Geographic information science & systems:
Effective use of today's vast geographic information (GI) resources requires more than just powerful technology for problem solving. It requires science to help us understand the way the world works, and to help us devise effective procedures for making decisions. Three previous editions have e...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, New Jersey
Wiley
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 4.edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Effective use of today's vast geographic information (GI) resources requires more than just powerful technology for problem solving. It requires science to help us understand the way the world works, and to help us devise effective procedures for making decisions. Three previous editions have established this text as a defining multidisciplinary treatment of the scientific principles that underpin the use of geographic information technologies for problem solving. This extensively revised and updated edition provides a guide to the enduring scientific principles and information systems that support effective use of today's GI. It also provides a primer on essential methods for analysis of GI, and the ways in which effective management of GI informs policy and action. |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 477 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 274 mm x 222 mm |
| ISBN: | 9781118676950 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Geographic information systems & science |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geographic information science & systems |c Paul A. Longley (University College London, UK), Michael F. Goodchild (University of California, Santa Barbara, UK), David J. Maguire (University of Greenwich, UK), David W. Rhind (City University London, UK) |
| 250 | |a 4.edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, New Jersey |b Wiley |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 477 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 274 mm x 222 mm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Effective use of today's vast geographic information (GI) resources requires more than just powerful technology for problem solving. It requires science to help us understand the way the world works, and to help us devise effective procedures for making decisions. Three previous editions have established this text as a defining multidisciplinary treatment of the scientific principles that underpin the use of geographic information technologies for problem solving. This extensively revised and updated edition provides a guide to the enduring scientific principles and information systems that support effective use of today's GI. It also provides a primer on essential methods for analysis of GI, and the ways in which effective management of GI informs policy and action. | |
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| adam_text |
FOREWORD X
DEDICATION
ХІ
PREFACE
XÍÍ
LIST OF ACRONYMS
XIV
Introduction
Geographic Information: Science,
Systems, and Society
1
1.1
Introduction: What Are Gl Science and Systems,
and Why Do They Matter?
1
The Importance of Location
2
Spatial Is Special
б
Data, Information, Evidence, Knowledge,
and Wisdom
9
Gl Science and Systems
11
The Technology of Problem Solving
14
The Disciplinary Setting of Gl Science and Systems
(GISS)
1 6
The Historical Perspective
18
The Business Perspective
19
The Government Perspective
23
Computer-Science and Information-Science
Perspectives
24
1.5.5.
The Geography Perspective
25
1.5.6
The Societal Perspective
27
1.6
Gl Science and Spatial Thinking
30
1.7
Gl Systems and Science in Society
31
Questions for Further Study
3 2
Further Reading
32
1
Principles
The Nature of Geographic Data
33
2.1
Introduction
33
2.2
The Fundamental Problem
34
2.3
Spatial Autocorrelation and Scale
37
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
2.4
Spatial
Sampling
39
2.5
Sampling and VGI
42
2.6
Distance Decay
43
2.7
Measuring Distance Effects as Spatial
Autocorrelation
48
2.8
Taming Geographic Monsters
51
2.9
Induction and Deduction and How It All
Comes Together
53
Questions for Further Study
54
Further Reading
54
Representing Geography
55
3.1
Introduction
55
3.2
Digital Representation
57
3.3
Representation of What and for
Whom?
58
3.4
The Fundamental Problem
61
3.5
Discrete Objects and Continuous Fields
62
3.5.1
Discrete Objects
62
3.5.2
Continuous Fields
64
3.6
Rasters and Vectors
66
3.6.1
Raster Data
67
3.6.2
Vector Data
68
3.6.3
Representing Continuous Fields
68
3.7
The Paper Map
69
3.8
Generalization
71
3.8.1
Generalization about Places
71
3.8.2
Generalization about Properties
74
3.9
Conclusion
76
Questions for Further Study
76
Further Reading
76
Georeferencing
77
4.1
Introduction
77
4.2
Place-Names and Points of Interest
80
4.3
Postal Addresses and Postal Codes
82
4.4
IP Addresses
84
4.5
Linear Referencing Systems
84
4.6
Cadasters and the U.S. Public Land Survey
System
85
4.7
Measuring the Earth: Latitude and Longitude
86
4.8
Projections and Coordinates
88
4.8.1
The Plate
Carrée
or Cylindrical Equidistant
Projection
91
4.8.2
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Projection
92
4.8.3
WebMercator
93
4.8.4
State Plane Coordinates and Other Local
Systems
94
4.9
Measuring Latitude, Longitude, and Elevation:
GPS
94
4.10
Converting Georeferences
95
4.11
Geotagging and Mashups
96
4.12
Georegistration
96
4.13
Summary
98
Questions for Further Study
98
Further Reading
98
0
Uncertainty 99_
5.1
Introduction
99
5.2
U1
:
Uncertainty in the Conception of Geographic
Phenomena
101
5.2.1
Conceptions of Place: Units of Analysis
101
5.2.2
Conceptions of Attributes: Vagueness and
Ambiguity
104
5.2.3
Fuzzy Approaches to Attribute Classification
108
5.3
U2: Further Uncertainty in the Representation of
Geographic Phenomena
111
5.3.1
Representation of Place/Location
111
5.3.2
Statistical Models of Uncertainty in Attribute
Measures
112
5.3.3
Statistical Models of Uncertainty in Location
Measures
117
5.4
U3: Further Uncertainty in the Analysis of
Geographic Phenomena
117
5.4.1
Internal and External Validation through Spatial
Analysis
117
5.4.2
Validation through Autocorrelation: The Spatial
Structure of Errors
118
5.4.3
Validation through Investigating the Effects of
Aggregation and Scale
122
5.4.4
Validation with Reference to External Sources: Data
Integration and Shared Lineage
123
5.4.5
Internal and External Validation; Induction and
Deduction
124
5.5
Consolidation
126
Questions for Further Study
12 7
Further Reading
127
2
Techniques
Gl System Software
128
6.1
Introduction
128
6.2
The Evolution of Gl System Software
129
6.3
Architecture of Gl System Software
131
6.3.1
Project, Departmental, and Enterprise
Gl Systems
131
6.3.2
The Three-Tier Architecture
131
6.3.3
Software Data Models and Customization
133
6.3.4
Gl Systems on the Desktop, on the Web, and in
the Cloud
134
6.4
Building Gl Software Systems
136
6.5
Gl Software Vendors
137
6.5.1
Autodesk
137
6.5.2
Bentley
137
6.5.3
Esri
138
6.5.4
Intergraph
139
6.6
Types of Gl Systems
140
6.6.1
Desktop Systems
140
6.6.2
Web Mapping Systems
142
6.6.3
Server Gl Systems
142
6.6.4
Virtual Globes
146
6.6.5
Developer Gl Systems
147
6.6.6
Mobile Gl Systems
148
6.6.7
Other types of
G
I Software
149
6.7
Conclusion
150
Questions for Further Study
151
Further Reading
1 51
Geographic Data Modeling
152
7.1
Introduction
152
7.1.1
Data Model Overview
152
7.1.2
Levels of Data Model Abstraction
153
7.2
Gl Data Models
1 54
7.2.1
CAD, Graphical, and Image Data Models
1 55
7.2.2
Raster Data Model
155
7.2.3
Vector Data Model
157
7.2.4
Object Data Model
164
7.3
Example of a Water-Facility Object Data Model
168
7.4
Geographic Data Modeling in Practice
170
: -: · .■:.-.
j
Questions
for Further Study
172
Further Reading
172
Data Collection
173
TheGeoWeb
217
8.1
8.1.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.4
Introduction
173
Data Collection
Workflow 1 75
Primary
Geographie Data
Capture
175
Raster Data
Capture
175
Vector Data
Capture
179
Secondary Geographic Data
Capture
181
Raster Data
Capture
Using
Scanners
181
Vector Data
Capture
183
Obtaining Data from External
Sources (Data
Transfer)
187
8.4.1
Geographic Data
Formats
189
8.5
Capturing Attribute
Data
190
8 6
Citizen-Centric Web-Based Data
Collection
190
8.7
Managing a Data Collection Project
191
Questions
for Further Study
193
Further Reading
193
Creating and Maintaining
Geographic Databases
194
9.1
Introduction
194
9.2
Database Management Systems
195
9.2.1
Types of DBMSs
196
9.2.2
Geographic DBMS Extensions
197
9.3
Storing Data in DBMS Tables
198
9.4
SQL
201
9.5
Geographic Database Types and
Functions
202
9.6
Geographic Database Design
205
9.6.1
The Database Design Process
205
9.7
Structuring Geographic Information
206
9.7.1
Topology Creation
206
9.7.2
Indexing
208
9.8
Editing and Data Maintenance
212
9.9
Multiuser Editing of Continuous
Databases
213
9.9.1
Transactions
213
9.9.2
Versioning
213
9-Ю
Conclusion
214
Questions for Further Study
21
б
Further Reading
216
10.1
Introduction
217
10.2
Distributing the Data
222
10.2.1
Object-Level Metadata
223
10.2.2
Geolibraries and
Geoportals
225
10.3
The Mobile User
227
10.3.1
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
228
10.3.2
Location-Based Services
230
10.3.3
Issues in Mobile
GIS
232
10.4
Distributing the Software:
G
I Services
233
10.4.1
Service-Oriented Architecture
234
10.5
Prospects
235
Questions for Further Study
236
Further Reading
236
3
Analysis
Φ
Cartography and Map Production
237
11.1
Introduction
237
11.2
Maps and Cartography
241
11.2.1
Maps and Media
245
11.3
Principles of Map Design
246
11.3.1
Map Composition
247
11.3.2
Map Symbolization
248
11.4
Map Series
257
11.5
Applications
261
11.6
Conclusion
265
Questions for Further Study
265
Further Reading
265
Geovisualization
266
12.1
Introduction: Uses, Users, Messages,
and Media
266
12.2
Geovisualization, Spatial Query, and User
Interaction
268
12.2.1
Overview
268
12.2.2
Spatial Query Online and the Geoweb
271
12.3
Geovisualization and Transformation
274
12.3.1
Overview
274
12.3.2
Cartograms
276
12.3.3
Remodeling Spatial Distributions as Dasymetric
Maps
278
12.4
Participation, Interaction, Augmentation, and
Dynamic Representation
280
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12.4.1
Public
Participation
and Participatory Gl Systems
(PPGIS)
280
12.4.2
User Interaction and Representation in 2.5-D
and
3-D 282
12.4.3
Handheld Computing and Augmented
Reality
284
12.4.4
Visualizing Geotemporal Dynamics
285
12.5
Consolidation
288
Questions for Further Study
2 89
Further Reading
289
φ
Spatial Data Analysis
290 _
13.1
Introduction: What Is Spatial Analysis?
290
13.1.1
Examples
292
13.2
Analysis Based on Location
295
13.2.1
Analysis of Attribute Tables
296
13.2.2
Spatial Joins
299
13.2.3
The Point-in-Polygon Operation
300
13.2.4
Polygon Overlay
301
13.2.5
Raster Analysis
303
13.3
Analysis Based on Distance
304
13.3.1
Measuring Distance and Length
304
13.3.2
Buffering
306
13.3.3
Cluster Detection
308
13.3.4
Dependence at a Distance
309
13.3.5
Density Estimation
310
13.3.6
Spatial Interpolation
313
13.4
Conclusion
317
Questions for Further Study
318
Further Reading
318
φ
Spatial Analysis and Inference
319
14.1
The Purpose of Area-Based Analyses
319
14.1.1
Measurement of Area
319
14.1.2
Measurement of Shape
320
14.2
Centrality
321
14.2.1
Centers
322
14.2.2
Dispersion
324
14.3
Analysis of Surfaces
324
14.3.1
Slope and Aspect
324
14.3.2
Modeling Travel on a Surface
326
14.3.3
Computing Watersheds and Channels
327
14.3.4
Computing Visibility
328
14.4
Design
329
14.4.1
Point Location
330
14.4.2
Routing Problems
332
14.5
Hypothesis Testing
334
14.5.1
Hypothesis Tests on Geographic Data
335
14.6
Conclusion
337
Questions for Further Study
Further Reading
338
338
φ
Spatial Modeling with Gl Systems
339
15.1
Introduction
339
15.1.1
Why Model?
341
15.1.2
To Analyze or to Model?
342
15.2
Types of Models
343
15.2.1
Static Models and Indicators
343
15.2.2
Individual and Aggregate Models
343
15.2.3
Cellular Models
347
15.2.4
Cartographic Modeling and Map Algebra
349
15.3
Technology for Modeling
351
15.3.1
Operationalizing Models in Gl Systems
351
15.3.2
Model Coupling
351
15.3.3
Cataloging and Sharing Models
352
15.4
Multicriteria Methods
352
15.5
Accuracy and Validity: Testing the
Model
354
15.6
Conclusion
356
Questions for Further Study
3 57
Further Reading
357
4
Policy, Management,
and Action
φ
Managing Gl Systems
358
16.1
Introduction
359
16.2
Managing Risk
359
16.3
The Case for the Gl System:
ROI
360
16.4
The Process of Developing a Sustainable
Gl System
366
16.4.1
Choosing a Gl System: The Classical Acquisition
Model
368
16.4.2
Implementing a Gl System
373
16.4.3
Managing a Sustainable, Operational
Gl System
375
16.5
Sustaining a Gl System—The People and Their
Competences
378
16.5.1
Gl System Staff and the Teams Involved
378
16.5.2
Project Managers
379
16.5.3
Coping with Uncertainty
379
16.6
Conclusions
380
Questions for Further Study
380
Further Reading
380
Information
and Decision
jvlaking
381_
17.1
WhyWe Need Information
381
17.1.1
Trade-Offs, Uncertainty, and Risk
383
17.1.2
Organizational Drivers
383
17.2
Information as Infrastructure
386
17.2.1
Information for Management
387
17.3
Different Forms of
G
I
391
17.3.1
Gl about Individuals
394
17.3.2
More Novel Forms of Gl
402
17.3.3
The Changing World of Gl
402
17.4
Open Data and Open Government
404
17.4.1
The Metadata Issue
405
17.5
Example of an Information Infrastructure:
The Military
406
17.5.1
Technological Change and the Military
406
17.5.2
The Military Information Infrastructure
407
17.5.3
Civilian Spin-Offs
408
17.6
Conclusions
409
Questions for Further Study
410
Further Reading
410
Navigating the Risks
411
18.1
Clashes Between Scientists and the
Judiciary
412
18.2
Business Models for Gl-Related Enterprises
412
18.3
Legal and Regulatory Constraints
414
18.3.1
Geography and the Law
414
18.3.2
Three Aspects of the Law and Gl
415
18.4
Privacy and Gl Systems
421
18.4.1
Preserving Privacy without Losing the Use of
Personal Information
422
18.5
Public Trust, Ethics, and Coping with the Media
424
18.5.1
Public Trust
424
18.5.2
Ethics
425
18.5.3
Coping with the Media
426
18.6
Partnerships, Up-Scaling Activities, and
Risk Mitigation
426
18.6.1
Spatial Data Infrastructures: The U.S.
Experience
427
18.6.2
INSPIRE
429
18.6.3
UN
Initiativeon
Global Geospatial Information
Management
430
18.6.4
Have SDIs Worked?
430
18.7
Coping with Spatial Stupidity
432
18.8
Conclusions
433
Questions for Further Study
Further Reading
434
434
Epilog: GISS in
the Service
of Humanity
435
19.1
GISS, the Active Citizen, and Citizen Scientists
435
19.1.1
Who Can Help?
436
19.1.2
Areas Where GISS Contributes
437
19.2
Context: Our Differentiated World
437
19.3
Context: Our Interdependent World
440
19.4
The Process
441
19.4.1
Stage
1 :
Defining and Describing the Issue
442
19.4.2
Stage
2:
Analyzing and Modeling Spatial
Interrelationships
442
19.4.3
Stage
3:
Devising Possible Solutions
442
19.4.4
Communicating Results and Possible Solutions to
Decision Makers
443
19.4.5
Stage
5:
Reflect, Learn, and Educate
443
19.5
The Grand Challenges
443
19.6
Grand Challenges Whose Effects We Can Help to
Ameliorate
445
19.6.1
Population Growth
445
19.6.2
Poverty and Hunger
446
19.6.3
Human Health
448
19.6.4
Access to Food, Potable Water, and Boundary
Disputes
452
19.6.5
Coping with Natural Disasters
453
19.6.6
Coping with Terrorism, Crime, and Warfare
456
19.6.7
Environmental Sustainability
456
19.7
Conclusions
459
Questions For Further Study
460
Further Reading
460
INDEX
461
Supplementary
Materiais
Available Online
φ
SM
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials
1
Powerpoint Slides
Instructor Manual
'.■■'. ' '. ' ''.-■ |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Longley, Paul A. 1969- Goodchild, Michael F. 1944- Maguire, David J. 1958- Rhind, David W. 1943- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121630358 (DE-588)171280342 (DE-588)136025773 (DE-588)1089254245 |
| author_facet | Longley, Paul A. 1969- Goodchild, Michael F. 1944- Maguire, David J. 1958- Rhind, David W. 1943- |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Longley, Paul A. 1969- |
| author_variant | p a l pa pal m f g mf mfg d j m dj djm d w r dw dwr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042486843 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10104 RB 10208 RB 10239 |
| classification_tum | GEO 007 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910292821 (DE-599)DNB1067664890 |
| dewey-full | 550 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 550 - Earth sciences |
| dewey-raw | 550 |
| dewey-search | 550 |
| dewey-sort | 3550 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geowissenschaften Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 4.edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV042486843 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-05T08:45:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781118676950 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027921702 |
| oclc_num | 910292821 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-703 DE-M347 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-824 DE-11 DE-20 DE-83 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-523 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-703 DE-M347 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-824 DE-11 DE-20 DE-83 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-523 |
| physical | XVI, 477 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 274 mm x 222 mm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Longley, Paul A. 1969- Goodchild, Michael F. 1944- Maguire, David J. 1958- Rhind, David W. 1943- Geographic information science & systems Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4261642-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Geographic information science & systems |
| title_alt | Geographic information systems & science |
| title_auth | Geographic information science & systems |
| title_exact_search | Geographic information science & systems |
| title_full | Geographic information science & systems Paul A. Longley (University College London, UK), Michael F. Goodchild (University of California, Santa Barbara, UK), David J. Maguire (University of Greenwich, UK), David W. Rhind (City University London, UK) |
| title_fullStr | Geographic information science & systems Paul A. Longley (University College London, UK), Michael F. Goodchild (University of California, Santa Barbara, UK), David J. Maguire (University of Greenwich, UK), David W. Rhind (City University London, UK) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geographic information science & systems Paul A. Longley (University College London, UK), Michael F. Goodchild (University of California, Santa Barbara, UK), David J. Maguire (University of Greenwich, UK), David W. Rhind (City University London, UK) |
| title_short | Geographic information science & systems |
| title_sort | geographic information science systems |
| topic | Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geoinformationssystem Lehrbuch |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=5164575&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027921702&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT longleypaula geographicinformationsystemsscience AT goodchildmichaelf geographicinformationsystemsscience AT maguiredavidj geographicinformationsystemsscience AT rhinddavidw geographicinformationsystemsscience AT longleypaula geographicinformationsciencesystems AT goodchildmichaelf geographicinformationsciencesystems AT maguiredavidj geographicinformationsciencesystems AT rhinddavidw geographicinformationsciencesystems |
Beschreibung
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| Signatur: |
1000 RB 10104 L856(4) |
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| Exemplar 1 | ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |