Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918):
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Arad
Ed. Gutenberg Univers
2012
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: School and society in Arad county (1867-1918) |
| Beschreibung: | 544, CXXVII S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786068204956 |
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School and Society in Arad county
(1867-1918)
Summary
The scholastic institutions have represented not only an identity symbol
but also a national one for the communities from Arad. In fact, they were keepers
of the language, tradition and culture of the ethnic-confessional groups. Looked
at from different perspectives, the schools of the dualist period have overcome
the barriers set at the legislative level, getting involved in the economic, social,
cultural and political life. The two aspects allowed us to divide this volume in
two parts. The first part deals with aspects related to the genesis, tradition,
organization, evolution and contents of the training -teaching process, while the
second one deals with their engagement in society.
Parti
Preliminaries
By observing the rules of the Ph.D. theses, we reviewed the
historiographical considerations which include the volumes, studies and articles
published from 1867 to 1918 as well as those published in the inter-war,
communist and post-communist period. Each of them was tributary to the
moment of their publishing. After 1989, under the influence of the new European
research methods, but also under the influence of the trans-disciplinary
approaches, the present day historians and researchers have re-dimensioned the
importance of the scholastic institution, highlighting not only its training role but
also less explored aspects. Tire modem scholastic world, analyzed based on the
primary or published sources and completed with the contemporary ones,
underlines not only the status of the teaching staff but also the involvement of the
teachers in society. The field investigation was added to the rich and unedited
sources and to the published ones. They have all contributed to the growth of this
volume, nevertheless without claiming to be an exhaustive approach.
The ethnic-confessional structure of the population
from Arad county (1867-1918).
Implications over the education system
The teaching institutions had their origin amidst the communities that
built and made them functional. That is why the features of the training-teaching
process were given by the ethic-confessional specificity of each establishment.
Starting from this argument we insisted over the analysis of the ethnic-
confessional structure of the population in the geographic area under
observation. The approach was necessary to further identify the diversity of the
school network in a multiethnic and multiconfessional space such as Arad. The
assertion is proved by the erection of the two identity symbols: the church and
the school. To the end of the XIXth century there were communal and state
schools, sponsored by the commune or supported by the state. This approach
521
allowed us to certify the relations established between the ethnic-confessional
structure of the population and the school-church-state.
Tradition of education.
Historical landmarks
Before entering the complex problem of the education from the period of
the Austrian-Hungarian dualism, we have recovered the history of some
education centres, which functioned in the XVIIth-XVIIIth centuries near
monasteries and churches and then in education institutions, whose tradition is
found in time.
Education law at the time of the Austrian-Hungarian dualism
From 1867 to 1918, the whole education system in Hungary was
coordinated by the Hungarian Royal Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction.
Depending on the legislative acts issued by the state authority, each
administrative-territorial unit organized its institutional-educational structures.
The legislative acts marked the evolution and modernization of the education.
Since the law XXXVIII from 1868 and up to the First World War, it has suffered
numerous amendments, in the name of "cultural policy", consistently followed
by the political groups. On behalf of this reason, the confessional or communal
schools were often systematically in the situation of asking for state assistance,
which led, in time, to their dissolution.
Organization and evolution of the education system
In front of these challenges, the school authorities, confessional-orthodox
and Romanian Greek - Catholic, Orthodox-Serbian, Roman-Catholic, reformed,
evangelized, Jewish-communal from the county of Arad have carried on a
sustained activity in providing for a good functioning of the education network.
The hierarchic system of organization, the tasks and interrelations represent an
important component of the organization of the educational system in the county
of Arad.
The whole school network was reconstructed by analysing and
interpreting the statistic data, elaborated by the Hungarian authorities. The old
Hungarian monographs were useful for going thoroughly into the theme but the
recently published studies were useful as well. Also, without claiming for an
exhaustive approach, we inserted some historical landmarks, that should place
some education institutions in time and space.
Progress of the training-teaching process
The school authorities contributed to secure an organizational
framework, being preoccupied with setting up new facilities, refurbishing or
extending the old ones, securing the means of teaching, enriching the school
funds, the libraries or the museums. The new pedagogic methods were
assimilated, demonstrated and applied by teachers within the teachers'
conferences or periodical meetings. Their whole activity was repaid by
522
remuneration in cash and/or in kind. Upon seniority, they benefited from a
pension and their descendants as well.
Contents of the training-teaching process
Within their activity, the teaching staff had as support the teaching
planning elaborated by the school authorities, handbooks and school books. The
detailed presentation of the teaching planning had as purpose to grasp the
diversity of the educational offer. It adjusted to the specificity of each type of
education and it had as aim to endow the young generation with abilities and
knowledge which should meet the requirements of the labour market. The
organization of the training-teaching activity was based on the legislation of that
time, on the numerous norms, instructions and regulations issued by the school
authorities. They all had the role to secure the order and discipline, to increase the
school attendance and the training standards, evaluated at the end of each school
cycle. All the stock of knowledge acquired by the students was subject to annual
examination.
In time, the performance criteria of the training-teaching system could be
evaluated through the policies and measures of reducing the illiteracy and
increasing the number of the trained population.
Part II
School and Society.
The involvement of the school from Arad into the life of the local
communities
The second part of the paper deals with the social, economic, cultural,
political and mental aspects. The socio-professional status of the teachers,
established in the contents of the different norms, was to be found in the
mentality cultivated within the communities along time. It can be analysed in the
light of the relations established between the teacher and the priest, the school
community, the rural, urban and state community as well. The attitudes of the
rural world, predominant in the county of Arad, could be grasped in the articles
published in the newspapers of that time, in the official reports, in the protocols
of the school Senate's meetings or in the archive of some parishes and schools.
The social rural polarity - priest-teacher and villagers - was generally
converging to cooperation while germinating energies. The whole atmosphere
kept up by the existential everyday life, by the seeming motionlessness of the life
of the Romanian villages, was submitted to inherent changes. Looking at the two
decisional factors of the rural world, we may remake découpages of social
history. The cultural and spiritual life of the modern era was shaped around the
church and school. As described by the newspapers of that time, the socio-
professional status of the teacher, beyond elitism, has portrayed the faith of a
large majority of Romanians. By means of writings, periodicals, magazines or
even books, a verbal imagery was produced, which entertained the atmosphere of
permanent searches for some solutions of cultural growth. The orchestrated
efforts to expand the school network, the decrease of illiteracy, the improvement
523
of the socio-professional status of the teachers, their permanent training and the
desire to defend the national ideals were undisputed in the period 1867-1918.
The diversity of the themes of the people's discourses, of the teaching
staff's dissertations and of the numerous articles inserted in the pages of the
periodicals Biserica şi Şcoala (Church and school), Reuniunea învăţătorilor români
(Reunion of the Romanian teachers), Tribuna Poporului (The People's Tribune), Tribuna
(The tribune), Românul (The Romanian), etc. were undisputable proofs of the
teachers' involvement in the society. They contributed to the consolidation and
innovation of the economic and financial activities, being also preoccupied to
maintain the morality, spirituality and civic life of the communities.
The whole local society was involved in the activities of support of the
school institutions. The pupils were encouraged to attend the classes, they were
exempt from tuition fees and accommodated in school boarding houses. They
were offered education by participation to feasts, choir activities, exhibitions,
acting within reading societies set up in schools. The cultural emergence from the
end of the XIXth century and the beginning of the following one was due to the
economic prosperity of the area and to the involvement of the people by
donations for the school community.
The teaching staff from Arad, made up of visionary spirits, with a special
training, by its vocation made up the liaison to the social-mental of the modern
rural world. They have selected a set of values to be promoted and sustained.
The teachers were present in the turmoil of the events taking place in the
period 1867-1918. As an ethnic entity in the structures of the two-headed
monarchy, the Romanians asserted their political-national desiderata. From the
school feasts to the traditional ones and up to the actual engagement in the
political actions, they have always kept alive the hope to validate the national-
political aspirations.
After the Unification act from 1918, many of them were part of the
leading structures of the reunified country. Alongside the endeavor of the
authorities, their effort was focused on creating a new legislative framework.
Some of the schools that functioned in the period of the Austrian-Hungarian
dualism ceased their activity, their buildings being nationalized; others continued
to promote education.
The volume, interspersed with imagery, which serves as support to the
writing, ends with the rich materials making up the enclosures.
The spatial-temporal „borders" between the counties have individualized
the School and the Society in the period under study. The understanding of the
complex problem from this multiethnic and multiconfessional space compelled us
to make appeal to a variety of documentary sources, mentioned in the
Bibliography. Most of them are those found at the Arad County Service of
National Archives, the Roman-Catholic Diocese from Timişoara, in the archives of ·*
the parishes and schools from Arad. The new sources, the documents, the
periodicals and statistics of the dualist era as well as the volumes and
contemporary studies helped us to reconstruct the education system and the
social and mental life of the school.
524
Cuprins
Cuvânt înainte
Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Munteanu /9
Preliminarii
1. Introducere / 13
2. Consideraţii istoriografice / 16
Partea I
Capitolul I
Structura etno-confesională a populaţiei comitatului Arad (1867-1918)
Implicaţii asupra sistemului de învăţământ /31
A. Definirea istorico-geografică a comitatului Arad / 32
B. Structuri etnice
1. Structura etnică generală a populaţiei / 36
2. Identităţi etnice în subunităţile teritorial-administrative / 39
C. Structuri confesionale
1. Structura confesională generală a populaţiei / 52
2. Identităţi confesionale în subunităţile
teritorial-administrative / 57
D. Implicaţiile compoziţiei etno-confesionale a populaţiei asupra
sistemului de învăţământ / 60
Capitolul II
Tradiţia învăţământului. Repere istorice / 63
Capitolul III
Legislaţia şcolară în perioada dualismului austro-ungar
A. Principalele legi şcolare / 79
B. Legislaţia şcolară în dezbaterile românilor arădeni / 98
Capitolul IV
Organizarea şi evoluţia sistemului de învăţământ
A. Autorităţile şcolare. Atribuţii
1. Autorităţi şcolare confesionale / 103
2. Autorităţile şcolare de stat şi comunale/117
B. Reţeaua unităţilor de învăţământ
1. Consideraţii generale / 125
2. Evoluţia istorică a reţelei şcolare /131
5
Capitolul V
Desfăşurarea procesului instructiv-educativ
A. Baza materială. Mijloacele de învăţământ/ 175
B. Structura anului şcolar / 201
C. Cadrele didactice din instituţiile de învăţământ arădean / 203
D. Perfecţionarea corpului didactic
1. Consideraţii generale /212
2. Conferinţele învăţătorilor / 214
3. Reuniunile dascălilor/ 216
E. Salarizarea cadrelor didactice / 230
F. Pensionarea învăţătorilor şi profesorilor / 239
Capitolul VI
Conţinutul procesului instructiv-educativ
A. Planurile de învăţământ / 249
B. Manualele şcolare / 276
C. Organizarea activităţii instructiv-educative
1. înscrierile şi repartiţia elevilor / 286
2. Disciplina şcolară /288
3. Frecvenţa elevilor/290
4. Examenele în unităţile de învăţământ / 313
D. Progresul ştiinţei de carte în comitatul şi oraşul Arad. 1867-1918 / 332
Ilustraţii /347
Partea II
Capitolul VII
Şcoală şi Societate.
Implicarea şcolii arădene în viaţa comunităţilor locale / 357
A. Statutul socio-profesional al învăţătorului
1. Consideraţii generale / 358
2. Raporturi socio-profesionale / 364
B. Implicarea dascălilor în societate
1. Dascălii în viaţa financiară şi economică / 374
2. Combaterea unor vicii ale societăţii modeme / 383
3. Dascălul şi igiena publică / 394
4. Atitudini ale dascălilor faţă de încălcarea prescripţiilor
morale şi ecleziastice / 399
C. Cadrele didactice şi mişcarea culturală
1. Implicarea în organizarea corurilor / 410
2. Contribuţii la valorificarea tradiţiilor populare / 419
3. Serbările şcolare şi populare / 422
6
4. Contribuţii la organizarea şi funcţionarea bibliotecilor / 426
5. Activitatea cadrelor didactice în cadrul reuniunilor,
asociaţiilor, societăţilor culturale / 432
6. Fundaţii şcolare şi particulare / 449
7. Donaţii şi donatori / 465
D. Instituţia şcolară şi mişcarea naţional-politică
românească din comitatul Arad
1. Implicarea dascălilor în susţinerea activităţii politice / 467
2. Cadre didactice angajate în campaniile electorale / 474
3. Dezbaterile congregaţionale.
Activitatea dascălilor şi a fruntaşilor politici români / 480
4. Aderarea învăţătorilor la campaniile
electorale parlamentare / 485
5. Instituţia şcolară în anii Primului Război Mondial / 498
6. Participarea cadrelor didactice la pregătirea
Marii Uniri din 1918 / 505
Concluzii / 519
School and Society in Arad county (1867-1918). Summary / 521
Bibliografie / 525
Anexe. Situaţii statistice. Tabele
O desfacere din istoria şcolii arădene. Album fotografic
7 |
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| geographic | Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 19th century Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 20th century Romania / Arad (Județ) fast Rumänien Arad Rumänien (DE-588)4079813-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 19th century Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 20th century Romania / Arad (Județ) Rumänien Arad Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV042510104 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-11T20:01:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068204956 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027944637 |
| oclc_num | 908207274 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M496 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M496 |
| physical | 544, CXXVII S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Ed. Gutenberg Univers |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Oarcea, Felicia Aneta 1980- Verfasser (DE-588)107634237X aut Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) Felicia Aneta Oarcea Arad Ed. Gutenberg Univers 2012 544, CXXVII S., [8] Bl. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: School and society in Arad county (1867-1918) Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Sozialgeschichte 1867-1918 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1867-1918 gnd rswk-swf Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 19th century Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 20th century Education fast Social history fast Erziehung Geschichte Sozialgeschichte Erziehung (DE-588)4015482-8 gnd rswk-swf Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd rswk-swf Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd rswk-swf Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 19th century Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 20th century Romania / Arad (Județ) fast Rumänien Arad Rumänien (DE-588)4079813-6 gnd rswk-swf Arad Rumänien (DE-588)4079813-6 g Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 s Geschichte 1867-1918 z DE-604 Erziehung (DE-588)4015482-8 s Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 s Sozialgeschichte 1867-1918 z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027944637&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027944637&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Oarcea, Felicia Aneta 1980- Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 19th century Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 20th century Education fast Social history fast Erziehung Geschichte Sozialgeschichte Erziehung (DE-588)4015482-8 gnd Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015482-8 (DE-588)4127794-6 (DE-588)4053474-1 (DE-588)4079813-6 |
| title | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) |
| title_auth | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) |
| title_exact_search | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) |
| title_full | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) Felicia Aneta Oarcea |
| title_fullStr | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) Felicia Aneta Oarcea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) Felicia Aneta Oarcea |
| title_short | Şcoala şi societatea în comitatul Arad (1867 - 1918) |
| title_sort | scoala si societatea in comitatul arad 1867 1918 |
| topic | Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 19th century Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 20th century Education fast Social history fast Erziehung Geschichte Sozialgeschichte Erziehung (DE-588)4015482-8 gnd Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Schule (DE-588)4053474-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 19th century Education / Romania / Arad (Județ) / History / 20th century Education Social history Erziehung Geschichte Sozialgeschichte Heimatkunde Schule Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 19th century Arad (Romania : Județ) / Social conditions / 20th century Romania / Arad (Județ) Rumänien Arad Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027944637&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027944637&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oarceafeliciaaneta scoalasisocietateaincomitatularad18671918 |