Holdings: Green Information Technology

Green Information Technology: A Sustainable Approach

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Dastbaz, Mohammad (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Morgan Kaufmann 2015
Series:	Ill.
Subjects:	Green-IT
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	348 S. XXV, 321 S.
ISBN:	9780128013793

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MARC


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adam_text	Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................xiii Preface ............................................................................................................xv About the Editors ...........................................................................................xvii Contributor Biographies ....................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ............................................................................................xxv SECTION I GREEN IT: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND CHALLENGES Chapter 1: Green ICT: History, Agenda, and Challenges Ahead. .............................3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................3 The Second Industrial Revolution — The Emergence of Information and Communication Technologies ......................................................................................4 The Integrated Circuit (1С) Revolution .....................................................................4 New Age of Computer Technology ...........................................................................5 Global Mobile Computing and Its Environmental Impact ........................................6 The Agenda and Challenges Ahead .............................................................................7 References .....................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2: Emerging Technologies and Their Environmental Impact ......................11 Introduction .................................................................................................................11 Number of Connected Devices ..................................................................................13 Increased Functionality ...............................................................................................15 Increased Number of Separate Functions ..................................................................16 Increased Demand for Speed and Reliability ............................................................17 Obsolescence—The Problem of Backward Compatibility ........................................18 The Other Side of the Balance Sheet—Positive Environmental Impacts or the Other 90% .........................................................................................................19 Videoconference as an Alternative to Business Travel .............................................20 Dematerialization of Product Chain ...........................................................................20 Travel Advice/Road Traffic Control ..........................................................................21 Intelligent Energy Metering .......................................................................................22 Building Management Systems ..................................................................................23 Contents Saving IT Resources— A Drop in the Ocean? ...........................................................24 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................24 References..! ................................................................................................................25 SECTION II GREEN IT: LAW AND MEASUREMENT Chapter 3: Measurements and Sustainability ......................................................29 Introduction .................................................................................................................29 ICT Technical Measures ............................................................................................32 Introduction ...............................................................................................................32 Service of Data Processing .......................................................................................33 Service of Data Transport ........................................................................................34 Service of Data Storage ............................................................................................34 Multimedia Service ...................................................................................................34 Conclusion ................................................................................................................35 Ecological Measures and Ethical Consideration .......................................................35 Introduction ...............................................................................................................35 ICT Impact on Pollution ...........................................................................................36 Resource Efficiency ..................................................................................................40 Main Green Measures of Performances ...................................................................42 Ethics in ICT ............................................................................................................45 Conclusion ................................................................................................................46 Systems Engineering for Designing Sustainable ICT-Based Architectures ..............47 Introduction ...............................................................................................................47 Stakeholder Requirements Definition ......................................................................47 System Requirements Analysis ................................................................................48 System Requirements Validation and Verification .................................................50 ICT Expertise and Results ........................................................................................50 Traceability Matrix ...................................................................................................52 Ecoefficiency Metrics ...............................................................................................53 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................55 References ...................................................................................................................57 Chapter 4: The Law of Green IT .......................................................................61 General Remarks on Law and the Regulation of Environmental Behavior .............61 Direct and Indirect Governance of Green IT .......................................................61 Norm Addressees and Efficient Regulation .............................................................62 The Mechanisms of EU and National Law — Basics .................................................64 Primary Law: Principles of Supremacy and Market Freedoms ..............................64 Secondary Law: Directives and Regulations and Direct Effect ..............................65 Comitology and Implementing Measures: Delegated Legislation by the Commission ..............................................................................................................66 Sustainability in EU Law ...........................................................................................67 Article 3 TEU: Principle of Sustainable Development and Green IT ....................67 vi Contents Integrated Product Policy (IPP) ...............................................................................68 Birth of a Law for the Conservation of Natural Resources .................................68 Specific European Legal Instruments Relevant to Green Computing and Their Implementation .................................................................................................69 Public Procurement: Environmental Standards as Criteria for Tenders .................70 Ecodesign Directive: Regulation of Manufacturing and Encouraging Green Innovation .................................................................................................................72 Energy Labeling Directive and Voluntary Ecolabeling ..........................................76 Mandatory Indication of Energy Consumption by Retailers ...................................78 Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances and Conservation of Natural Resources ..................................................................................................................79 Recycling and Disposal ............................................................................................80 Conclusions .................................................................................................................80 References ...................................................................................................................81 Chapter 5: Quantitative and Systemic Methods for Modeling Sustainability ...........83 Introduction .................................................................................................................83 Complexity ..................................................................................................................83 Modeling Approaches .................................................................................................84 System Dynamics and Control .................................................................................85 Influence Diagrams and Knowledge Representation ...............................................86 Influence Diagram vs. Decision Tree ......................................................................87 Modeling Approaches and Decision Support Systems ..............................................88 Criticisms ....................................................................................................................89 Conclusions .................................................................................................................90 References ...................................................................................................................90 SECTION III SUSTAINABLE COMPUTING, CLOUD AND BIG DATA Chapter 6: Sustainable Cloud Computing ...........................................................95 Introduction .................................................................................................................95 Challenges in the Use of Cloud Computing As Green Technology .........................98 Cloud Computing and Sustainability .........................................................................99 Sustainable Applications of Cloud Computing ........................................................100 Technologies Associated With Sustainable Cloud Computing ...............................105 Future Prospects of Sustainable Cloud Computing .................................................105 Reflections on Sustainable Cloud Computing Applications ...................................106 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................107 References .................................................................................................................107 Chapter 7: Sustainable Software Design ...........................................................111 Overview and Scope .................................................................................................111 Evaluating Sustainability Effects .............................................................................111 Sustainability and the Product Life Cycle ...............................................................112 vn Contents Direct Effects: Sustainability During Use ................................................................114 Runtime Energy Consumption Basics .....................................................................115 Analyzing the Energy Consumption of an Application ..........................................115 Energy Consumption Reduction Using Physical Properties of Semiconductors.... 117 Optimizing the Energy Consumption of an Application: Compiler Techniques.... 118 Optimizing the Energy Consumption of an Application: Runtime Approaches .... 119 Optimizing the Energy Consumption of an Application: Probabilistic Approaches ..........................................................................................120 Indirect Effects: Sustainability vs. Production ........................................................121 Conclusions and Outlook .........................................................................................124 References .................................................................................................................125 Chapter 8: Achieving the Green Theme Through the Use of Traffic Characteristics in Data Centers .......................................................................129 Introduction ...............................................................................................................129 Green IT and the Cloud ..........................................................................................129 Virtualization Behavior ..........................................................................................131 Chapter Coverage ...................................................................................................132 Rationale ...................................................................................................................132 Relationship Between Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Power ....................132 Network Processes and Power ...............................................................................133 Need for Thermal-Aware Virtualization ................................................................133 Understanding Sustainability on the Cloud .............................................................133 Current State of Affairs ..........................................................................................133 Achieving Sustainability on the Cloud ..................................................................135 Sustainability with VM Management ....................................................................136 Green Cloud as a Network Management Problem ..................................................136 Importance of Virtualization Management ............................................................136 Relationship Between Networking and Power Consumption ...............................137 Need for Traffic Characterization in Virtualized Environments ...........................138 Role of Hypervisors in Traffic Characterization ...................................................139 SNMP for Green Cloud Traffic Characterization ....................................................139 SNMP Operation in Context of Green Clouds ......................................................139 Related Work ..........................................................................................................140 A Model for Network Management for Green Cloud .............................................141 Model Outline .........................................................................................................141 Gathering and Using Statistics ...............................................................................143 Conclusions and Future Work ..................................................................................146 References .................................................................................................................147 SECTION IV FUTURE SOLUTIONS Chapter 9: Energy Harvesting and the Internet of Things .................................../57 Energy Harvesting: Intelligence and Efficiency ......................................................151 The IoT, Hyped and Hidden : A Green Technology ................................ * 154 VIII Contents Conclusions ...............................................................................................................160 Further Reading ........................................................................................................160 Chapter 10: 3D Printing and Sustainable Product Development .........................161 Introduction ...............................................................................................................161 3D Printing Design Pipeline ...................................................................................162 The Underlying Printing Processes ..........................................................................166 Stereolithography Apparatus ..................................................................................166 Selective Laser Sintering ........................................................................................168 Solid Ground Curing ..............................................................................................168 Laminated Object Manufacturing ..........................................................................170 Fused Deposition Modeling ...................................................................................171 InkJet Technology: Powder-Based Printers .............................................................172 Hybrid Systems: Integrating 3D Printing with Subtractive Machining Technology .............................................................................................173 Environmental Considerations .................................................................................175 The Factory 2.0 Philosophy ...................................................................................177 Agile Manufacturing ...............................................................................................178 Recycling ................................................................................................................178 Organic Materials ...................................................................................................179 Factory of the Future: The Next Steps ...................................................................181 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................182 References .................................................................................................................182 SECTION V CASE STUDIES Chapter 11: Automated Demand Response, Smart Grid Technologies, and Sustainable Energy Solutions .....................................................................187 Background ...............................................................................................................188 The Challenge of Maintaining Equilibrium in the UK Electricity System ..........188 The Opportunity .....................................................................................................194 The Solution ...........................................................................................................194 ADR Value Streams ...............................................................................................195 ADR Solution Platform ............................................................................................197 ADR Solution Overview ........................................................................................197 ADR Solution Description .....................................................................................198 Summary of ADR Project Goals and ADR Project Phases ..................................200 Designing Reliable Load-Shed Strategies ..............................................................201 Turnkey implementation ........................................................................................202 Solution Elements ...................................................................................................203 Demand Forecasting ...............................................................................................207 DR Event Optimization ..........................................................................................207 Intuitive Web Interface ...........................................................................................208 Demand Response Automation Server ..................................................................208 DRAS Baselining ....................................................................................................209 ix Contents Case Study 1: Thames Valley Vision Project, United Kingdom (Auto DR Element) ..................................................................................................211 Why is ADR Important? ........................................................................................213 How Does ADR Work? ..........................................................................................215 What are the Benefits? ...........................................................................................216 SSEPD TVV Project SDRC Report .......................................................................216 Early DSR Adopters ...............................................................................................217 Trial of Promotion Success ....................................................................................217 Case Study 2: US Utility-Driven ADR Programs ...................................................219 CenterPoint Energy, Houston, Texas, United States .............................................219 Consolidated Edison, New York, United States ....................................................220 CPS Energy, San Antonio, Texas, United States ..................................................221 Chapter 12: Critical Issues for Data Center Energy Efficiency ............................223 Introduction ...............................................................................................................223 Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................224 Literature Survey ......................................................................................................225 Green 1CT ...............................................................................................................225 Data Centers .............................................................................................................226 Data Center Efficiency ...........................................................................................226 Data Center Efficiency Measurements and Metrics ..............................................229 Methodology .............................................................................................................230 Implementation .......................................................................................................237 Operation of the Experiment ..................................................................................238 Assumptions ............................................................................................................238 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................238 Results .....................................................................................................................238 PUE Analysis ..........................................................................................................238 Effect of Set Point Temperature ............................................................................241 Effect of a Change in the Cooling System ............................................................241 Immediate Impact ...................................................................................................244 Future Impact ..........................................................................................................245 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................246 Implications for the Future .......................................................................................246 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................246 References .................................................................................................................246 Chapter 13: Communitywide Area Network and Mobile ISP. ..............................249 Introduction ...............................................................................................................249 Context of Application ...........................................................................................249 Prototype Mobile Learning Environment ................................................................250 Architecture of Prototype .......................................................................................250 General Requirements ............................................................................................251 Infrastructure ...........................................................................................................253 Hardware Stack .......................................................................................................253 Contents Software Stack........................................................................................................256 Electrical Topology................................................................................................ 257 Prototype ...................................................................................................................260 Prototype Specifications .........................................................................................260 Configuration ..........................................................................................................260 Langdale Pilot Study ................................................................................................262 Requirements ..........................................................................................................262 Core Equipment ......................................................................................................262 Client Equipment ....................................................................................................263 Measuring Cellular Backhaul Signal Strength .......................................................263 Measuring WAN Bandwidth/Latency ....................................................................268 WAN Backhaul Conclusion ...................................................................................270 WLAN Planning .....................................................................................................270 WLAN Propagation Losses ....................................................................................271 Squid Proxy — Control Measures ............................................................................271 Squid Proxy — Policy ..............................................................................................274 Feedback on the Mobile Learning System ..............................................................274 Feedback (by Module Leader) ...............................................................................274 Feedback (Tutors) ...................................................................................................274 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................275 References .................................................................................................................276 Chapter 14: Thin-Client and Energy Efficiency ..................................................279 Introduction ...............................................................................................................279 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................280 Literature Review .....................................................................................................281 Green IT ..................................................................................................................281 Comparison of Thick and Thin Client Power Consumption .................................283 Project Reports on the Performance of Thin-Client Systems ...............................284 Methodology .............................................................................................................285 Overview .................................................................................................................285 Variations of Thick and Thin Clients ....................................................................285 Implementation .......................................................................................................287 Operation of the Experiment ..................................................................................287 Assumptions ............................................................................................................288 Results .......................................................................................................................288 Immediate Impact ...................................................................................................288 Future Impact ..........................................................................................................290 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................291 Recommendations .....................................................................................................291 Implications for the future ........................................................................................291 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................292 Appendix A: User Feedback Comments ..................................................................292 References .................................................................................................................293 XI Contents Chapter 15: Cloud Computing, Sustainability, and Risk .....................................295 Introduction ...............................................................................................................295 Cloud Architecture and Risk Preferences ................................................................297 Green Cloud Computing and Risk Management ..................................................... ЗОЇ Risk Appetite and Tolerance ....................................................................................302 Risk Target and Optimization Model ......................................................................305 Case Study: Petrogas Jahan Co ................................................................................307 Conclusion ................................................................................................................310 References .................................................................................................................310 Index ............................................................................................................313 XII
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