Świadectwa zagłady: obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Gdańsk
Muzeum II Wojny Światowej
2014
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Indeksy |
| Beschreibung: | 652, [27] S. Ill. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363029838 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804153289420308480 |
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| adam_text | Summary
This book contains archival sources on two issues, the Chełmno on the Ner
extermination centre and the village ghettos in the Warthegau, with a focus on
Czachulec.
Chełmno, or Kulmhof, the first mass extermination camp created by the Ger-
man occupation authorities, operated in two periods, 8 December 1941 to 7 April
1943 and spring-summer 1944 to 18 January 1945.
The small village of Chełmno on the Ner is located about 60 km from Łódź,
which had the highest concentration of Jews in the German province that the
occupying power named the Warthegau. About 200,000 Jews from the War-
thegau, as well as others brought in from the Reich and areas of German-occu-
pied Western Europe were killed there. Also murdered there were 4,300 Roma,
dozens of Czech and Polish children, dozens of Soviet prisoners of war and an
unknown number of non-Jewish Poles.
Initiating the extermination of Jews in the Warthegau was the region’s gover-
nor, Arthur Greiser, who in the summer of 1941 asked Hitler’s approval to liqui-
date some 100,000 Jews living in the province he administered. This was long
before 20 January 1942, when a conference outside Berlin, in a villa on the
Wannsee, discussed implementing the ‘final solution to the Jewish question’
{Endlösung der Judenfrage).
The crime was planned meticulously. To be murdered first in Chełmno were
Jews from nearby ghettos, who would otherwise be in a position to spread the
news about the genocide taking place there, next Jews from the Łódź ghetto who
were unable to work and Jews brought to Łódź from outside the Polish lands:
Germany, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the Margraviate of Austria
and Luxembourg.
The victims were made to pay for transportation to their place of death them-
selves. The Germans set a head tax of 4 or 8 marks on the ghettos slated for
liquidation. The Jews had to pay for the straw used as bedding on the floor of the
613
synagogue in Koło, where they were kept overnight before being transported to
Chełmno. Those who were brought in from Western Europe and Łódź also paid
the cost of transport by rail (return tickets!). The Germans forced the Jews to pay
for the erection of the gallows used in 1942 for the public executions in the ghettos.
Existing literature on this subject pays little attention to the fact that the Re-
ich forced debtors to pay their outstanding debts (loans or taxes) from the pre-
war period. This was the case in Konin and Koło.
Even though the documentation created as extermination camps operated has
been destroyed, eyewitnesses maintain that the Germans kept comprehensive
lists of people they murdered in Chełmno. Those who were sent to their deaths
from Łódź were given transport numbers. A photograph survives of Jews from
Vienna wearing numbered cardboard tablets around their necks. Nine such tab-
lets were found after the war in one of the pits used to bury those of the victims’
belongings that the killers could not use.
The methods used to organize the killing process were intended to allay the
victims’ suspicions, and a special stage production was to pre-empt all instincts
to resist and rebel. One of the SS men would make a soothing speech standing
on the stairs of the palace inside which the Jews were told to undress, purported-
ly in order to have their clothes disinfected and to bathe; signs labelled “Men’s
dormitory” and “To the baths” hung on doors inside the palace. In the second
phase of the camp’s operation, after the palace had been blown up on 7 April
1943, signs of this kind hung inside the two barracks erected about 3 km from
Chełmno in the Rzuchow Forest, the cemetery. There, a dozen Jews were select-
ed to write postcards to their relatives in the Łódź ghetto telling them that they
were alive and well in Leipzig or Cologne, working as labourers. The cards were
pre-stamped in those cities. The undressed victims then walked through the un-
derground corridor (in the second phase, through a passage near the barracks) to
a parked gas van, three of which had been delivered from Berlin. Those who
resisted were forced inside.
All the support work on the palace grounds and in the Rzuchow Forest was
done by Jewish prisoners, who were shot after some time and replaced by others.
In the first phase, eight non-Jewish Polish prisoners were brought from Fort VII
in Poznan to do this work.
In the summer and autumn of 1942, in an operation to cover up this crime,
the victims’ corpses were disinterred and burnt. SS-Standartenfuhrer Paul Blo-
bel arrived in Chełmno to experiment with the most effective methods of liqui-
dating the bodies. After various methods were tested, earth crematoria were built
614
to bum the corpses immediately after gassing. Ashes and remains were thrown
into pits or the Warta river, or used as fertiliser.
On 7 April 1943, the Germans blew up the palace with the remaining prison-
ers inside. Governor Greiser visited specially to decorate and recognize the crew,
who were then sent to fight partisans in Yugoslavia.
In March 1944 the SS men from the Sonderkommando returned to Chełmno.
It would be used to reduce the population of the Łódź ghetto, which was now to
accommodate only those Jews who were useful to the war effort. From mid-
June, transports began to arrive from Łódź. The genocide was now conducted in
the Rzuchow Forest. From mid-July, there were no more large transports, as the
final phase of liquidating the Łódź ghetto was being executed in Auschwitz-
-Birkenau. Small groups of people to be killed continued to arrive in Chełmno.
The total number of victims of the Chełmno death centre could only be esti-
mated. It appears that the figure of 152,100, which was established in the 1960s
in Bonn during the trial of the camp crew, is definitely too low, and that 200,000
would be more accurate. No historian has yet taken on the task of analysing and
comparing all the surviving materials on the topic, foremost among them eye-
witness accounts by survivors who were employed in the camp or by local in-
habitants. The camp commander, Hans Bothmann, told a German head forester,
Heinz May, that ‘250,000 are buried’ in graves in the Rzuchow Forest. Scholars
who cite documents about the transports from Łódź in 1944 have overlooked the
fact that Jewish Council chairman in the Łódź ghetto, Mordechai Rumkowski,
underestimated the numbers of people leaving the ghetto in order to receive
larger food rations for its remaining population, something that his secretary
Estera Daum has written about in her memoirs.
Furthermore, more people than is commonly thought escaped from Chełm-
no. In his 2012 monograph, Chełmno and the Holocaust. The History of the
Hitler s First Death Camp, Patrick Montague mentions previously unknown
names, Abraham Rój, Jerachmiel Widawski and Icchak Justman, and tells their
post-camp stories. The first escape did not take place, as is widely accepted, on
16 January 1942 (Rój), but in December 1941, when two or three Jews took
refuge in the Czachulec ghetto and then made their way to the Generalgouverne-
ment. Michał Podchlebnik and Szlomo Winer, who fled from Chełmno, provid-
ed the first information about the ghetto to officials of the Polish underground in
early February 1942 in Piotrków Trybunalski. Few people know that the Polish
Underground State collected information about Chełmno. The first person to
deliver information to the Łódź Region of the underground was a Chełmno mu-
615
nicipality employee, Stanisław Kaszyński. Scholarly literature describes his ar-
rest in late January 1942 and execution a few days later. Two not totally reliable
witnesses have reported that the reason for Kaszyński’s execution were his let-
ters to foreign diplomatic missions about the extermination centre. This does not
seem likely, but it is possible that it was the Germans themselves who told peo-
ple to spread this version. In fact, the Germans intercepted not a letter of this
type but Kaszyński’s last report, which he had given to an acquaintance to deliv-
er to Łódź. It is probable that after Kaszynski’s death, pre-war Polish journalist
Stanisław Rubach collected information about Chełmno from early February
1942 to July 1944 (when he was sent to do forced labour), using various methods,
which included appearing in disguise. There remains the mystery of the alleged
commission from Berlin, which came to inspect the centre in the summer of 1942,
took photographs and departed with some documents. The abandoned car it had
arrived in was found in Koło. The real commission arrived two hours later. There
are other unexplained events, including one where Jews were bought out, some-
thing that a former inhabitant of Koło testified about (documents A13 and A14).
Justice barely touched the executors of the genocide in Chełmno. Its first
commander, SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Herbert Lange, died on 20 April 1944 in the
battle of Berlin, while his successor SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer Hans Bothmann,
committed suicide on 4 April 1946 after being arrested in the British occupation
zone of Germany. In the trial of 13 of the Chełmno crew, which was held in Bonn
in the early 1960s, three of its members received 13-year prison terms, others
much shorter ones. They were being tried as accessories to murder. The court did
not pass sentences on three of them, while the sentences of four others were an-
nulled in appeal proceedings.
In Poland, two SS-men who had worked in Chełmno were sentenced to death
and executed in 1948 and 1950, and one gendarme received a life term (he was
released conditionally in 1958 and served no more time). An investigation and
several hearings in the 1960s involved only two of the eight Poles who had been
employed in Chełmno and who were still living in Poland (four had died during
the war and two remained in the West after the 1945 liberation of the Mauthaus-
en-Gusen camp); but only one, Henryk Mania, was still alive in 2001 and put on
trial in Konin. He was sentenced to eight years in prison for ‘participating in the
crime of genocide’. He did not serve out his sentence because of poor health.
A Polish investigation of the crimes committed in Chełmno began a month
after the war ended, in early June 1945. The chairman of the Łódź District Court
assigned Judge Władysław Bednarz to it. The investigation was very intensive,
616
many witnesses were cross-examined, numerous pieces of evidence were in-
spected, the crime scene was visited several times and a wealth of materials was
collected. The investigation was suspended on 29 March 1947, until such a time
as the accused would be captured and handed over to the Polish authorities; the
Polish government applied to have the names of the Chełmno crew members listed
by the Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS).
There are nine folders of investigation documents in the archive of the Institute
of National Remembrance, which include the minutes of witness testimony re-
corded immediately after the war, a few months after the camp had been shut
down, are the key source for research on Chełmno.
The existing scholarly literature about the centre is based mostly on written
records: a handful of mostly tangential German documents, depositions of wit-
nesses and defendants in the post-war Polish investigation and Mania’s trial,
as well as in the Bonn trials. This study includes as yet unpublished testimony
about Chełmno from the post-war Polish investigation and subsequent addition-
al accounts by surviving prisoners (documents A1-A19).
Researchers have treated as marginal other, no less important, evidence, in-
cluding notes or messages written by the camp’s victims, which survive or have
been reconstituted on the basis of witness accounts, as well as victims’ posses-
sions acquired during the investigation of 1945 or found in archaeological digs on
the grounds of the former camp in 1986-87 and 1997-2006, which were conduct-
ed by the District Museum in Konin. Relics of camp equipment that survived in
the ground have similarly been ignored. They can serve as material evidence to
confirm and illustrate witness testimonies, at times to complement them.
Victims’ written statements are two pieces of paper found in clothing brought
from Chełmno to Pabianice and inside a metal part of a sewing machine on the
camp grounds: the first was written in Polish on 2 April 1943 by 17 Jewish arti-
sans and contains their personal data; the second, in Yiddish, was written on 2-7
April by the same men, but only 12 of them, as the others were probably no
longer alive. The devastating ‘Appeal to our future nation’, written on 1 Decem-
ber 1944 by Izaak Zygelman, a 30-year-old cobbler from Łódź, was saved, and
on 31 July 1945 submitted to the investigation by a surviving prisoner, Mie-
czysław Żurawski (he identified corpses, including Zygelman’s, among the
charred remains of victims of a massacre that the Germans conducted in the
night of 17-18 January 1945). The last and most dramatic message from the
camp inmates was ‘The testament of the last prisoners of Chełmno’, which un-
fortunately survives only in Russian translation, and which had been written
617
between December 1944 and 9 January 1945 by 17 Jewish artisans working on
the upper floor of the storehouse. They write about themselves and relay a mes-
sage to their families, the Jewish nation and the world. It is compelling testimo-
ny and charges the Third Reich with genocide against the Jews in Chełmno. The
inmates managed to slip it to a local Pole, Andrzej Miszczak, who handed it over
to the leadership of the Soviet army (documents A20-A23).
Also found in 1945 on the grounds of the camp was a singed notebook be-
longing to an inmate from Łódź, which had been hidden near the storehouse. The
notebook itself has been lost, but the investigation documents include a copy of
it and photographs of two of its pages (document A24 and Photographs).
The Jews working in the camp also attempted to send out information about
what was going on in Chełmno to their families and the world. Sometimes, Poles,
especially forest workers, would find pieces of paper left in the forest, but none
has survived the war as the finders destroyed them, fearing the Germans’ penal-
ties. During the 1945 investigation, three forest workers reconstructed the con-
tents of three notes written in Polish and Yiddish they had found in early January
1942 and agreed that they had been written by a Cząstkowski from Kłodawa.
Cząstkowski gave information about Chełmno and asked for a letter he had writ-
ten in Yiddish to be given to his son in Kłodawa. As unlikely as this may seem, an
escapee from Chełmno, Szlama Winer, remembered a Chrząstkowski from
Kłodawa (most likely the same man) in the account he gave to the Oneg Szabat
centre in the Warsaw ghetto in February 1942. He described how Chrząstkowski
had found his 14-year-old son’s body among the corpses of the gassed... (Jews
from Kłodawa had been transported to Chełmno on 12 and 14 January 1942).
People being taken to their deaths would throw notes out of the lorries or
trains, asking people to notify their families (Jews from the Polish lands) or con-
sulates and the Red Cross (Jews from outside Poland). These notes could be
found along the road and train tracks leading to Chełmno. They often included
jewellery, intended as payment for delivery to a designated address. They were
mostly written by people who did not know what would happen to them. But not
always. One of the notes reconstructed after the war read: ‘To my auntie, notify
Kutno. We are going to Chełmno to be finished off. My brain and heart are
healthy as a flower, but I will die, Hela.’
The writing on the walls of the Koło synagogue, in which the Jews were held
on the night before they were transported to Chełmno, offers further written
testimony. An inventory of it was made in June 1945 for the Polish investigation
(document A25), but the synagogue itself burnt down later in 1945.
618
As was already mentioned, the post-war Polish investigators collected an
enormous number of objects that had belonged to the victims; they came from
test digs in the tombs in Rzuchowski Forest and the area where the palace had
stood, but mostly from a pit discovered in September 1945 (document A26) near
the storehouse containing prisoners’ belongings that the Germans did not want
for themselves. Unfortunately, all the documents and the victims’ possessions
collected in 1945, including those from the pit, have been lost, and the District
Museum, despite enormous efforts, has found no trace of them. This book con-
tains a list of them made on the basis of the very general descriptions included in
the records of the inspection of court evidence in the investigation (document
A27) made in December 1946-March 1947.
Judge Bednarz located another pit, also in November 1945 (the gendarme
Bruno Israel led him to), but did not have it dug up then. The pit was only ex-
plored in the studies in the 1990s, when eleven rubbish-filled pits were discov-
ered, as were the locations where the victims’ possessions had been burnt, in the
vicinity of the palace, the storehouse and the church.
The dug-up objects provide us with information about the victims: where
they came from (labels on products from the Łódź ghetto, food ration coupons
from Berlin, postage stamps from Vienna), what were their occupations (cob-
blers’ or jewellers’ tools) and what they expected in their alleged places of set-
tlement (vessels, pots and pans, children’s toys). A chapter of this book describes
the Chełmno victims through these found objects.
This book’s authors were the first researchers to discover a box containing doc-
uments and victims’ possessions, which had been selected as ‘material evidence’ in
the post-war investigation, possibly for the Nuremberg trials, in the archive of the
Institute of National Remembrance: it was a revelation. The Appendices include
a detailed list of the items, with additional information about their owners, and
photographs of some of the owners can be found in the section on Photographs.
Remains of the killing gear, which the Germans destroyed as they liquidated
the camp in 1943 and 1944, have survived in the ground. The already-mentioned
archaeological excavations uncovered traces and remains of the equipment used
to destroy corpses: earth ovens, crematoria and the base of a mill used for grind-
ing bones. The exploration of the palace ruins uncovered the corridor that had
been the victims’ route to the gas vans. The discovery of the remains of an infant,
hidden in the eastern part of the palace, which housed the kitchen and store-
rooms (the Polish workers lived there), was traumatic. A Sabbath knife and
a small plated spoon lay next to them.
619
Graves containing ashes and human remains survive in the Rzuchowski For-
est. They were regrettably not properly marked during the clean-up work done
in the 1960s. It was only in 1997-2006 that they were precisely located. They are
discussed in the chapter on ‘The earth’s testimony’.
Research conducted by the Konin District Museum in the 1980s focussed on
the little-known subject of village ghettos, which existed only in the Warthegau,
especially Czachulec.
There were five village ghettos, in the adjacent districts of Konin, Koło and
Turek. They were a convenient way for the Germans to cluster the Jewish popu-
lation, requiring little effort and resources to create and supervise. The Jews
were forbidden to leave the ghettos under penalty of death, and local gendarme-
rie stations oversaw them. Their inhabitants did not have to be fed since they
hired themselves out as farm hands or produced hard-to֊find items, and used the
money thus earned to buy food from local farmers. The Germans did not impose
an obligation to work on the village ghetto dwellers, and allowed them to create
Jewish councils. The largest of these ghettos, in Konin District, was formed in
1940 in Zagórowo with a population of over 3,000, and Jews from the whole
district were moved into it. Smaller ghettos had been created earlier in the town-
ships of Grodziec and Rzgów in that district.
The populations of these three ghettos were murdered in the autumn of 1941
in the district’s forests. Sonderkommando Lange, which would later run the kill-
ing operation in Chełmno, tested methods of murdering large numbers of people
here.
Another village ghetto was established in the villages of Bugaj and Nowiny
in Koło District. In early October 1940, 150 Jewish families from Koło were
moved into it, and on 13 January 1942 they were transported to Chełmno.
The Czachulec village ghetto of 16 sq, km was established last, on 2 October
1941. It enclosed 16 villages in the Kowale Pańskie township of Turek District
and brought together primarily people resettled from the Turek ghetto, which was
eliminated. The Jews were moved into houses from which Christian Poles had
been removed. Its name came from the central village of Czachulec Nowy, but
people usually called it ‘Kolonia’, the colony. To the Germans, it was ‘Juden-Kolo-
nie-Heidemuhle’. Its population numbered over 4,000. A Jewish Council was
created and headed by Hersz Zimnawoda from Turek, and Mordechaj Strykowski
headed its Order Police unit. An elected chairman governed each village. The
rabbis Issachar Dow Beer from Dobra, Pinchas Weiss from Turek, Rafael Wolf
620
Lewental from Uniejowo and Sucher Gostyński from Władysławowo played an
important role in the lives of Kolonia’s inhabitants. In January 1942, Jechoszua
Eibeshitz, who had escaped from the ghetto in Koźminek, joined them. He sur-
vived the Shoah, and his memoirs published after the war in Israel are a valuable
source of information about the Czachulec ghetto.
In the night of 7-8 December 1941, the first dramatic selection of Kolonia’s
inhabitants was conducted. Survivors have described it in detail. A column of the
1,100 people selected by the Germans was taken to Dobra, where they were
locked inside the church. They spent four or five days in it, in abominable con-
ditions, and many of them died. The remaining 700 (some had been bought out)
were taken to Chełmno on 13 and 14 December. On 28 June 1942 the Germans
publicly executed ten ghetto inhabitants so as to intimidate the others, as they
were doing in other ghettos of the Warthegau. On 23 July 1942 (not, as has been
thought until recently on 20 July) the last Warthegau village ghetto, Czachulec,
was liquidated. Its people were taken to Chełmno. Two survivors described the
massacre (documents B2 and B3). Another account comes from a non-Jewish
Polish woman, who as a child was erroneously herded into a lorry being used to
transport the Jews with her grandmother and removed at the last minute (docu-
ment B8).
The Jews would try to save themselves by fleeing the ghetto and going into
hiding. This is a little-studied subject. Perhaps more than a dozen survived with
counterfeit identity documents made by a non-Jew, Stanisław Piekarski.
There are six accounts of survivors of the Czachulec ghetto, all of which are
included in this publication. The survivors were mostly workers held back by the
Germans to clean up the grounds after the liquidation of the ghetto, and then
transported to Łódź. The story told by Szmuel Gluba and entitled ‘Łódź ghetto
1942 famine’ (document BÍ2) about ways in which people tried to fend off star-
vation is unique.
A valuable recent finding is a notebook kept by Icchak Meir Szymkiewicz,
a 14-year-old Jewish boy living in the Czachulec ghetto. It was written in Yid-
dish and Polish, and is included here, together with photographs.
The book’s Appendices begin with the text of the dramatic speech made by
Szmul Zygielbojm on 2 September 1942 to a meeting of the Labour Party in
London. Zygielbojm spoke about the crimes being committed in Chełmno and
cried for help for the Jewish nation being exterminated by the Germans. His
appeal, much like other desperate calls from occupied Poland, encountered in-
difference in the West. On 12 May 1943, in protest, Zygielbojm killed himself.
621
In addition to the mentioned above list of a ‘material evidence’ the Appendices
also include lists of the people who were killed or died in the Czachulec ghetto
and of Jewish inhabitants of the Turek district who did outside this ghetto, both
created on the basis of eyewitness accounts, marriage documents and municipal
records. The Appendices end with a roster of the Chełmno personnel.
Also included are a list of the Jewish holy days that appear in the texts, draw-
ings, plans and photographs.
Translation Maja Łatyńska
Spis treści
Wprowadzenie.....................................................................9
A. Chełmno nad Nerem............................................................23
Ośrodek zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem...........................................25
I. Relacje ocalałych i zeznania świadków.......................................89
Pierwszy okres działalności ośrodka: 8X111941-11IV1943 r........................89
Nr Al. 1963 lipiec, Bnej Brak (Izrael) - Zeznanie Michała Podchlebnika, jednego
z uciekinierów z obozu w Chełmnie w styczniu 1942 r., na temat likwidacji Żydów
w Kole w latach 1939-1941 oraz pobytu w ośrodku zagłady....................89
Nr A2. [ 1942] styczeń 28, Łódź ֊ Okręg ZWZ-AK Łódź - „Kreton”,
fragment załącznika zatytułowanego „Część gospodarcza raportu”,
pt. „Sprawy żydowskie”, dołączonego do raportu Biura Informacji i Propagandy (BIP);
dotyczy zagłady Żydów i Cyganów w Chełmnie nad Nerem w 1941 r.............. 102
Nr A3. 1942, luty-marzec, Warszawa-getto - Raport pt. „Wydarzenia w Chełmnie”,
oparty głównie na relacji Szlamy Winera, uciekiniera z Chełmna, opracowany
prawdopodobnie przez sekretarza „Oneg Szabat” Hersza Wassera...............104
Nr A4. 1962 sierpień 27, Poznań - Notatka z przepytania Henryka Mani,
byłego więźnia Fortu VII w Poznaniu, członka grupy roboczej polskich więźniów
w obozie zagłady w Chełmnie................................................114
Nr A5. 1964 kwiecień 14, Poznań - Protokół przesłuchania w charakterze świadka
Henryka Mani, członka grupy roboczej polskich więźniów w ośrodku zagłady
w Chełmnie..............................................................123
Drugi okres działalności ośrodka: marzec 1944-1811945 r........................131
Nr A6. 1945 luty 17, bm. - Pierwszy po wyzwoleniu obozu wywiad, przeprowadzony
przez Józefa Domżała z Mordechąjem-Mordką Żurawskim, jednym z dwóch ocalałych
uciekinierów z Chełmna w styczniu 1945 r...................................131
Nr A7. 1945 maj [26?], Chełmno ֊ Relacja Mordechąja-Mordki Żurawskiego,
zatytułowana „Chełmno. Moje przeżycie z r. 1940”, spisana najprawdopodobniej
podczas wizji lokalnej przeprowadzonej na terenie byłego obozu zagłady
przez przedstawicieli Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce.152
Nr A8. 1963 czerwiec Nes-Ziona (Izrael) - Relacja Szymona Srebrnika, jednego
z dwóch ocalałych uciekinierów z obozu zagłady w Chełmnie w styczniu 1945 r.....157
Nr A9. 2001 kwiecień 30, Jerozolima - Wywiad z Szymonem Srebrnikiem
przeprowadzony w Instytucie Yad Vashem..........................................169
Nr AI0. 1945, grudzień 28, Koło ֊ Przesłuchanie Stanisława Rubacha
w charakterze świadka w śledztwie w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych
w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie, złożone na podstawie jego notatek z lat 1942-1944 .... 175
Nr Ali. 1945 r. czerwiec 29, Koło ~ Przesłuchanie Jana Szczepankiewicza,
byłego pracownika mleczami w Kole, w charakterze świadka w śledztwie
w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie.....................193
Nr A12. 1945 listopad 20, bm. ֊ Protokół przesłuchania w charakterze oskarżonego
Waltera Pillera, zastępcy komendanta Sonderkommando Kulmhof
w II fazie funkcjonowania ośrodka, jeńca wojennego..............................197
Stacje etapowe na trasie z Łodzi do Chełmna.........................................213
Nr A13. Bd., Bydgoszcz - Fragment opracowania Jerzego Kruszyńskiego,
byłego mieszkańca Koła, na temat żydowskiej ludności miasta i jej losów
w czasie okupacji niemieckiej...................................................213
Nr A14. 2013 lipiec 24, Bydgoszcz - Wywiad przeprowadzony z Jerzym Kruszyńskim,
mieszkańcem Koła w okresie okupacji niemieckiej.................................224
Nr A15, 1945 czerwiec 18, Koło - Przesłuchanie w charakterze świadka
w śledztwie w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w Chełmnie Kazimierza Paterkowskiego,
zatrudnionego w czasach okupacji na stacji w Kole...............................241
Nr A16. 1945, Kutno - Informacja na temat transportów do Chełmna,
spisana na podstawie ustnej relacji Juliana Ostrowskiego, kolejarza z Kutna.....243
Nr A17. 1945 czerwiec 25, Koło - Przesłuchanie Józefa Czupryńskiego w charakterze
świadka w śledztwie w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w obozie zagłady w Chełmnie.
Zeznanie dotyczy transportów Żydów do Powiercia i młyna w Zawadce...............245
Nr A18. 1945 czerwiec 26, Koło ֊ Przesłuchanie Edmunda Kameduły w charakterze
świadka w śledztwie w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w obozie zagłady w Chełmnie.
Zeznanie dotyczy transportów Żydów z Koła do Powiercia i młyna w Zawadce........248
Nr A19. 1945 lipiec 8, Koło - Przesłuchanie w charakterze świadka w śledztwie
w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie Kazimierza Grendy,
rolnika ze wsi Powiercie........................................................250
II. Świadectwa pisemne ofiar........................................................252
Nr A20. 1943 kwiecień 2, Chełmno - Kartka napisana przez 17 rzemieślników
żydowskich pracujących w obozie.................................................267
Nr A21. 1943 kwiecień 2-7, Chełmno - Kartka napisana
przez 12 żydowskich rzemieślników pracujących w Chełmnie........................269
Nr A22. 1944 [grudzień 1], Chełmno - „Odezwa do naszego przyszłego narodu”,
napisana w imieniu ostatnich więźniów obozu przez Izraela Zygelmana z Łodzi .271
Nr A23. 1945 [początek stycznia], Chełmno - „Testament ostatnich więźniów obozu”.
Zapiski w notatniku sporządzone przez rzemieślników żydowskich...............272
Nr A24. 1945 listopad 27, Chełmno ֊ Protokół oględzin sądowych notesu
więźnia z Łodzi, znalezionego na terenie byłego obozu zagłady w Chełmnie.....288
Nr A25. 1945 czerwiec 10, Koło - Protokół oględzin synagogi i domu Komitetu
Żydowskiego oraz kąpieliska rytualnego w Kole przez sędziego Władysława Bednarza
w ramach śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych w obozie w Chełmnie,
wraz z inwentaryzacją napisów pozostawionych na ścianach budynków przez Żydów
spędzających tam noc w drodze na zagładę oraz Polaków wywożonych na roboty
przymusowe...................................................................291
Ili. Świadectwa ziemi ...........................................................312
Nr A26. 1945 r., po wrześniu, Chełmno ֊ Protokół z rozkopania terenu za spichlerzem
w ramach czynności śledztwa prowadzonego w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych
w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie.................................................350
Nr A27. 1946 grudzień 1-1947 marzec 8, Łódź - Protokoły oględzin sądowych dowodów
uzyskanych 11 listopada 1945 r. podczas śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych
w obozie zagłady w Chełmnie...............................................352
B. Czachulec....................................................................36i
Getta wiejskie w Kraju Warty - Czachulec.........................................363
Nr BI. 1945 marzec 23, Turek - Relacja Jakuba Waldmana z wydarzeń w 1941 r.
w Uniejowie oraz z pobytu w getcie Czachulec i likwidacji getta..............405
Nr B2. B.d. [najprawdopodobniej 1948 r.], Łódź - Relacja Nachuma Zajfa na temat
wydarzeń w Tuliszkowie po wkroczeniu Niemców oraz pobytu w getcie Czachulec . . . .417
Nr B3. 1982, Tel Awiw - Relacja Szmuela Gluby pt. „Żydzi w Turku w czasie
nazistowskiej okupacji. Kolonia Hajdemile”. W tekst wpleciona jest krótka relacja
Rafaela Jachima Jachimowicza, jednego z ostatnich żyjących świadków Czachulca .... 426
Nr B4. B.d., Jerozolima ֊ Relacja Szmuela Gluby z pobytu w getcie Czachulec.
Zeznanie urywa się na 14 grudnia 1941 r......................................440
Nr B5. 2002 [rok wydania] - Wspomnienia Jehoszui Eibeshitza z pobytu
w getcie Czachulec...........................................................445
Nr B6. B.d., Warszawa - Relacja Dawida Jakubowicza na temat pobytu
w getcie Czachulec oraz w getcie łódzkim.....................................462
Nr B7. 2005 kwiecień 22, Czachulec - Wywiad ze Stanisławem Piekarskim nagrany
przez pracowników Muzeum Pamięci Holokaustu w Waszyngtonie na temat
wykonywania fałszywych dokumentów dla Żydów oraz jego kontaktów
z mieszkańcami getta w Czachulcu.............................................467
Nr B8. 2005 kwiecień 21, Turek - Wywiad przeprowadzony przez pracowników
Muzeum Pamięci Holokaustu w Waszyngtonie z Marianną Swierzyńską, naocznym
świadkiem wywożenia Żydów z getta Czachulec do obozu zagłady w Chełmnie......481
Nr B9. 1968 czerwiec 26, Poznań - Protokół przesłuchania Mieczysława Sękiewicza,
świadka mordu dokonanego w okresie koniec paździemika-połowa listopada 1941 r.
na Żydach z getta zagórowskiego w rejonie Kazimierza Biskupiego (las „Krążę 1”,
rejon leśniczówki Wygoda)....................................................491
Nr B10. B.d. [po październiku 1940 r.], Warszawa-getto ֊ Relacja mieszkańca Koła
Neumana, spisana przez Daniela Fligelmana, zatytułowana „Koło (Z opowiadań młodego
Żyda)”, na temat pierwszych dni wojny w Kole i represji wobec Żydów, a następnie
wysiedlenia ludności żydowskiej do Nowin Brdowskich i Bugaju (Kolonii Bugitten) . . . 499
Nr Bil. 1941, marzec-kwiecień, Warszawa-getto - Odpisy dwóch listów wysłanych
z Kolonii Żydowskiej w Bugaju i Nowinach Brdowskich (Jüdische Kolonie Bugitten
und Neuhagen) do towarzystw zajmujących się pomocą Żydom w przystosowaniu się
do zajęć rolniczych i rzemieślniczych........................................507
Nr B12. B.d., b.m. - Relacja Szmuela Gluby, przywiezionego 31 lipea 1942 r.
ze zlikwidowanego getta w Czachulcu do Łodzi, na temat panującego
w getcie łódzkim głodu.......................................................510
Nr ВІЗ, 1941, grudzień 9-1942, getto Czachulec -
Notatnik Icchaka Meira Szymkiewicza..........................................516
Aneksy..........................................................................525
Wystąpienie Szmula Zygielbojma na posiedzeniu Labour Party w Londynie
2 września 1942 r............................................................527
Wykaz dowodów rzeczowych w śledztwie prowadzonym w sprawie zbrodni
popełnionych w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem, przechowywanych
w Archiwum IPN...............................................................531
Zmarli i zamordowani w getcie Czachulec. Żydzi z Turku, Dobrej, Tuliszkowa,
Brudzewa, Uniejowa, Malanowa, Kalisza, Rychwała i innych miejscowości........546
Żydzi mieszkańcy powiatu turkowskiego zmarli poza gettem Czachulec...........582
Wykaz członków załogi obozu zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem (funkcjonariusze
wymienieni w dokumentach)....................................................604
Wykaz świąt żydowskich występujących w dokumentach...........................609
Wykaz skrótów................................................................611
Summary......................................................................613
Indeks osobowy...............................................................623
Indeks osób zapisanych na ścianach synagogi i Komitetu Żydowskiego w Kole....629
Indeks geograficzny..........................................................647
Źródła fotografii............................................................654
Plany i fotografie
|
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| geographic_facet | Kulmhof (Polska ; obóz koncentracyjny) / relacje osobiste |
| id | DE-604.BV042530360 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:24:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363029838 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027964598 |
| oclc_num | 909970647 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 652, [27] S. Ill. 22 cm |
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| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Muzeum II Wojny Światowej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec wybór dokumentów, wstęp i oprac.: Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak przy współpr. Jolanty Adamskiej Gdańsk Muzeum II Wojny Światowej 2014 652, [27] S. Ill. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Indeksy Konzentrationslager Chełmno (DE-588)4512293-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kulmhof (Polska ; obóz koncentracyjny) / relacje osobiste jhpk (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Konzentrationslager Chełmno (DE-588)4512293-3 b Geschichte z DE-604 Pawlicka-Nowak, Łucja ca. 20./21. Jh. Sonstige (DE-588)1161615393 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027964598&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027964598&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec Konzentrationslager Chełmno (DE-588)4512293-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4512293-3 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec |
| title_auth | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec |
| title_exact_search | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec |
| title_full | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec wybór dokumentów, wstęp i oprac.: Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak przy współpr. Jolanty Adamskiej |
| title_fullStr | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec wybór dokumentów, wstęp i oprac.: Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak przy współpr. Jolanty Adamskiej |
| title_full_unstemmed | Świadectwa zagłady obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec wybór dokumentów, wstęp i oprac.: Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak przy współpr. Jolanty Adamskiej |
| title_short | Świadectwa zagłady |
| title_sort | swiadectwa zaglady oboz w chelmnie nad nerem getto wiejskie czachulec |
| title_sub | obóz w Chełmnie nad Nerem, getto wiejskie Czachulec |
| topic | Konzentrationslager Chełmno (DE-588)4512293-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konzentrationslager Chełmno Kulmhof (Polska ; obóz koncentracyjny) / relacje osobiste Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027964598&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027964598&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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