Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chişinău
Bons Offices SRL
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteca "Tyragetia"
24 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ottoman coin in Moldova during 1512 - 1603. - At head of title: Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei ; Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a Moldovei Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-143) |
| Beschreibung: | 191 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789975807739 9975807739 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804153285677940736 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Introduction
.......................................................................................9
Chapter I. RESEARCH HISTORY
.......................................................11
Chapter II. OTTOMAN MONETARY SYSTEM
...................................19
Chapter III.
OTTOMANGOLD
COINS (altuns)
..................................25
1.
Typology and chronology of gold coins
..........................................28
2.
Ottoman gold coin circulation in the Moldova during
1512-1603 ...30
3.
Directory of discoveries
................................................................34
3.1.
Isolated discoveries
.......................................................................................35
3.2.
Treasures
......................................................................................................35
Chapter IV. OTTOMAN SILVER COINS (akches and dirhems)
.........41
1.
Typology and chronology of Ottoman akches during
1512-1603 .... 42
1.1.
Akches of
Selim
I
(518-526
AH/1512-1520)
.................................................43
1.2.
Akches of Siileyman I
(526-574
AH/1520-1566)
.........................................45
1.3.
Akches of
Selim
II
(574-582
AH/1566-1574)
...............................................47
1.4.
Akches of
Murad
III
(982-1003
AH
/1574-1595).........................................48
1.5.
Akches of Mehmed III
(1003-1012
AH
/1595-1603)...................................51
2.
Circulation of Ottoman akches in the Moldova
during
1512-1603...........................................................................52
3.
Dirhems (padishahi, shahi) and the particularity
of their penetration in Moldova
....................................................62
4.
Directory of discoveries
................................................................65
4.1.
Types of akches
.............................................................................................65
4.2.
Isolated discoveries
......................................................................................68
4.3.
Treasures
......................................................................................................73
4.4.
Eliminated treasures
....................................................................................96
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
Chapter V. OTTOMAN COPPER COINS, COUNTERFEITS
AND SILVER IMITATIONS
...............................................................99
1. Penetration of mangir in the Moldova
.........................................100
2.
Counterfeits and silver imitations of Ottoman coins
...................102
2.1.
General issue of counterfeits and silver imitations
....................................102
2.2.
Counterfeits and imitations attributed to local production
......................104
3.
Catalogue of counterfeits and imitations discovered
in Moldova
....................................................................................110
3.1.
Imitations and counterfeits of akche
..........................................................110
3.2.
Imitations and counterfeits of dirhem
........................................................117
Chapter VI. THE ROLE OF OTTOMAN COIN IN THE ECONOMY
OF THE MOLDOVA IN THE ^ CENTURY
.....................................119
Conclusions
.....................................................................................131
Bibliography
...................................................................................135
Abbreviations
.................................................................................149
Abstract
...........................................................................................
151
List of illustrations
..........................................................................162
Annexes
..........................................................................................164
OTTOMAN
COIN IN MOLDOVA
during
1512-1603
Absfract
This work represents the author s PhD thesis elaborated under the guidance of
dr.
hab.
Pavel
Bârnea
in the initial stage and dr. Gheorghe
Postica
it the end, defen¬
ded at the State University of Moldova in
2005.
The text did not suffer major modi¬
fications except for some aspects related to editing, but it has been completed with
a bibliographic supplement with comments. This work is dedicated to the analysis
of Ottoman coins issued during the reign of sultans
Selim
I
(1512-1520),
Siileyman
I
(1520-1566),
Selim
II
(1566-1574),
Murad
III
(1574-1595)
and Mehmed
III
(1595-
1603),
found in the discoveries from Moldova.
The chronology of the study includes the period between
1512
and
1603.
Events
marking essential and long-lasting changes in both domestic life and internationally
are recorded in the history of Moldova and the Ottoman Empire during this period.
For Moldova, the investigated period was one of effective expansion and strengthe¬
ning of Ottoman rule, which resulted in political and economic comedown of the
principality for a period of approx.
300
years. The enormous difficulties stimulated
in the second half of the century anti-Ottoman movements connected to the name
of loan III the Terible
(1572-1574)
and Michael the Brave
(1593-1601).
An intensi¬
fied penetration of the Ottoman currency north of Danube is noted, especially of
the akche, which becomes prevalent in the market along with the Hungarian
denar.
Simultaneously, the issue of local coins continues, the traditional type is minted up
under
Ştefăniţă
while the Hungarian
denar
is issued starting with
Alexandru Lă-
puşneanu.
However, attempts of aligning to the Ottoman monetary system under
loan III the Terible are registered.
During this period, the Ottoman Empire expands greatly its territory by conqu¬
ests in the East under
Selim
I
(1512-1520),
reaching the peaks of development in
terms of territorial expansion similar to the time of Siileyman I the Magnificent
(1520-1566).
Under monetary aspect, the eastern conquests of
Selim
I enriched
the monetary system with issues from ancient times which now were minted in the
name of the Ottoman sultan. The long reign of nearly half a century of
Süleyman
I
favored the issuance of various types of altins and akches, also present in the dis¬
coveries from Moldova. At the time of
Murad
III
(1574-1595),
as a consequence of
the invasion of American silver and the enormous expenses of war, we witness the
currency reform in the years
1584-1586,
commonly called the great devaluation
of the akche , which brought severe consequences to the economy of the empire.
The upper limit of our investigation is marked by monetary phenomena related to
151
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
the
decline
of Ottoman coins production and its partial replacement with Central-
European and West-European coins on Moldova s market, especially by those from
the
taler
category.
I. Research history. This chapter presents the stage of specific scientific pro¬
blems and the contribution of Romanian and Moldovan numismatists to the study
of Ottoman coins.
II. Ottoman monetary system. The evolution of the monetary system from
early Ottoman copper mangir issued during the rule of
Osman,
the founder of the
Ottoman Empire, until the beginning of 16th century. The Ottomans adopted both
traditions of states in the Middle East and those of the Byzantine Empire and the
Italian city-republics in order to create their own monetary system. Since
1327
are
issued the first silver coins
—
akches, which will soon become the payment currency
empire wide. After a long time of imitating the Venetian ducats, the Ottomans un¬
der Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, initiated the production of their
own gold pieces around
1477/1478
with an Arabic legend
-
altins or
sultani.
The
Ottoman monetary system is enriched with new issues in the time of
Selim
I
(1512-
1520),
by accepting local monetary issues existing before the Ottoman conquest,
except the gold coins that were minted in the system of altins. Several distinct mo¬
netary areas were formed in the Ottoman Empire as a result of this monetary policy:
area of akche that included Rumelia and a part of Anatolia; area of
medin
or of para
in Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Yemen; area of the dirhem located in Iraq
and Western Anatolia and the area of nasri in Libya, Algeria and Tunisia. Although
the Ottoman currency system appears to be consisting of gold, silver and copper
issues, in the early 16th century it was not actually uniform in monetary terms as the
Muslim tradition required acceptance of local currencies in areas conquered by the
Ottoman Empire. In Moldova, towards the end of the century on the market appear
dirhems and sporadically mangirs along with akches and altins.
The existence of a complex monetary system involved numerous functioning
mints situated in different parts of the Empire. The mining and the mints were in
the possession of the Sultan, they were leased to private individuals but operated
under strict supervision of the state. In order to better observe the ratio dynamics
of the Ottoman monetary production workshops in the discoveries from Moldova,
they were grouped into geographical areas defined into five main workshop areas
which are presented from northwest to southeast.
III. Ottoman gold coins (altuns). Given that this chapter covers several is¬
sues needed to be analyzed separately, it was divided into three sections. First, we
examined the cause of the late issue of the Ottoman gold coin itself and we expla¬
ined what kind of Turkish yellows circulated on the European markets from the
introduction of altun into the Ottoman monetary system. Further are described
152
Abstract
technical parameters of altins and the time evolution of exchange rates with the
Ottoman silver coin
-
akche. Production areas of gold pieces were analyzed and
classified by conventional geographic areas.
One of the essential problems of Ottoman numismatics concerns about the
typology and chronology of certain issues which, unlike the European issues, have
the legend in the Turkish-Osman language and usually have printed the inaugura¬
tion year of the reign only. These issues are outlined in section III.i. Typology and
chronology of gold coins. The proposals made by the Serbian researcher Slobodan
Srećković
are presented, also the opinions of Romanian numismatists regarding
the chronological and typological ordering of issues made by
Süleyman
I, the only
sultan for which progress was recorded in this field. In section III.
2.
Ottoman gold
coin circulation in the Principality of Moldova during
1512-1603
is analyzed the
pace of penetration and circulation of altins on the market of Romanian Principa¬
lities, a rhythm with more important values towards the end of the century. To¬
gether with the findings from Moldova, for which were distinguished two stages
of hoarding, are mentioned the discoveries from neighboring territories making
possible the observation of common phenomena. The last part of this chapter III.3.
Directory of Ottoman monetary gold discoveries included some findings already
published and others still unpublished from collections of museums from
Chişi-
nau and Romania. Nine treasures containing altins among other issues and the
only isolated piece known so far found in the churchyard from
Golia
in
Iaşi
are
presented in chronological order. Among the unpublished ones, we mention the
piece from
Murad
III from the treasure from
В
ălţaţi, Vaslui
county, now in the col¬
lections of
Vaslui
County Museum and the pieces from
Mihăileni
treasure, Riscani
raion,
deposited at the National Museum of History of Moldova in Chisinau. The
two tables (no.
1
and
2)
show the structure of the issuers and mints of gold objects
found in Moldova.
IV. Ottoman silver coins from the Moldova (akches and dirhems).
This chapter is focused on silver coins which played an important role on the Ro¬
manian market. Of these, the akche, the classical Ottoman silver coin, becomes
predominant in the area in this period, while other Ottoman silver coins of oriental
origin such as dirhems (padishahi, shahi) and medins (para) appear towards the
end of the century. Massive penetration of akche in Moldova dates back from the
late 15th century, especially after the Ottoman conquest of
Cetatea
Alba and
Chilia;
it dominates the Romanian Principality from the third quarter of 15th century when
it was fully imposed and became the main currency for payments. In Moldova, the
circulation of akches was quite intense, yet not as wide as in the Romanian Princi¬
pality, especially since the main currency for payments in this century remains to
be the Tatar
zlot.
153
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
The analysis of currency penetration and circulation mechanism in the Roma¬
nian Principality, Moldova and Transylvania demonstrates that its success on the
market wasn t the result of political and military rise of the Ottoman Empire in the
area but rather an outcome of economic effects resulting from Ottomans successes.
In paragraph IV.i. Typology and chronology of Ottoman akches during
1512-
1603
are analyzed the errors in the attribution of akches that persisted until re¬
cently and the currently existing benefits of dating monuments and discoveries due
to recent advances in chronology and typology of emissions. For a better develop¬
ment of this theme was considered appropriate the division of the paragraph into
five sections where the above issues were presented according to issuers, the pic¬
ture being different from case to case. In IV.i.i. The akches of
Selim
I
(1512-1520)
are discussed issues related to the typology of
Selim
I s
akches, which were in the
focus of many researchers and who revealed several types of heads and tails. Slo¬
bodan
Srećković
divided them initially into three groups: A, B, C, which did not
found confirmation in its latest study. Turkish numismatist
Cüneyt Ölcer
divided
the akches from the time of
Selim
I into four groups named A, B, C, D. These dis¬
tributions suggest consecutiveness but not chronological ordering.
Eugen Nico-
lae, addressing this issue based on the analysis of monetary finds, proposed a new
sequence of types: C, B, A, and their approximate chronology. The last classification
was substantiated by several findings related both to coins aspect and major mili¬
tary events from the empire, it is supported especially by monetary finds structure
that best demonstrates the veracity of akche types sequence proposed by Romanian
numismatists in the last decade, a hypothesis which is not yet fully accepted by nu¬
mismatists in other countries.
In section JV.1.2. The akches of Siileyman I
(1520-1566)
are discussed pro¬
blems related to Siileyman the Magnificent s akches typology and chronology, who,
during his long reign issued a large variety of akches and who holds be biggest share
of Ottoman coins in the findings from Moldova. Slobodan
Srećković
made a great
contribution to the ordering of
Süleyman I s
issues; he started with the study of
silver akches and gold coins minted in Rumelia and Anatolia and divided them into
groups and types based on sultan titles from the legend on the coin head. On several
occasions,
Eugen
Nicolae proposed a broader dating of group I and its division into
two periods:
1520-1534
and
1534-1541.
The issue, called jubilee I, served as miles¬
tone in broadening the dating marked by
Srećković
with
1541,
a mint on the cente¬
nary anniversary from Mehmed II s
(1444 )
rise to throne. Hybrid pieces were also
found: with heads from group II in combination with tails from group jubilee I. E.
Nicholae assumed, based on these combinations, that jubilee I coins might inaugu¬
rate group II as the pieces of type Jubilee II could inaugurate group III with which
they share a common legend. The enlargement of group I was motivated by the fact
that group II, dated by
Srećković
with
1534-1555,
is poorly represented in discove¬
ries and does not presume a use during the entire rule of the sultan
(21
years).
Abstract
In
the recently published volume dedicated to akches of
Süleyman
I, SI.
Srećko¬
vić
agrees with the larger dating of the first group, but only up to
1540,
based on
some historical events and links the group dating with the monetary reform con¬
ducted by Lutfy Pasha in
1540,
shortly after being appointed as high vizier. For
group II, he invokes another chronology and believes this begins with the defeat of
Iran when additional financial reforms are implemented which led to the conclusi¬
on of a peace treaty with it. After this,
Süleyman
talks to the Shah as to a brother.
The coins of Group III are minted in the period between the peace with Persia in
1555
and the sultan s death in the campaign from
Szigetvar.
Also, commemorative coins are presented with an analysis of the Serbian
numismatist s considerations which turned hypothetical and are in need of furt¬
her confirmation; he notes that he operates in his work with the overall simplified
picture stressing on information reliable or accepted by most scholars. IV.1.3. The
akches of
Selim
II
(1566-1574)
are present in hoards from the second half of the 16th
century, but with a lesser contribution compared to previous reigns. These issues
have been ordered by the Serbian numismatist into two groups: A and B, with a
similar content of the legend but with a different distribution. Later, the publishers
of the treasure from
Radu Vodă, Giurgiu
county, Romania, distinguished three va¬
riations within these groups determined by the position and shape of letters on the
head legend. Rare or unusual pieces were also observed in the findings from Mol¬
dova. We notice a piece of type A, minted at Ohri, and unregistered by
Srećković
for
this workshop, which clearly confirms early mint during
Selim
II. In what concerns
the distribution according workshops, it is observed a prevalence of pieces pro¬
duced in central Balkan workshops, followed by North Western Balkans, with an
insignificant percent of Asian capitals and workshops. IV.1.4. The akches of
Murad
III
(1574-1595).
The reign of this sultan was marked by the implementation of a
monetary reform in the period
1584-1586,
commonly called the great devaluation
of the akche . As a result of this reform, the weight of coins was reduced from
0.682
to
0.384
grams.
The typology and chronology of
Murad
Ill s akches is still poorly studied. The
issues were classified for the first time by SI.
Srećković
according the arrangement
of the legend on the head into two types: A and
В
(Srećković
1987, 155-161).
Later,
the publishers of
Radu Vodă
hoard added three more types (C, D, E), most of which
having also variations. The investigation of akches by this issuer in the discoveries
from Moldova made possible certain typological appreciations with the identifica¬
tion of variations for type A as well which is considered to be the most uniform in
what concerns the representation of the legend on the head. The variations distin¬
guished in types
В
and the existence of type
С
at
Radu Vodă
was confirmed by some
issues in the treasure from
Topaia, unattested
by specialized catalogs.
155
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
Type D,
also missing in the mentioned catalogue of Yugoslavian workshops, de¬
fined on two coins from
Radu Vodă
minted at Sidrefapsi and Kostantaniye, finds
confirmation in the treasure from
Topaia
with one issue at Novabirda and one at
Edirne.
The latter illustrates a new variation
-
Dc. The akches with circular legend
found at
Radu Vodă
for the first time, finds again confirmation in the discoveries
from Moldova as well. This type denoted by E, is now having several variations, two
of them unpublished seen among the pieces from
Topaia
characterized by a rosette
in the center and by the way of writing the word
han:
Ее
-
han
written usually and
Ed
-
han
with the final against the elif. These latter pieces were minted in
Edirne,
Kostantaniye and
Inegöl,
the type not yet being registered in the Balkan workshops.
Finally, we mention a piece of
Murad
III minted at
Edirne
from the treasure of
Topaia,
which could represent a new type, similar to the first two, but with the le¬
gend arranged in four rows: Sultan/
Murad/
bin
han/ Selim.
Further findings will
confirm or infirm this type of akches.
Unfortunately, the results obtained in elaborating the typology, did not bring
anything new in what concern the chronology. Until now, it was not possible to or¬
der chronologically the akches of
Murad
III. It seems, however, that the main type
A, the most numerous in all discoveries, was minted during the entire period of the
reign of the sultan, being predominant also among the pieces with lower weight
issued after the currency reform in the years
1584-1586.
This is illustrated by the
akches discovered in Moldova. Post-reform pieces with low weight were recorded
in some coin hoards both for the coin type Ca from
Topaia
and for the one with
circular legend from Rezina passim
raion.
These observations show that not only
type A continued after the reform, but perhaps those denoted by
С
and
E
also did.
With all these typological specifications we remain committed to using the weight
criteria in dating the issues of this sultan.
rv.1.5. The akches of Mehmed III
(1595-1603).
This issuer s coins are far less
studied and the treasure discovered in Rezina passim
raion
is the only one publi¬
shed containing akches from Mehmed III. Among the akches from this hoard was
found a unique type and other variations, unknown to the Serbian numismatist.
We are talking about the pieces that were denoted by D, as well as the akche with
the same layout of the legend, but with variations regarding the presentation of
the legend. We mention here a type
В
akche, minted at
Üsküp
and another one of
type Bi, minted at Novabirda, who have not been registered in the catalog of Slo¬
bodan
Srećković.
Preliminary analysis of the lot of coins from Mehmed III gives an
overview of the workshops structure and the circulation of money in the late 16th
and early 17th centuries in Moldova. Different from the previous period when we
observed the predominance of Balkan workshops, the discoveries in this period are
dominated by Asian workshops. This can be explained by the mining crisis of mi¬
ning and Ottoman mint, especially after the collapse of the Balkan mines exploita-
156
Abstract
tions
and probably by movements of troops stationed in Asia during the campaign
against the Habsburgs.
After having presented the types of akches, we move on to compartment IV.2,
which examines the Circulation of Ottoman akches in the Moldova during
1512-
1603.
A sample consisting of
3142
copies of akches and dirhems were subject to
analysis, out of which:
58
akches were found at archaeological excavations from
Dobrovăţ, Iaşi
county,
Iaşi
and
Orheiul Vechi
and other two akches and two dir¬
hems were found in isolated discoveries, the rest biggest part of
3074
akches and
6
dirhems were found in
25
treasures. The akches were divided into two big stages:
those minted before the great devaluation of
1584-1586
and akches issued after
these disturbances. Several phases of coins hoarding are observed linked to mili¬
tary and economic events from Moldova. We made an analysis of akches according
to issuers because of the finds of concluded treasures and akches issued throughout
the 16th century found at the beginning of the next century. We pay attention to
their areas of origin, to how the preponderance of producing regions changes accor¬
ding to military events in the Ottoman Empire. For a better illustration of our af¬
firmations, many tables, charts and diagrams have been elaborated. For the entire
period under discussion, from the total of
1821
akches with the workshop identified
the mint from Novabirda ranked first with
525
or
28.83%,
followed by Srebrenica
with
60 (3.29%),
Kuçayne
with
38 (2.08%),
Mudava
and Belgrade with
24 (1.31%)
and respectively
23 (1.26%), 670
akches or
36.79%
from the total number being
minted in the Northwestern Balkan area (table
11).
Mints located in the central areas of the Balkans rank second with
552
speci¬
mens, representing
30.31%
of the total number of akches with the known work¬
shop. Among these, the most productive were
Üsküp
with
177
pieces
(32.06%),
followed at short distance by Sidrekipsi with
172 (31.15%)
and
Karatova
with
139
pieces
(25.18%),
Serez/Siroz registers
62 (11.23%)
and finally Ohri with two copies
(0.36%).
European Capitals contribute with
363
akches or
19.93%
of the total; Kostan-
taniye contributes with
225
copies
(12.35%),
of which a large part are pieces from
Selim
I, and
Edirne
with
138 (7.57%).
Asian mints rank four and include
236
pieces or
12.96%,
of which the leading
place is hold by
Canea
with
146
akches, most from the reign of
Murad
III and
Mehmed III, followed at a great distance by the old Ottoman capital
Bursa
with
16
copies; Tire and Erzurum rank third with
11
coins, Amasya contributes with
10
copies, the rest having an insignificant percentage.
Along with akches, other Ottoman silver issues penetrated on the Romanian
market, among which we can mention dirhems. They are dedicated a special para¬
graph IV.
3.
Dirhems (padishahi, shahi) and the particularity of their penetration
in Moldova. This coin type was found in a large number in the Romanian Princi-
157
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
pality,
but in a small amount
in Moldova.
Dirhems were studied in a much lesser
extent compared with akches and altins, also due to their multiple names in the
given period. The identification of shahi or padishahi from the epochal documents
with the dirhems from the numismatic catalogues is a merit of the Romanian nu¬
mismatists
Octavian
Iliescu
and Mihai Maxim. The identity dirhem-padishahi is
considered a great achievement of Romanian numismatics, even if there is still no
consensus among numismatists in this regard. The first Ottoman dirhems were
minted at
1515-1516
after the victorious oriental conquests of sultan
Selim
I, with
the respect of the tradition based on compliance with local laws adapted by the
Ottomans in the monetary field. The Dirhem is a piece of Arab-Iranian origin, ba¬
sed on the East Anatolian sahruhi and the Arabian silver dirhem from Mamluks
territories. The most important centers which minted dirhems were at
Gümüshane,
Amid, Erzurum, Erzincan, Halep,
Dimaşk,
Baghdad etc. The dirhem has become
quite popular in the Empire, including in Rumelia under the conditions of mas¬
sive depreciation of akche but also because of silver quality it was made of. This
piece was increasingly involved into the trade with Iran and India for providing
spices and silks. Dirhem enters the Romanian market in the last decades of the 16th
century. This is illustrated by monetary findings and documentary evidences. Se¬
veral treasures containing dirhems were discovered in the Romanian Principality.
In Moldova dirhems were reported only at
Costişa
and
Baia in
1974
and other six
dirhems in the treasure from
Păun, Botoşani
county. Most dirhems of these fin¬
dings represent issues of sultan
Murad
III
(1574-1595)
which circulated in this area
together with pieces of previous reigns:
Selim
II and
Süleyman
I.
In this work are also presented the particularities of their penetration on the
Romanian market enabling defining two horizons of presence. The first one cor¬
responds to periods of akche devaluation in
1584-1586,
and the second starts with
the years
1593-1594,
when dirhems arrive in our area by troops deployed in Asia,
during which they could have brought here significant amounts of dirhems, accom¬
panied by akche produced in the eastern regions.
The next paragraph is IV.4. Directory of Ottoman monetary silver discoveries,
presented in alphabetical order of the localities of discovery, starting with a pre¬
sentation of akche types, with an indication of variations and unpublished types.
The directory of isolated coins is presented in alphabetical order, while Ottoman
treasures are displayed according the chronological criteria.
V. Ottoman copper coins, counterfeits and silver imitations is devoted
to Ottoman copper pieces
-
mangirs and imitations and to fakes of Ottoman akches
and dirhems, revealed in the discoveries from Moldova, most of them unpublished.
V.l.
Penetration of mangirs in the Principality of Moldova. Copper pieces were
the least studied compared to other Ottoman issues because they are usually in a
worse conservation condition compared with pieces from precious metals and also
158
Abstract
because they are anonymous, without the engraved name of the issuer, workshop
and year, sometimes with sided ornaments. Copper coins were used for the internal
market but were sometimes found in the discovery of neighboring areas, including
in Moldova. The only mangir discovered in the excavations from Moldova at
Su¬
ceava
is also the oldest Ottoman piece found in the area. Although further research
might trace other Ottoman pieces of copper, the general picture is quite clear: the
discoveries of this kind are rare. It is unclear whether the findings reflect only few
contacts of the empire with neighboring regions or they circulated in the principa¬
lities north of the Danube.
Some researchers assumed that the only pieces of bronze minted by Despot-
vodă
(1561-1563)
in the first year of his reign bearing the effigy of the prince on the
head and Moldova s coat of arms on the tail could have been named mangir and
it could be similar to Ottoman divisional coins
-
an assumption justified also by
some epochal documents. Copper pieces of loan III the Terible
(1572-1574),
even if
called akche, had the weight of a contemporary heavy mangir. Until recently these
pieces were considered equivalent to the Silver Turkish akche, an idea suggested
by the contents of the legend. In recent years, however, was proposed a hypothesis
according to which the Moldovan akche could have been a division of the akche
and the legend could be a guarantee for payment of taxes to the state instead of the
Turkish akche.
Bronze coins were used as chips in mosquito (mill) or table (pawns) games and
therefore the word in Romanian language will be used with the meaning of piece
for backgammon play .
In the last decade, many silver imitations of Ottoman akches and dirhems were
attested in the discoveries from Moldova, also finds from other common metals
and/or silver plated. These pieces which are probably of local origin are the object
of section V.2. Counterfeits and silver imitations of Ottoman coins. The practice
of uttering false coins existed since ancient times. This phenomenon takes on a
greater scale in the Middle Ages. A huge number of fake coins are produced in
different countries in the 15th
-
16th centuries; they were minted by the authorities
or individuals in order to obtain higher profits, their existence in the monetary
circulation raised a number of social, political and legal problems, sometimes even
causing crisis situations. Of course, these crimes were severely punished, but in
spite of sentences, sometimes the tendency to get rich quickly or the inability to
endure poverty made people violate laws. The production of fakes or imitations by
the authorities may have complex reasons (often the intention of fraud can not be
absolutely sustained) and therefore each case should be properly analyzed.
V.2.1. The general issue of counterfeits and imitations. This section presents
a brief characteristic of fakes and imitations, their manufacturing techniques; it
presents also an array of falsifying evidences of Ottoman coins in the Ottoman
159
A. Boldureanu
Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada
1512-1603
Empire Ottoman reflected in the documents of the time. V.2.2. Counterfeits and
imitations assigned to local production. Research in the last period on the Ottoman
numismatics proved the existence of an active local production of imitations,
supported by sufficient evidence demonstrating that this process started before the
integration of the Romanian Principalities into the Ottoman political system. The
production of Moldovan imitations of Ottoman pieces was located in
Suceava.
To
this manufacture are attributed imitations of akches from the period of
Murad
II,
Bayezid II,
Selim
I, Murad
III and dirhems of
Murad
III.
Eugen Nicolae
delimited
two phases of the findings of fakes and imitations attested in Moldova up to under
Bayezid II. The first phase would begin in the time of
Petru
Aron
and would last
until the beginning of the reign of Stefan eel Mare. The second phase was located
in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The existence of several akche imitations
during
Selim
I, Süleyman
I, Selim
II and
Murad
III in the structure of hoards from
the 16th century shows that the production of Ottoman coins of Bayezid II north of
the Danube continued in the following period.
Besides imitations of akches, imitations of Ottoman dirhems were also found in
Moldova, the originals entering the Romanian market with the official devaluation
of akche in the years
1583-1586.
As a result they were used for official payments as
well. The four pieces known so far are replicas of
Murad
Ill s dirhems; they are now
more numerous in isolated findings that the original dirhems and were reported at
Costişa
and one at
Baia in
1974.
Fakes of local production with adjusted weights are
predominant. One of them was found in
Suceava
and represents a silver plated fake
with the weight
3,86
g, perforated, with obviously rude legend, located in the collec¬
tion of the Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest, and other three, one imitation and
two fakes, were found at
Ciocâlteni
and the surroundings. These pieces made north
of the Danube can be dated roughly between the years
1586
to
1590.
From the all mentioned above, we note that imitations or forgeries were found
in nine treasures and in one isolated discovery of akches and four of dirhems from
Moldova. Certainly, the number is much higher and further research will enrich
the current knowledge. Moldovan treasures and isolated discoveries including imi¬
tations range between
1566
and
1603;
therefore local production of Ottoman type
coins initiated back in the first half of the 15th and continued during the following
century. This reflects the ability of Moldova to resist the Ottoman economic pressu¬
re. In conclusion, Moldova has minted more money in the 16th century than it was
thought before based on issues with European Christian aspect.
V.4. The catalogue of counterfeits and imitations discovered in Moldova com¬
prises
28
fakes and imitations of akches and
4
dirhems, most of them unpublished,
containing prototypes of copied pieces, legend description, technical data, invento¬
ry number with the indication of the collection it belongs to, bibliographic data or
other necessary information.
160
Abstract
VI.
The role of the Ottoman coin in the economy of the Moldova in
the 16th century. In this chapter are analyzed the rate of penetration and hoarding
of the Ottoman pieces according to political and economic events in the country.
The economic crisis that spread increasingly into the Ottoman Empire is noted also
in the Romanian Principalities, even if they were not
defacto
part of the empire.
This is illustrated by hoarding old akches issued until the reform and their use in
making adornment objects. It is examined the weighting of Ottoman currency wi¬
thin discoveries and its association with other monetary issues. The study demons¬
trates that although enormous quantities of goods and products were exported to
the Ottoman Empire, Moldova continued trade relations with other countries, es¬
pecially the trade of goods that were not restricted by the Ottoman Empire. Also,
mapping the findings shows Ottoman currency circulation area in Moldova and it s
location near the main trade routes of Moldova in the 16th century.
Conclusions. The main results of the analysis of the numismatic material da¬
ted with the period between
1512
and
1603
in the findings from Moldova are pre¬
sented. Two stages of gold pieces hoarding discovered in Moldova were distingu¬
ished: the first dating from the end of the 16th century and the second dating with
the beginning of the 17th century. Research has allowed tracing two big periods of
akche circulation in Moldova. The first one starts in
1512,
a date which entered into
the manuscripts tradition as the first give up of the Principality of Moldova and
lasts until the years
1584
to
1586,
when the Ottoman Empire
implementes
the mo¬
netary reform. The second stage begins with the big devaluation of the akche and
lasts until the end of the reign of sultan Mehmed III.
Research brings additions and clarifications to akche chronology of certain sul¬
tans from the investigated period, being remarked many unpublished or rare pie¬
ces. The analysis of gold and silver discoveries in Moldova gives us an insight into
the structure of the workshops and the circulation of money during the 16th century.
There were established the penetration rate of the Ottoman currency in Moldova
depending on political and military events and the origin workshops of Ottoman
pieces found in the region based on monetary and financial policy of the empire.
Important contributions are brought to the local production of Ottoman ak¬
che filed through the analysis of the lot of fakes from common metal, silver-plated
or silver imitations. Their presence in the deposits from Moldova demonstrates
that their production started out of economic reasons since the 15th and continued
throughout the following century and that they were probably produced in the ca¬
pital of the country,
Suceava.
Bibliographic supplement with comments. Contributions published be¬
fore
2005
were included.
161
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Boldureanu, Ana 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1070184764 |
| author_facet | Boldureanu, Ana 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Boldureanu, Ana 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042528003 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)909620094 (DE-599)BVBBV042528003 |
| era | Geschichte 1512-1603 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1512-1603 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Europe / Moldavia Romania Europa Rumänien Osmanisches Reich Moldau Fürstentum |
| id | DE-604.BV042528003 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:24:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789975807739 9975807739 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027962289 |
| oclc_num | 909620094 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
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| physical | 191 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
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| publisher | Bons Offices SRL |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteca "Tyragetia" |
| series2 | Biblioteca "Tyragetia" |
| spelling | Boldureanu, Ana 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1070184764 aut Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 Ana Boldureanu Chişinău Bons Offices SRL 2013 191 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteca "Tyragetia" 24 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Ottoman coin in Moldova during 1512 - 1603. - At head of title: Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei ; Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a Moldovei Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-143) Geschichte 1512-1603 gnd rswk-swf Coins, Turkish / Moldavia / History Coins, Turkish / Romania / History Coins, Turkish fast Geschichte Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd rswk-swf Europe / Moldavia fast Romania fast Europa Rumänien Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd rswk-swf Moldau Fürstentum (DE-588)4039965-5 gnd rswk-swf Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 g Moldau Fürstentum (DE-588)4039965-5 g Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 s Geschichte 1512-1603 z DE-604 Biblioteca "Tyragetia" 24 (DE-604)BV013945570 24 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027962289&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027962289&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Boldureanu, Ana 20./21. Jh Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 Biblioteca "Tyragetia" Coins, Turkish / Moldavia / History Coins, Turkish / Romania / History Coins, Turkish fast Geschichte Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040629-5 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4039965-5 |
| title | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 |
| title_auth | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 |
| title_exact_search | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 |
| title_full | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 Ana Boldureanu |
| title_fullStr | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 Ana Boldureanu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 Ana Boldureanu |
| title_short | Moneda otomană în Moldova în perioada 1512 - 1603 |
| title_sort | moneda otomana in moldova in perioada 1512 1603 |
| topic | Coins, Turkish / Moldavia / History Coins, Turkish / Romania / History Coins, Turkish fast Geschichte Münze (DE-588)4040629-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Coins, Turkish / Moldavia / History Coins, Turkish / Romania / History Coins, Turkish Geschichte Münze Europe / Moldavia Romania Europa Rumänien Osmanisches Reich Moldau Fürstentum |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027962289&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027962289&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013945570 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT boldureanuana monedaotomanainmoldovainperioada15121603 |