period thought, observation
of the development of the breadth and depth of the factual knowledge of archaeology, observation of the re-
search techniques of the field work and method of the treatment of the find material and observation of the
development of the historical and archaeological interpretation (paradigms). The outlined questions are fol-
lowed in the European-wide context, which in essence allow a quantitative but also primarily a qualitative as-
sessment of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology. The methodology of the work arose from observing the state
of the study of the issue in domestic and foreign literature, excerption from period archaeological literature,
journals and reviews and last but not least from studies of the mentioned unpublished archival materials.
In order to better understand the context of the development of interwar Palaeolithic archaeology in
Czechoslovakia, the advancement of archaeology in the first 40 years of the 20th century within all of Europe
is depicted here in the work in a thumbnail sketch, because with the gradual growth of knowledge there was
a much more distinctive influencing and connecting of the ideas and opinions on the history of prehistory.
Four our case, the fundamental work on this theme currently is the monograph by Canadian archaeologist
Bruce G. Tigger “A History of Archaeological Thought”, chiefly then the supplemented second edition of 2006
(Trigger 1989; 2006,567-576). Triggers work is not, however, unique. From the circle of Anglo-Saxono lite-
rature, it is necessary to mention at least for the 20th century the very popular and readable synthesis by Bri-
tish researcher Glyn Daniel, on which this work also relies (Daniel 1962; 1976). Inspiring texts also came
from the anthology of selected and earlier studies cHistorie$ of Archaeology: A Reader in the History of Ar-
chaeology” from the editors Tim Murray and Christopher Evans (2008). For quick insight into transatlantic
archaeology, A History of American Archeology (Willey - Sabloff 1980) was used. In order to understand the
advancement of European archaeology, some accessible comprehensive monographs devoted to selected na-
tional archaeologies are important: for the cradle of archaeology in Scandinavia e.g. Klind - Jensen (1975);
for the states neighbouring the Czech Republic in the case of Germany in generalctStudien zur Geschichte
der prahistrorischen Forschung (Wahle 1950), a number of studies devoted to the period of Nazism from its
beginnings (e.g. Harke 2000; Leube-Hegewisch 2002) and generally a very rich tradition of the study of the
history of German archaeology (cf. Sklenaf 201 lb, 21 - 30). For a just as developed history of the research
in Poland, it is necessary to mention at least the fundamental work by /. lech (1998), A. Abramowicz (1991;
1992) or already the postwar synthesis by J. Kostrzewski (1949). Compared to that, the literary production
in Austria and Slovakia is much poorer and more fragmentary on our theme. A brief synopsis of the research
of the Austrian Palaeolithic period was published by Neugebauer-Maresch (2008). For the history of Slovak
archaeology, the monographic treatment of individual historical figures and archaeologists are important (to
the foundation of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) by B. Polla (1996) and for theme a number of works
by J. Skutila are then important. In order to observe the advancement of Palaeolithic research in Europe,
a comparison is also important with the history of archaeology in North Africa, where the majority of im-
portant European Palaeolithic archeologists worked (Robertshaw 1990).
The actual text is divided into several independent topics. After the introductory part with a definition
of the issue and outline of the knowledge on the history of interwar archaeology in Moravia and historical
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CKSTY MORAVSKfi PALEOUTICKfi ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBl CESKOSlOVENSKfi REPUBLIKY
inclusion of archaeological knowledge in the Czech lands in the 20th century, a chapter follows devoted to
the knowledge of the Palaeolithic period at the turn of the 20th century. The basic Positivist starting points
of mainly French and German archaeology at that time (G. de Mortillet, E. Cartailhac, R. Virchow and others)
are characterized here. The period topics, institutions and figures of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology
(J. Wankel, K.}. Maska, M. Kriz, F. Cerny, A. Makowsky, J. Szombathy, A. Rzehak) are then integrated into
this context. The main attention in the work is naturally devoted to interwar archaeology. The theme of the
development of European archaeological theory of the first four decades of the 20th century, the development
of the methodology of archaeological research and the context of the actual finds of the European Palaeolithic
era is contained in the fourth chapter of the book. Attention is paid to the theories of diffusionism, migra-
tionism, cultural historical archaeology and neoevolutionism (G. Kossinna, V. G. Childe aj.), functionalism
(J. G. Clarke), archaeology in the Soviet Union in the 1920s-30s and interwar archaeology in the USA. Spe-
cifically in European Palaeolithic archaeology figures that distinctly influences also Czech research, H. Breuil,
H. Obermaier, H. Begouen, 0. Menghin and others, then dominate.
Chapters focused directly on the issue of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology, reflecting the Euopean ar-
chaeological theories of the first 4 decades of the 20th century in the works of Czech researchers build from
these more general topics. An outline of the institutional background and legal foundation of archaeology at
that time is also important for the advancement of Moravian archaeology. A substantial part of the text is
devoted to the figures of the main representatives of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology. The generational
and institutional change after the revolutionary year of 1918 is represented chieflyby Jan Knies. The leading
and decisive personality of Palaeolithic research in all of Czechoslovakia was then clearly Karel Absolon.
Other researchers who significantly affected the knowledge of the Moravian Palaeolithic era include Josef
Skutil, Inocenc Ladislav Cervinka, Antonín Telicka, Alois Stehlik, Karel Zapletal, Hugo Sanka and a whole
series of others. A very important component of Moravian archaeology until 1945 naturally also included
German archaeologists living in Moravia, who mainly devoted their attention to Moravian Karst (Franz
Cupik, Hanz Mohr, Hanz Freising, Rudolf Czizek, Karl Juttner, Karl Schirmeisen). In order to understand
the level of advancement of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology and the knowledge reached, it is necessary
to observe also at least in the essential outlines of the research in the neighbouring countries - in Poland (E.
Majewski, S. Krukowski, L. Kozlowski), Austria (J. Bayer, H. Obermaier, O. Menghin) and in the Slovak parts
of Czechoslovakia. The work also has two appendixes attached - a transcription of the manuscript by Jan
Knies “Dejiny vyzkumu moravskeho diluvia se soupisem literatury” [History of the Research on the Moravian
Diluvium with a List of the Literature], and a complete list of the correspondence received by Karel Absolon
in the archive of the Anthropos Institute of the Moravian Museum.
On the general level, it is clear that knowledge of the history of Czechoslovak archaeology in the histo-
rical period of the First Republic, hence from its foundation until the Munich Agreement in October 1938,
is markedly uneven at the moment. It is not otherwise even in this work, where the individual topics followed
could be developed in various intensities, dependent chiefly on the accessibility and number of archival ma-
terials.
One of the funsamental goals of the work was an attempt to outline the period archaeological thought
and predominant interpretive schemas and theories, which determined the direction of the advancement of
archaeological science and its influence on Czechoslovak archaeology in the interwar period. This was achie-
ved on more levels (the use of theoretical streams, period reviews, and personal correspondence). We can
state on the general level that Czech archaeology followed European theoretical trends in real time. In com-
parison with the surrounding countries, a clear distance can even be seen from ther period nationally tinged
theories coming from the cultural-historical school (Kossinna, Kostrzewski), we evaluate today as clearly
positive. Of the numerous reviews of foreign archaeological production, we can also detect a serious interest
in the results of the work of European researchers, developing the current ideas of the theories of diffusionism
and migrationism. When looking more closely, it is however necessary to state that this interest was brought
again mainly by a few leading figures particularly in the centre of the capital city of Prague (e.g. A. Stocky).
In the case of Moravia, we find a more complex development often slowed on the theoretical side and more
of a Positivist focus.
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CESTY MORAVSKE PALEOLITICKE ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBi CESKOSLOVENSKE REPUBLIKY
The basic data used for the study of Palaeolithic archaeology in Moravia in the two decades between
1918 and 1938 worked from besides the excerpt of period archaeological literature, journals, reviews, the
daily newspapers, etc. From the treatment of several crucial archives, or the legacies of Moravian researchers.
One of the largest from this period indisputably is the archive of Karel Absolon, deposited in the Moravian
Museum. In 2007-2010, rich photodocumentation was made accessible for treatment, in which more that
7,800 photographs from Absolons research projects and study journeys were digitized (Moravian Karst, Di-
naric Karst, study journeys around Europe 1925-1938, Moravian Palaeolithic localities etc.; Kostrhun 2011;
Kostrhun - Moravec - Oliva 2010). In the same spirit, the treatment of Absolons received correspondence
numbering nearly 13,631 letters from 3054 authors was also begun (e.g. Kostrhun 2013; 2014; Oliva - Kostr-
hun). The collection of these letters is uncommonly rich for correspondence of both preeminent foreign re-
searchers and understandably also three geenrations of Czech, Moravian and Slovak researchers. Both
collections represent a first-class document for the study of the development of scientific disciplines at the
beginning of the 20th century and in the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, hence at the beginning
of the development of interdisciplinary science of the humanities and natural sciences, whose representative
Karel Absolon indisputably was. Another of the very valuable archival collections is the legacy of Jan Knies
(nearly 2,500 manuscript pages and folios, more than 380 letters), deposited in the Anthropos Institute of
the Moravian Museum and partially in the hands of the living heirs (Kostrhun 2008,77-85,98-166). Of the
important archival acquisitions of the Moravian Museum, it is necessary to mention also the extensive legacy
of Josef Skutil, acquired in 2008 and deposited in the Institute of History of the Moravian Museum. This col-
lection contains a number of arranged materials on various topics from the history of domestic archaeology
including documents for individual researchers, on whom Josef Skutil focused. For the study of the history
of the research of the Palaeolithic era, a number of other archives preserved and used for work are then im-
portant (Regional Museum in Olomouc, Comenius Museum in Prerov, private collections etc.). At the same
time, it is likely that a number of other sources have not be used at all yet. Most of the image appendixes
used in the work also come from the mentioned collections (more than 300 photographs). On the other
hand, an enormous amount of documents in many cases remained only on the level of registration and a list
of the preserved sources, which could be used in the future for the study of further specific topics from the
area of the history of archaeology and related scientfic fields (see the list of the correspondence of Karel Ab-
solon - Appendix 2).
Considering the still strong role of individual figures forming archaeological research, it was not possible
to avoid a biographical history of specific researchers. Thanks to the social and political changes after 1918,
however, there was also a gradual institutionalization of archeology and its anchoring in the scientific and
academic institutions, compared to more fragmented “museum” “amateur” and “teaching” tradition of the
previous period. In this case, it was necessary also to follow the history of individual institutions, the emer-
gence of new collections and the policy of acquiring extensive collections of the elder generation of researchers
here badatelu. As compared to the milieu in Bohemia, the traditional structure of “amateur” archaeology
lasted longer in Moravia, both in research centres in the network of Moravian museums and also in the struc-
tures of the Moravian Archaeological Club and other associations, e.g. of German archaeologists. The first
professionalization of archaeology in Moravia does not come de facto until the 1930s, when Prof. Emanuel
Sirnek started to work at the university in Brno. Until then, the only truly university-educated archaeologist
in Moravia was Josef Skutil, if we do not include the in many ways original and specific leading personality
of Karel Absolon, who was university educated in other natural sciences.
A certain organizational delay of Moravian archaeology also in research of the Palaeolithic era led in
the 1930s chiefly to the creation and collection of a number of private collections, often containing very va-
luable sources of material culture. These wholes were variously treated and presented by individual resear-
chers, but chiefly on the level of Positivist registration and description. Endeavours for broader surveys,
which would interpret domestic finds in the wider European and “historiosophic” context were few. All fo-
cused in a few synthetic works, first by foreign authors (H. Breuil, H. Obermaier), then also by domestic au-
thors who, however, were significantly influences by the works of their foreign colleagues (J. Knies, I. L.
Cervinka). Also the most extensive sytheses of the Moravian Palaeolithic period by Josef Skutil published
269
CESTY MORAVSKÊ PALEOLITICKÊ ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBÎ ¿ESKOSI.OVENSKÉ REPUBUKY
before the outbreak of WWII remained on the level of the Positivist lists (albeit very carefully done and with
the use of the maximum of available sources). Actually, no synthetic work came from the workshop of the
icon of Moravian Palaeolithic research Karel Absolon, if we do not count the peculiar attempts for a concep-
tion of a Moravian Palaeolithic chronology published by Absolon at the end of WWII.
As against the 19th century, there was a tenfold increase in the number of known Palaeolithic sites in
Moravia in the 1920s and 1930s. These individual researchers appreciated them chiefly within their chrono-
logical and cultural classification. The traditional evolutionary “vertical” chronology of de Mortillet was used
for that. The wealth and unique nature of the Moravian finds, however, also aroused the attention of the lea-
ding European Palaeolithic scholars (Breuil, Obermaier, Burkitt etc.), who brought to the classification sche-
mes also the current “migrationist and diffusionist” ideas, connected with various supposed directions of
the spread of mankind, or the earliest settlement and human culture here. In Czech literature, these trends
appear most clearly in the discussion of the issue of the “Proto-Solutréen and Szeletian”, also in the polemics
on the earliest settlements in the Czech lands.
Although the methods of the absolute chronology of the Palaeolithic localities did not allow the creation
of a safe idea of the historical depth of the followed themes, a significant expansion of the chronological ho-
rizon took place at that time. Not until at the beginning of the 1920s was there gradually a recognition also
in Moravia of an earlier (pre-Aurignacian) Palaeolithic era, today generally called the Middle Palaeolithic
era. Despite the significant wealth of the find collections here and despite the grandly conceived and promoted
research by K. Absolon in Dolni Vëstonice and the cave Pekârna, Czech archaeology actually did not have
any geochronologically datable and coherent collections (most of the early collections were unverified stra-
tigraphically or came from surface collections). Later, the opinion dominated on the significant delay of the
settlement of Bohemia and Moravia, which was almost dogmatically codified by Absolons opinions, or re-
cognizing only vaguely defiend waves of settlement before the dominating generally conceived Aurignacian
culture (pre-Aurignacian). On the other hand, through the timelines the question of settlement in the Me-
zolithic era was actively resolved, which has so far not been definitively completed.
The obvious insuffiencies of the Moravian Palaeolithic research was resolved by the researchers in re-
sorting to following the French classification and chronological system. Another consequence of this situation
were attempts to define the autonomous unstable and local cultural archaeological wholes. The French moders
were in the first place also for the main representative of Palaeolithic archaeology at that time - Karel Absolon,
who allowed himself to be influenced significantly also in the organization of his scientific work, leading gra-
dually to the popularization of the “worldliness” of our excavations at the expense of his own research. Perhaps
precisely for this reason that despite the undeniable action radius of Absolon, there was not a closer connected
with the developing Palaeolithic archaeology in neighbouring Poland. The local researchers there besides
the same trend of inspiration in French archaeology (L. Kozlowski) developed also very remarkable ideas
which otherwise did not begin to dominate in European archaeology until the 1960s (the dynamically con-
ceived analysis of chipped stone assemblies by S. Krukowski). It is a question what role in this direction could
have been played by the different economic possibilities of Polish archaeologists, the personalities of the in-
dividual researchers or the generally tense political relations of Czechoslovakia with the Second Polish Re-
public.
Absolons established direction did not lead even to a more modern conception of the methods of his
own archaeological research projects, which already from the 1930s at the latest in European archaeology
allowed the resolution of spatial relations within settlements and did not follow only the aim of extracting
the actual material culture from the excavations. It should be added that the model with French researchers
was sought also by the generation older Jan Knies, who actually most characteristically represents in a later
conflict with Karel Absolon the transformation of Moravian “teaching and amateur” archaeology into a “pro-
fessional” scientific, university and institutionalized discipline. The proof that a clear result of such conflicts
is not also for the good of the thing itself are the methodologically better conducted research projects by Jan
Knies (e.g. washing cave sediments) or more farsighted approach to the chronology of the entire Moravian
Palaeolithic period. Also Josef Skutil continued to follow French archaeology for the entirety of the First Re-
pubic, who was eclipsed for a long time by Karel Absolon and perhaps also for that reason developed a wide
270
CESTY MORAVSKfi PALEOLITICKE ARCHEOLOGIE V OBDOBi CESKOSLOVENSKE REPUBUKY
range of various marginal topics, including interesting discussions from the field of the history of archaeology.
What remained significant for Moravian researchers in that was also the traditional Viennese scientific centre,
concentrated around the Natural History Museum and University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences, whose authority often intervened in archaeological events in Moravia.
Despite these reservations, Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology at the time of the Czechoslovak Republic
played first violin and in terms of the popularity of this specific field enjoyed undeniably the most successful
period, its0golden age”. That was naturally thanks to the personality of Karel Absolon who was very gifted
with the media, and in that might have been ahead of his time by more than 50 years, when archaeology
chiefly from the 1990s tried with all of the possible promotion means to defend its right to existence and pu-
blic support. Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology became a component of the cultural policy of a young and
successful Central European state, which was sufficiently expressed by the building of an independent expo-
sition devoted again to Absolons excavations at the Exhibition of Contemporary Culture in Czechoslovakia
in Brno in 1928. The museum, like its planned scientific research centre Anthropos, was again created follo-
wing the best French examples (Musee de 1 'Homme in Paris). Moravian Palaeolithic lokalities were regularly
visited by leading European archaeologists. A very important moment was the organization of the congress
of the Institute International d'Anthropologie in Prague in 1924, which had the Moravian Palaeolithic era as
one of its main themes. The period of the 1920s and 1930s was also a period very rich in foreign contacts,
the exchange of ideas, collections and establishment of numerous personal friendships. At the beginning of
the integration of Czech archaeological research, there was a visit by the “pope of world Palaeolithic archaeo-
logy” Abbe Henri Breuil or the later friend of K. Absolon H. Begouen, D. Peyronie and a number of others.
In this context, we must notice the similarities with the general effort of our culture and policy, which sought
an equal partner precisely in the Republic of France and hence defined the particular and unrepeatable milieu
of interwar Czechoslovakia. As against other areas, Moravian archaeology, which was especially after the
creation of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic interpreted mostly as a parallel to Bohemian prehistory, lived
its own life thanks to these successes in the research of the Palaeolithic era. It is therefore useful to follow it
also in these more general connections which created the identification models of the Czechoslovak nation.
It is natural that the research of our archaeology after 1918 is just in its beginnings. Also the presented
work focused mainly on the topic of the Moravian Palaeolithic era is in now way complete. Already in drawing
on the archival sources and study of other secondary sources a number of themes appeared that could not
be included in the work. It seems very noteworthy for instance to follow the reflection of archaeological re-
search in contemporary arts - prose, poetry, songs, caricatures and paintinsg, which significantly resonated
in this area between the world wars. Archaeology including the Palaeolithic became a society-wide topic
with marked potential. For instance, the influence of the archaeology (anthropology) of the USA, represented
in our conditions mainly by the rich contacts with Ales Hrdlicka and the visits of American archaeologists
to localities here remains as yet insufficiently researched. An independent chapter that is closely tied to the
period of the First Republic is the events connected with the period of the Second republic and the German
occupation of our state, when archaeology began to play a changed and again significant role. Within the
presented work, we coud devote ourselves to these themes only marginally and schematically. The great
wealth of treated and untreated archives and legacies hence only now offers a number of possibilities of how
to expand and deepen further research in the area of the history of archaeology.
271 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042530918 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910477029 (DE-599)BVBBV042530918 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1938 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd Mähren (DE-588)4074432-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei Mähren |
| id | DE-604.BV042530918 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:11:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788070284223 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027965143 |
| oclc_num | 910477029 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | 339 S. zahlr. Ill. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Moravské Zemské Muzeum |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kostrhun, Petr 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)136724183 aut Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky Petr Kostrhun Brno Moravské Zemské Muzeum 2014 339 S. zahlr. Ill. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The path of Moravian Palaeolithic archaeology at the time of the Czechoslovak republic 1918 - 1938 Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd rswk-swf Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Mähren (DE-588)4074432-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Mähren (DE-588)4074432-2 g Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geschichte 1918-1938 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kostrhun, Petr 1979- Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4140148-7 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4074432-2 |
| title | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky |
| title_auth | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky |
| title_exact_search | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky |
| title_full | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky Petr Kostrhun |
| title_fullStr | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky Petr Kostrhun |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky Petr Kostrhun |
| title_short | Cesty moravské paleolitické archeologie v období Československé republiky |
| title_sort | cesty moravske paleoliticke archeologie v obdobi ceskoslovenske republiky |
| topic | Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paläolithikum Archäologie Tschechoslowakei Mähren |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027965143&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kostrhunpetr cestymoravskepaleolitickearcheologievobdobiceskoslovenskerepubliky |