Verfügbarkeit: Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba

Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Andreev, Vasil Metodiev 1937- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Bulgarian
Veröffentlicht:	Sofija Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" 2014
Ausgabe:	1. izd.
Schlagworte:	Geschichte Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde Wetterdienst Bulgarien
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	PST: History of Bulgarian meteorological and hydrometeorological service. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	377 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9789543227143

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1806960974983331840
adam_text	СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ . 5 УВОД . 7 Първа глава ЗА НАЧАЛОТО НА МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯТА КАТО НАУКА И ПРАКТИКА. МЕЖДУНАРОДНОТО СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВО - НЕОБХОДИМО УСЛОВИЕ ЗА ПРОГРЕС . 9 1.1. Начало на интензивно международно сътрудничество. Създаване на Междуна¬ родна метеорологична организация (ММО) . 9 1.2. Създаване на Световната метеорологична организация (СМО) . 10 1.3. Световната метеорологична организация провежда дейността си чрез прилож¬ ни и изследователски програми . 11 1.3.1. „Световна служба за времето" (World Weather Watch - WWW) - най-важната програма от създаването на ММО и СМО . 11 Втора глава РАЗПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ НА ЗНАНИЯ И ПЪРВИТЕ БЪЛГАРСКИ НАУЧНИ ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ ПО ФИЗИКА НА АТМОСФЕРАТА И МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯТА 12 2.1. Йоан Екзарх Български - пръв разпространител и творец на знания по фи¬ зика . 12 2.2. Българското Възраждане закъснява с векове спрямо Ренесанса в Западна Европа (XV - XVI в.) . 13 2.3. Д-р Петър Берон - разпространител и източник на знания за природата . 14 2.4. Дисертацията на д-р Димитър Мутев „За психрометрията", защитена през 1842 г., е първата българска дисертация по физика . 17 Трета глава НАЧАЛО НА ОРГАНИЗИРАНА ДЕЙНОСТ ПО МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯ И ПО ФИЗИКА НА АТМОСФЕРАТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ . 25 3.1. Съществени събития, показателни за началото на организирана дейност по метеорология в България . 25 3.2. Начало на метеорологичните наблюдения в България . 26 367 3.2.1. Дневникът на Неофит Рилски - първият писмен паметник в България за ха¬ рактера на времето . 26 3.2.2.Първи инструментални метеорологични наблюдения в България - 1850 г. . 27 3.2.3. Първата българска метеорологична станция - София, 1 .02.1887 г. . 28 3.3. Метеорологичната служба на България се създава в периода 1887 - 1894 г. За начало на тази служба може да се приеме 1890 г. . 29 Четвърта глава ГЛАВНИ ЕТАПИ В РАЗВИТИЕТО НА МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНАТА И ХИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНАТА СЛУЖБА (МС/ХМС) НА БЪЛГАРИЯ. . 31 4.1. Първият етап започва с откриването на първата българска станция в София на 1.02.1887 и със създаване на ръководни органи - Централна метеорологична стан¬ ция (1890 г.) и Дирекция на метеорологията (1894 г.) . 31 4.2. Вторият етап започва от 1934 г. с преименуването на Дирекция на метеорологи¬ ята в Централен метеорологичен (и сеизмологичен) институт (ЦМИ) . 32 4.3. Третият етап започва с Постановление на Министерския съвет - ПМС № 2185/27.07.1950 за създаване на обединена Хидрометеорологична служба (ХМС) към Министерския съвет. . 34 4.4. Четвъртият етап стартира с ПМС №15/2.11.1989 за закриване на ГУХМ и ИХМ и образуване на обединен Институт по метеорология и хидрология - ИМХ и НИМХ . 35 Пета глава ОБЩА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА ПЪРВИТЕ ДВА ЕТАПА ОТ ИСТОРИЯТА НА МС/ХМС - ЦМС/ДИРЕКЦИЯ НА МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯТА (1890 - 1934) И ЦЕНТРАЛЕН МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕН (И СЕИЗМОЛОГИЧЕН) ИНСТИТУТ (1934 - 1950). 37 5.1. Персонал на Дирекцията на метеорологията . 37 5.2. Структура на националната Метеорологична служба през първите два етапа от историята й (1890 - 1950). 38 5.2.1. Метеорологичният отдел на Дирекцията . 38 5.2.2. Отдел „Метеорологичен инструментариум и метрология" . 39 5.2.3. Сеизмологичният отдел на Дирекцията на метеорологията . 40 5.2.4. Хронометричният отдел на Дирекцията на метеорологията . 42 5.2.5. Библиотека, издавани бюлетини и международни връзки на Дирекцията на метеорологията и на ЦМИ през първите два етапа . 43 5.3. Високопланинските станции - върхове на българската Метеорологична служба през първите два етапа от историята й . 45 5.3.1. Построяване на наблюдателницата на връх Мусала (1932 г.) . 47 5.3.2. Построяване на наблюдателниците на Черни връх (1935 г.) и на връх Ботев (1940 г.) . 48 5.4. Оперативно-приложна и изследователска дейност на Метеорологичната служба през първите два етапа от историята й (1890 - 1950 г.) . 53 5.4.1. Изграждане на земеделско-метеорологична мрежа от станции през първите два етапа от историята на метеослужбата (1890 - 1950 г.) . 54 5.4.2. Оперативна дейност по синоптична прогноза на времето . 55 5.4.3. Изследователската дейност в българската Метеорологична служба в първите два етапа от историята й (1890 - 1950 г.) . 56 368 Шеста глава ЕДИННАТА ХМС НА БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ 1950 - 1989 г. . 61 6.1. Основни научно-приложни учреждения по метеорология и хидрология в стра¬ ната през 1944 1950 г. . 61 6.2. Създаване на единна ХМС към Министерския съвет с ПМС № 2185 от 27.07.1950 г. . 62 6.3. Създаване на Институт по хидрология и метеорология (ИХМ) . 64 6.4. Други главни държавни документи за дейността на ХМС през третия етап (1950 - 1989 г.) . 65 6.5. Специфични периоди в третия етап от историята на МС/ХМС . 65 6.6. Обследване на дейностите по метеорология в България (1982 г.) и организа¬ ционни промени в ГУХМ през периода 1983 - 1989 г. . 66 6.6.1. Заповед от 1982 г. на председателите на ДКНТП и БАН за обследване на дей¬ ностите по метеорология в страната . 66 6.6.2. Организационни и структурни промени в ГУХМ след обследването през 1982 г. . 68 6.7. Кратък преглед на оперативно-приложната и изследователската дейност на ГУХМ през периода 1950 - 1989 г. . 70 6.7.1. Състояние на националната мрежа от станции, ръководена от ХМС през 1950 - 1989 г. . 70 6.7.2. Развитие на синоптичната метеорология и обслужване на страната с различни прогнози за времето през 1950 - 1989 г. . 72 6.7.3. Специализирани телекомуникации на българската ХМС през III етап от исто¬ рията й . 76 6.7.4. Начало и развитие на аерологията и на дейностите по техническо поддържа¬ не и проверка на приборите в ХМС през 1950 - 1989 г. . 78 6.7.5. План-програма за дейността на ГУХМ през 1984 - 1990 г. . 82 6.7.6. Развитие на действащите и новите тематични направления в изследователска¬ та дейност на ХМС/ИХМ през периода 1950 - 1989 г. . 84 6.7.7. Изследвания по агрометеорология през периода 1950 - 1989 г. . 90 6.7.8. Дейност по хидрометеорологичния аспект на замърсяването на въздуха и во¬ дите през периода 1950 - 1989 г. . 92 6.7.9. Първи опити в света и в България по борба с градушките. Научно-приложни и изследователски дейности в България и ГУХМ/ИХМ по активно въздействие на атмосферни процеси и явления през 1950 - 1989 г. . 97 6.8. Подготовка на метеорологични техници в паралелка по метеорология към Тех¬ никума по фина механика и оптика . 106 6.9. Дейност на ГУХМ по време и след аварията на АЕЦ ,Нернобил" на 26 април 1986 г. . 106 6.9.1. Какво се бе случило в АЕЦ ,Ј4ернобил" на 26.04.1986 г. . 107 6.9.2. България по време и след аварията в АЕЦ ,Ј1ернобил" . 109 6.9.3. ГУХМ - БАН - главен източник в България за информация по време на авари¬ ята в АЕЦ ,]Чернобил" . 111 Седма глава ДЕЙНОСТИ ПО ХИДРОЛОГИЯ В БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ 1900 - 1989 г. . 115 7.1. Хидроложката дейност в България преди !944 г. . 115 7.2. Дейност на Службата по водите през 1944 - 1950 г. . 119 24 История на българската Метеорологична и хидрометеорологична служба 369 7.3. Общо за хидроложката дейност в ХМС през 1950 - 1989 г. . 122 7.4. Дейност на ХМС по подземните води през 1951 - 1989 г. . 124 Осма глава БЪЛГАРСКАТА ХМС СЛЕД 1990 г. - НАЦИОНАЛЕН ИНСТИТУТ ПО МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯ И ХИДРОЛОГИЯ (НИМХ) КЪМ БАН. 127 8.1. Закриване на ГУХМ и ИХМ. Причини за закриването и поуки от него . 127 8.2. Разпореждане на Министерския съвет № 15/2.11.1989 г. за създаване на ИМХ/ НИМХ към БАН. 129 8.3. Създаване, основни задачи и структура на ИМХ/НИМХ. Опити за адаптация към условията на пазарна икономика . 131 8.3.1. Първите години след създаването на ИМХ/НИМХ - години на финансови и кадрови проблеми . 134 8.4. НИМХ запази конвенционалните дейности, присъщи на национална ХМС, и съ¬ ществено разви някои от тях . 138 8.4.1. Запазване и развитие на техническите и технологичните основи на оперативна¬ та и изследователската дейност. . 139 8.4.2. Научно-приложни изследвания в НИМХ, довели до технологично развитие . 145 8.4.3. Качествена промяна в международната дейност на НИМХ след 1990 г. . 159 8.4.4. Библиотеката на НИМХ след 1950 г. . 168 8.4.5. Учебен център на НИМХ . 170 8.4.6. Дейността на НИМХ след ядрената авария в японската АЕЦ „Фукушима-1" на 11 март 2011 г. . 170 Девета глава КРАТКА ИСТОРИЯ НА ФИЛИАЛИТЕ НА НИМХ . 174 9.1. Филиал на НИМХ в Пловдив . 174 9.2. Филиал на НИМХ във Варна . 185 9.2.1. Към въпроса за началото на морското метеорологично обслужване в Бълга¬ рия . 192 9.3. Филиал на НИМХ в Плевен . 194 9.4. Филиал на НИМХ в Кюстендил . 197 Десета глава НЕКОНВЕНЦИОНАЛНИ ДЕЙНОСТИ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА МС/ХМС И УЧАСТИЕ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНИ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ . 200 10.1. Създаване и укрепване на сеизмологична и хронометрична служба . 200 10.2. Участие в международните полярни и геофизични години . 200 10.3. Международна полярна година 2007 - 2008. 201 10.4. Участие на български метеоролози в изучаване на Антарктида . 201 10.5. Участие на българи в международни научни експерименти в океаните . 203 10.5.1. Участие в Атлантическия тропичен експеримент АТЕКС- 74. 203 10.5.2. Международен експеримент „Мусон-77" . ζυο 10.6. Станция за ракетно сондиране на атмосферата в Ахтопол (СРСА) . 205 370 Единадесета глава ИЗТЪКНАТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНА И ХИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНА СЛУЖБА (МС/ХМС) . 207 11.1. Ръководители на МС/ХМС (в хронологичен ред) . 207 11.2. Ръководители на Института по хидрология и метеорология (ИХМ), съществу¬ вал от 1954 до 1990 г. . 222 11.3. Постоянни представители на България в СМО . 224 11.4. Служители на МС/ХМС - носители на национални отличия и на най-високи научни степени и звания . 225 11.4.1. Лауреати на най-високи национални отличия . 225 11.4.2. Служители на МС/ХМС, носители на най-високи академични звания - акаде¬ мик и член-кореспондент, съгласно Закона за БАН . 225 11.4.3. Професори и/или носители на на научната степен „доктор на науките" . 226 11.5. Служители на МС/ХМС - носители на международни награди и на високо об¬ ществено признание у нас . 232 11.6. Българи в ръководни органи или експерти на СМО . 236 11.6.1. Българи — нещатни участници в ръководни органи на СМО . 236 11.6.2. Българи - международни служители в Секретариата на СМО и в Международ¬ ната организация за гражданска авиация (ICAO) . 236 11.6.3. Българи - експерти на СМО. . 238 11.7. Основатели и изтъкнати ръководители на Службата за времето в армията, съор¬ ганизатори на българската МС/ХМС . 239 Дванадесета глава НАЦИОНАЛНИЯТ ИНСТИТУТ ПО МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЯ И ХИДРОЛОГИЯ ПРЕЗ ПЪРВОТО ДЕСЕТИЛЕТИЕ НА XXI в . 243 12.1. Международна оценка за дейността на БАН . 243 12.2. Дейност на НИМХ в началото на XXI в. по оценки на международната експерт¬ на комисия за периода 2004 - 2008 г. . 245 12.2.1. Общи оценки за НИМХ от международния одит. . 246 12.3. НИМХ в края на първото десетилетие на XXI в . 249 12.3. 1.Анализ на сегашното състояние на НИМХ . 249 12.3.2. Перспективи за развитието на НИМХ през периода 2010 -2014г. . 252 12.3.3. За бъдещата кадрова политика на НИМХ . 256 12.3.4. За бъдещата международна дейност на НИМХ . 262 12.4. Фотоилюстрации на основни дейности и новости в НИМХ през първото десе¬ тилетие на XXI в . 263 12.4.1. В департамент „Прогнози за времето" и „Информационен център" на НИМХ . 263 12.4.2. Департамент „Състав на атмосферата и хидросферата" (САХ), преименуван от средата на 2011 г. в департамент „Физика на атмосферата и екология"(ФАЕ) . 274 12.4.3. Департамент „Метеорология" изпълни няколко значими проекта . 282 12.4.4. Департамент „Хидрология" към НИМХ . 291 12.4.5. Департамент „Управление и използване на водите" . 291 371 Тринадесета глава ЧЕСТВАНЕТО „150 ГОДИНИ МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНИ ИЗМЕРВАНИЯ В БЪЛГАРИЯ И 120 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРСКА МЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧНА СЛУЖБА" 294 ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛНИ БЕЛЕЖКИ НА АВТОРА . 313 ЛИТЕРАТУРА . 314 ИЗПОЛЗВАНИ СЪКРАЩЕНИЯ . 339 ГЛАВНИ ДАТИ ОТ ИСТОРИЯТА НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА МС/ХМС . 343 РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКИ ЕЗИК . 345 372 CONTENTS PREFACE . INTRODUCTION. Chapter One THE BEGINNING OF THE METEOROLOGY AS SCIENCE AND PRACTICE IN THE WORLD . 9 1.1. Beginning of intensive international cooperation. Establishment of the International Meteorological Organization (IMO) . 9 1.2. Establishment of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) . 10 1.3. WMO operates through applied and research programs . 11 1.3.1 World Weather Watch (WWW) - the most important program in the foundation of IMO and WMO . 11 Chapter Two BEGINNING OF THE SPREADING OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE FIRST BULGARIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES ABOUT PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND METEOROLOGY . 12 2.1. John Exarch - the first spreader and creator of physics knowledge in Bulgaria . 12 2.2. The Bulgarian Renaissance belated for centuries towards West European's Renais¬ sance (XV-XVI s.) . 13 2.3. Dr. Petar Beron - spreader and creator of knowledges of the nature . 14 2.4. The thesis of Dr. Dimitar Mutev „For the psychrometry", defenced at 1842 -the first Bulgarian physics dissertation . 17 Chapter Three BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED ACTIVITY IN BULGARIA ABOUT METEOROLOGY AND PHYSICS OF ATMOSPHERE . 25 3.1. Landmark events in the beginning of the real history of the meteorology in Bulgaria. 25 3.2. Beginning of meteorological observations in Bulgaria . 26 3.2.1. Neofit Rilski's diary - the first written record about the weather in Bulgaria . 26 3.2.2. First instrumental meteorological observations in Bulgaria - 1850. 27 373 3.2.3. The first Bulgarian weather station - Sofia, 1 February 1887. 28 3.3. The Bulgarian Meteorological Service was created in 1887 - 1894. The main point is 1890. 29 Chapter Four MAIN STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BULGARIAN METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROMETEOROLOGIC AL SERVICE (MS/HMS) 3 [ 4.1. First stage begin with the creation of the first Bulgarian meteorological station in Sofia on 1.02.1887 and with the establishment of governing bodies - Central Meteoro¬ logical Station (1890) and Meteorological Directorate (1894). 31 4.2. Second stage begin on 1934 with renaming the Meteorological Directorate to Central meteorological (and seismological) institute (CMI) . 32 4.3. Third stage begin with Government decree № 2185/27.07.1950 for establishment of a unified Hydrometeorological Service (HMS) within a Council of Ministers . 34 4.4. Fourth stage start by Government decree № 15/2.11.1989 for closure of HMS and IHM and formation of union Institut of Meteorology and Hydrology (IMH and NIMH) 35 Chapter Five GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIRST TWO STAGES IN THE HISTORY OF MS/HMS - CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL STATION/ METEOROLOGICAL DIRECTORATE (1890-1934) AND CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL (AND SEISMOLOGICAL) INSTITUTE (CMI) (1934-1950). 37 5.1. The staff of the Meteorological directorate . 37 5.2. Structure of the National Meteorological Service in its first two stages (1890-1950). 38 5.2.1. The Meteorological section of the Directorate . 38 5.2.2. Section "Meteorological instruments and metreology" . 39 5.2.3. The Seismological section of the Meteorological Directorate . 40 5.2.4. The Chronometrie section of the Meteorological Directorate . 42 5.2.5. Library, bulletins and international relations of the Meteorological Directorate and the CMI in their first two stages . 43 5.3. High mountain weather stations -the biggest achievements of the Bulgarian Meteoro¬ logical Service in the first two stages . 45 5.3.1. Construction of the meteorological observatory on Musala peak (1932). 47 5.3.2. Construction of the meteorological observatories on Cherni Vrah (1935) and Vrah Botev (1940). 48 5.4. Operative-applied and researching activity of the Meteorological Service in the first two stages of its history (1890-1950). 53 5.4.1. Building of agricultural meteorological network of stations in the first two stages of the history of the Meteorological Service (1890-1950). 54 5.4.2. Operative activity on synoptic prognosis of the weather . 55 5.4.3. Research activity in the Bulgarian Meteorological Service in the first two stages of its history (1890-1950). 56 374 Chapter Six UNIFIED BULGARIAN HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE (HMS) IN 1950-1989. 61 6.1. Main research and applied state institutions concerning meteorology and hydrology in the country in 1944-1950. 61 6.2. Establishment of unified Bulgarian Hydrometeorological Service attached to the Council of Ministers . 62 6.3. Foundation of the Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology (IHM). 64 6.4. Others state documents about the activity of the newly found HMS . 65 6.5. Specific periods in the third period of the history of MS/HMS . 65 6.6. Revision of the meteorological activities (work) in Bulgaria (1982) and organiza¬ tional changes in the HMS in 1983-1989. 66 6.6.1. Order of the leadership of State Committee for Scientific and Technical Progress and Bulgarian Academy of Science (1982) for revision of the meteorological activities in Bulgaria . 66 6.6.2. Organizational and structural changes in HMS after the revision of its activities in 1982. 68 6.7. Short review of the operative-applied and the research activities of HMS in 1950- 1989. 70 6.7.1. State of the national network of stations, leaded by HMS in 1950-1989. 70 6.7.2. Developments in synoptic meteorology and creating weather forecasts for the coun¬ try in 1950-1989. 72 6.7.3. Specialized telecommunications of HMS in 1950-1989. 76 6.7.4. Beginning and development of aerology and works for technical maintenance and checks of the instruments in HMS in 1950-1989. 78 6.7.5. Program for the activities of HMS in 1984-1990. 82 6.7.6. Development in the acting and new thematic directions in the research activities of HMS/IHM in 1950-1989. 84 6.7.7. Agricultural meteorology researches in 1950-1989. 90 6.7.8. Activity on the hydrometeorological aspect of the air and water pollution in 1951- 1989. 92 6.7.9. First attempts at the world and in Bulgaria on hail suppression. Scientific and ap¬ plied activities in Bulgaria and in HMS/IHM of the active influence of the atmospheric processes and phenomena in 1950-1989. 97 6.8. Training of meteorological technicians in the Technical School for fine mechanics and optics . 106 6.9. Activities of HMS during and after the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986. 106 6.9.1. What happened with the nuclear power plant "Chernobyl" on 26 April 1986. 107 6.9.2. Bulgaria during and after the Chernobyl disaster . 109 6.9.3. HMS-BAS - main source in Bulgaria ofinformation about the Chernobyl disaster 111 Chapter Seven HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN BULGARIA IN 1900-1989. 115 7.1. Hydrological activity in Bulgaria before 1944. 115 7.2. Activity of the Service of water in 1944-1950. 119 375 7.3. General facts about the hydrological activity of HMS in 1951-1989. 122 7.4. HMS activity on the underground water in 1951-1989. 124 Chapter Eight BULGARIAN HMS AFTER 1990 - NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY (NIMH) within BAS . 127 8.1. Closing down of HMS/IHM. Reasons for the closing down and lessons from it . 127 8.2. Instruction of the Council of Ministers No 15/2.11.1989 for foundation of IMH/ NIMH-BAS . 129 8.3. Formation, main tasks and structure of IMH/NIMH. Attempts to adapt to the market economy . 131 8.3.1. The first years after foundation of IMH/NIMH - years of major and not typical fi¬ nancial and personnel problems . 134 8.4. NIMH retained the conventional activities of national HMS and made essential achievements in some of them . 138 8.4.1. Retaining and development of the technical and technological foundations of op¬ erative and research activity . 139 8.4.2. Development of the scientific in NIMH . 145 8.4.3. Change in the quality of the international activities of NIMH after 1990. 159 8.4.4. The library of NIMH after 1950. 168 8.4.5. The training center of NIMH . 170 8.4.6. Activities of NIMH after the accident in the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fuku- shima-ľ'on U March2011 . 170 Chapter Nine SHORT HISTORY OF NIMH BRANCHES . 174 9.1. Branch of NIMH in town Plovdiv. . 174 9.2. Branch of NIMH in town Varna . 185 9.2.1. About the beginning of the Sea Meteorological Servicing in Bulgaria . 192 9.3. Branch of NIMH in town Pleven . 194 9.4. Branch of NIMH in town Kyustendil . 197 Chapter Ten NONCONVENTIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE BULGARIAN MS/HMS AND PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL EVENTS . 200 10.1. Foundation and strengthening of the Seismological and Chronometrical Service . 200 10.2. Participation in international Polar and Geophysics Years . 200 10.3. International Polar Year 2007-2008. 201 10.4. Bulgarian meteorologists' participation in researches in Antarctica . 201 10.5. Bulgarian participation in International Scientific Experiments in the oceans . 203 10.5.1. Participation in the Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) in 1974. 203 10.5.2. International Experiment "Monsoon-77" . 204 10.6. Station for rocket sounding of the atmosphere in town of Ahtopol . 204 376 Chapter Eleven PROMINENT PERSONS OF THE BULGARIAN MS/HMS . 207 11.1. Heads of Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Service (MS/HMS) . 207 11.2. Heads of Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology (IHM) (1954-1989). 222 11.3. Permanent Representatives of Bulgaria in WMO . 224 11.4. Scientists of NIMH - winners of national awards and highest scientific degrees and titles 225 11.4.1. Laureates of the highest national titles of fame . 225 11.4.2. Winners of the highest academic degrees - academician (full member) and corre¬ sponding member (associate member), according to the BAS legislation . 225 11.4.3. Winners of professor's degrees and scientific degree "Doctor of Science" . 226 11.5. Scientists of MS/HMS - winners of international awards who are highly public reco¬ gnition in Bulgaria . 232 11.6. Bulgarians working in the governing bodies or as experts in WMO . 236 11.6.1. Bulgarians - supernumerary working in the Governing Bodies of WMO . 236 11.6.2. Bulgarians - officials in the Secretariat of WMO in Geneva and in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) . 236 11.6.3. Bulgarians - experts in WMO . 238 11.7. Founders and prominent leaders of the military "Weather service", co-founders of the Bulgarian MS/HMS . 239 Chapter Twelve NIMH IN THE FIRST DECADE OF 21ST CENTURY . 243 12.1. International assessment of the activities of BAS . 243 12.2. Activities of NIMH at the beginning of 21st century and by the assessment of the In¬ ternational Expert Committee for the period 2004-2008. 245 12.2.1. General assessments of NIMH from the international assessment . 246 12.3. NIMH at the end of the first decade of 21st century. . 249 12.3.1. Analysis of the present state of NIMH . 249 12.3.2. Perspectives for the development of NIMH-BAS for 2010-2014. 252 12.3.3. About the future personnel policy of NIMH . 256 12.3.4. About the future international activity of NIMH . 262 12.4. Pictures and illustrations of the main activities and novelties in NIMH for the first decade of 21 st century. . 263 Chapter Thirteen CELEBRATION "150 YEARS OF INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN BULGARIA AND 120 YEARS OF BULGARIAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE" (08-09.11.2010). 294 CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE AUTHOR . 313 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . 314 ABBREVIATIONS . 339 MAIN DATES of the Bulgarian MS/HMS' history. . 343 SUMMARY. . 345 yž Stritt b1 z^ N 377 I HISTORY OF BULGARIAN METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE Summary The most important events in the history of the Bulgarian Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Service (MS/HMS) found place in this book. The beginning of the spreading of knowledge and the first scientific meteorological and physics atmosphere researches in Bulgaria. It is underlined that the meteorology as a physics science in the world and Bulgaria has developed closely with the development of the physics. In many publications about the history of the physics in Bulgaria it is written that the spreading of knowledge about physics and atmosphere has begun in the Middle Ages (e.g. Andreev V. 120 years., parts 1 and 2; Borisov M. et al. 1981, 1985, 1988; Vavrek Α. 2009). The knowledge of the people about the physics phenomena in the nature during the Early Middle Ages was not really more than that the ancient Greeks had. Till 9th and 10th centuries the Greek and Hellenistic scientific and cultural traditions were kept mainly in Byzantium. In 893 the Bulgarian town of Veliki Presláv became capital of Bulgaria and Simeon - its king. In this period Bulgaria achieved much and multilateral success. This period is known as „the Golden age of Simeon". There was also a big growth of the literature as the bookmen around King Simeon were in close connection with the Byzantium literature. It was a big priority for the Bulgarian bookmen, because the interest for these ancient traditions developed in Western Europe as late as 13th and 14th centuries. So in the Middle Ages in Bulgaria began spreading of physics knowledge on the highest level for this historical period. The biggest services for this spreading had the prominent Bulgarian bookman from Great Presláv John Exarch who lived and created literary worh in the first half of the rule of King Simeon - at the end of 9th and the beginning ofl Oth century. From his writings we know only "Skies" and "Hexameron" and some other works. These are the first books written in the relatively new Cyrillic alphabet and they included the ancient 'philosophers' doctrines about the world and the mankind, translated from the Greek originals. "Hexameron" is a real encyclopedia of the knowledge about the nature and the human beings in 1 Oth century. This first work from its type became fundamental in the culture of all Slavic countries for centuries. Till now there are found about 60 copies of it in different countries. So in such a way John Exarch popularized in Bulgaria physics knowledge including atmospheric physics and meteorology before many countries and on the level of the then world science. The works "Skies" and "Hexameron" were the top of the natural sciences and literature in Bulgaria and the Slavic countries during the Middle Ages. The upsurge of Bulgaria under the reign of King Simeon was followed by decay of the country, because of the Byzantium domination (1018-1185) and especially in 345 the end of 14th century (1396), when Bulgaria fell under Ottoman rule. That is the reason why Bulgaria remained during five centuries isolated from the fast multilateral growth of the European peoples and the world. So the "Bulgarian National Revival" was late with centuries compared to Renaissance in Western Europe (lSth-lóth centuries). This is valid also for the physics sciences including meteorology. The result from the fast growth of these sciences in 17th and 18th centuries came in Bulgaria as late as 19th century. Only then a connection of science and culture, in particular of the physics and meteorology in Bulgaria, with those from the time of the Western Renaissance was realized. The meteorology as a science has been formed in 17th century when the foundations of the classical physics were laid. This creates possibilities for the atmospheric processes and phenomena to be studied with the help of physical methods and fundamental natural laws, which are lying in the base of physics. That is how the meteorology gradually became physical science, using the achievements of mathematics and other natural sciences. There are evidences for this assertion also in specialized Bulgarian books such as: (a) "Fish Primer", P. Beron (1824) (see Beron P., 1964) (elementary knowledge of meteorology); (b) the first Bulgarian physics textbook, N. Gerov (1849), the textbook of I. Gyuzelev (1874), the textbooks of A. Ganaud (1869) and D. Schubert translated to Bulgarian (1872); (ç) prominent Bulgarians from the period of the national revival in the second half of 1 9th century also wrote in their works about the "meteorological phenomena and devices for measurement" and their significance for the agriculture and other activities. One of the most significant facts is that the first Bulgarian physics dissertation was in the field of meteorology. The thesis of Dr. Dimitar Mutev "About the psychometrics" was defended in the Berlin University "F. Wilhelm" in 1842 (see Demetrius Mutieff. De psychrometria, Dissertado.). The thesis examined the properties of the saturated and unsaturated water vapors, the laws of the evaporation, psychometric method for measuring the humidity of the air, etc. (see Borisov M. et al. 1985 or Andreev V. 120 years. .2008, p. 1). According to Panchev S. (1987) the thesis of Dr. D. Mutev "laid down the foundations of the scientific meteorological researches and more precisely creation of the methods and devices before their appearance in Bulgaria ". Academician M. Borisov et al. (1985) emphasized that this dissertation is also the beginning of the Bulgarian physics researches. It has to be noted also that in 1846 Dr. P. Beron published in Paris two works in French - "Atmospheric system" and "Big meteorological atlas". The first period, called Bulgarian Revival, of the development of the physics and atmospheric physics, including the meteorology, is described in . According to M. Borisov et al. (1985) this period prolongs till 1860s-1870s and it is followed by a "period of deploying of system research work of physical sciences after the Liberation", connected with "foundation of the Sofia meteorological station (1887), the Astronomical observatory (Sofia, 1894) and especially the Department of Physics and Mathematics in the Higher School in Sofia (1889)". The beginning of the meteorological observations in Bulgaria is considered in two aspects - instrumental and non-instrumental observations. The beginning of the non-instrumental observations is the Neofit Rilskľs diary - 346 which is the first written record in Bulgaria with systematic and detailed information about the weather on daily basis. Because of the significance of the meteorology for the everyday life of the people there is "plenty of meteorological data in old chronicles, hagiographies, craftsman's registers and etc. with information about the more particular and the elemental atmospheric phenomena. Notably, object of a big interest is the Neofit Rilski's diary which, according to professor Iv. Shishmanov (1926), is almost the only one meteorological diary for a relatively long period of time (1836-1874, with interruption)" (K. Kirov, 1938). Neofit Rilski was born in 1792 in Bansko. He was a teacher in Samokov, Koprivshtitsa, Gabrovo and other towns. He was also abbot of the Rila Monastery (1860-1864) where he spent his days till his death (1880). In the archive of N. Gerov there is a manuscript, named "Heat in village of Koprivshtitsa in the summer of 1850". He writes about the instrumental measurements of the temperature of the air in Koprivshtitsa, done three times per day during six months period - from February to July (Borisov M. et al, 1988). So, the first systematic instrumental meteorological observations in Bulgaria were done in Koprivshtitsa during a period of six months in 1850. The existing documents, indicated in books and articles, reach the conclusion that in Bulgaria the first, although not regular, instrumental measurements of the main meteorological elements according to the accepted for this period methods began around I860, i.e. short before the Liberation. They were initiated by the Austrian meteorological Institute in Vienna. It supplied the consulates in Sofia and Ruse the necessary instruments, instructions and tables for regular observations (see Iankov K., 1934). The first observations were done in 1860 in the courtyard of the consulate of Austria-Hungary in Ruse and they were not regular. From 01.01.1866 they were done much more often. During the period 1866-1873 there are complete observations only for 1866 and 1870. A significant part of the measurements was done personally by the consul von Martrid. The station had a barometer, thermometer and pluviometer. The documents saved in NIMH archive are only monthly tables. Second meteorological station was established in 1880 in the consulate of Austria-Hungary in Sofia. The observations were regular from September 1880 to April 1882. They were interrupted for a while and then were renewed at the beginning of 1887 till 1893. The observer was the consul - Luteroti - Tyrolese, who came in Bulgaria many years before the Liberation. In 1883-1886 his station stopped the observations, but Heberle from Eastern railways in Sofia did regular measurements of the maximum and minimum temperature of the air. The data were regularly sent to the Institute in Vienna and the more interesting articles, i.e. meteorological phenomena, were published in the German meteorological magazine. With the help of those data the famous Austrian meteorologist Julius von Hann wrote in 1893 a page about the climate of Sofia throughe the temperature data. The first Bulgarian meteorological station (organized and maintained by Bulgarians) was established in Sofia on 1 February 1887. A kind ofdata was published in the Bulgarian Official Gazette, number 15/9.02.1887. The station was founded by Marin Buchvarov (1859-1926), physics teacher in the male high school, future professor of astronomy, also founder of the Astronomic observatory at St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia It was second-class climate station with observations in 7, 14 and 21 h local time. M. Buchvarov did the everyday observations with big 347 enthusiasm and pedantry during the next three years. The station worked regularly till 1992. It became centre, around which new meteorological stations in the whole country were made. Its significance is mostly pointed out with the significant fact, registered in state documents of highest level. In "Report to.Bulgarian Knyaz Ferdinand I from the Council of ministers" (see Doklad to. Ferdinand I., 1907) it is written that the meteorological stations are part of the most prestigious cultural and educational establishments on state and local level. So amongst the national holy places National libraries in Sofia and Plovdiv, National museum and theatre - on fifth place is the Central Meteorological Station. _ The beginning of the real history of meteorology and atmospheric physics in Bulgaria is considered as the beginning of the organized activity of these sciences in the country. In Chapter III is pointed out, that except the creation of the first meteorological station (1887), this beginning has its other prominent events such as establishing governing bodies - Central Meteorological Station (1890) and Directorate of Meteorology (1894). These historical facts happened in a really short period of time - about seven years. Three years passed between the creation of the first Bulgarian meteorological station and the first governing body - Central meteorological station (1890). Four years later was created an official independent state institution - Directorate of Meteorology (1894). When M. Buchvarov founded the station in Sofia and operated there for three years, his colleague in the male high school Spas Vatsov worked to organize meteorological observations in the whole country, i.e. network of stations. According to YankovK. (1934) the experience demonstrated that without comprehensive guidance, it is impossible to make regular and uniform observations. That's why already in 1887 Vatsov wrote guides in the Periodical magazine and in 1888 published detailed guidance (130 pages) for meteorological observations. "It became the solid base, upon which was built the meteorological service in Bulgaria". This was the important step for creating a national network of meteorological stations and precondition for the development of organized activity in this sphere. So, with the creation of the first Bulgarian meteorological station on 1 February 1887 in Sofia and with the written before and after that guidance and programs for the observations it was laid the beginning of the organized meteorological activity in Bulgaria. But there was a need of establishing a relevant service to organize and manage this activity. But for the official establishment of such a service were needed 3-4 years to pass, because it was necessary for the society to realize the benefits of this institution. The beginning of the Meteorological service in Bulgaria was marked with two dates in 1890 and 1894, which fixed the main moments of its history: a) On 20.02.1890 with instruction from the Ministry of public education, S. Vatsov was appointed for manager of the first Bulgarian meteorological station, established on 01.02.1887 in Sofia. It was named Central Meteorological Station (CMS) with the duty "to arrange and control all other stations" - existing and newly opened in the country. Significant is this fact that in 1891, for the first time Bulgarian representative - the manager of CMS-Sofia - S. Vatsov, was invited to participate in the Conference of the directors of the meteorological institutes in Munich. But the new body - CMS - was part of the Ministry of Public Education and S. Vatsov was 348 continuing to be full-time employed as a physics teacher in a girls' school. In 1893 for the first time in the state budget were provided funds for CMS, so it was possible to appoint the first full-time employee-observer - Konstantin Malkov - it happened in August 1893. These facts demonstrate that the organization and the functions of a state institution, inherent to the national meteorological service in Bulgaria, were created with instruction from the Ministry of Public Education on 20.02.1890 and its consolidation continued in the next three years. b) On the other competitive date - 01.01.1894, with "decree from the Knyaz", was officially created an independent state establishment- Directorate of Meteorology with director S. Vatsov. Its duty was to organize observations, to collect and publish the data. The Directorate was already with bigger number of the staff (director, clerk and two observers) and it was figuring in the state budget. The assignments of the two institutions - CMS and Directorate of Meteorology are inherent for a national meteorological service. These historical facts demonstrate that such a service was created in Bulgaria, not with single act, but in a relatively short period of time - 7 years from 1887 till 1894. In this sense 1894 is the end of the first stage of the establishment of this service, which began in 1887. The date 20.02.1890 can be considered as the beginning because since then the Sofia station became Central Meteorological Station (CMS). That's how the organized meteorological activity in Bulgaria began. Main stages in the growth of the Bulgarian Meteorological and Hydro- meteorological Service (MS/HMS). They become visible from the changes in the name to MS/HMS and were fixed with concrete state documents. The first stage begins with the opening on 01.02.1887 of the first Bulgarian meteorological station with instrumental measurements, followed by the creation of CMS (1890) and Directorate of Meteorology (1894). Founder and first head of the meteorological activity in Bulgaria is the prominent scientist, teacher and public figure Spas Vatsov (1856-1928), full member (academician) from 1884 in the Bulgarian Literaiy Society (later renamed as Bulgarian Academy of Science - BAS). He managed this service during 38 years - from the foundation of the Meteorological service till the end of his life, 02.02.1928. The period till 1928 is characterized by organizational and technical growth and development of the meteorological network, but the number of the stations was increasing slowly. A landmark fact is that the station in Sofia was included in the list of the most cultural-educational establishments in Bulgaria (see 111.3. or Doklad to. . Ferdinandi., 1907). In 1922 attached to Directorate of aviation was opened the second meteorological service in Bulgaria, called "Weather service" "with main duty to secure meteorological data and weather prognoses for the aviation and international airlines, using Bulgarian air space". Founder of the service was Nikola Negentsov (1888-1942). He organized the first Bulgarian synoptic network, wrote all the meteorological instructions, guidance, which were used by the first observers and specialists in the "Weather service". The first in Bulgaria scientific developments for the synoptic meteorology for example about the distribution of the wind above some of the stations in the country, also were done by him. The Section for weather forecasts of the "Weather 349 service" began to make the first synoptic prognoses in Bulgaria specialized for the aviation in 1922. A few years after its establishment, when the military aviation began to develop, the "Weather service" was attached to the military administration, first named "Air force Weather service" and then, in 1940, "Military meteorological service". This military service "published daily weather bulletin with weather forecasts for 24 hours" from 1929 till the foundation of "Forecasting" department in IHM in 1956. Donchev K. (2002) specify: a) the first Bulgarian synoptic maps were created in 1928. They contained very poor information, mainly data about the surface pressure and on them were drown up isobar; b) "in 1932 Dimiter Bakalov introduced the synoptic analysis and he was also reading synoptic lectures in the Faculty of Physics in St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia", c) "the prognoses for general use, prepared from the Weather service from 1929, in 1931 appeared in the press, and soon after that the prognoses were read by Radio Sofia". The "Weather service" initiates not only the beginning of the forecasting activity but also the observations and researches of the free atmosphere (aerology) and also the control, maintenance and construction of the meteorological instruments. With the organization and the development of the first such activities as synoptic meteorology and weather forecast, aerology, meteorological instruments and metrology the "Weather service " was inseparable part of the national meteorological service, complementing the spectrum of activities of such organization. It is not by accident that the most of the prominent military meteorologists went to work in the established in 1950 national HMS. There is more information about the history of "Weather service" in Андреев V. 120 years. p. 1 и 2 (2008) and Raikov R. (2012). The second stage of the history of the Bulgarian MS/HMS begins with the renaming the Directorate of meteorology to Central Meteorological and Seismological Institute in 1934, for short CMI, till 1950. After the death of Spas Vatsov, in 1928, the associate professor Kiro Kirov (1897-1961) was appointed for director of the Directorate. He stayed on this position for 22 years - till 01.04.1950. During this stage, as during the whole history of the national MS/HMS, the main engagement was organizing and managing the national networks of stations and maintenance of national archive with meteorological and hydrological data. According to K. Kirov (1950) "in 1929-1930 there was relatively big leap in the extension of the meteorological and pluviometer network of CMI, which had a seriously impact on the Military meteorological service. The stations were still insufficient for the various orographical and atmospheric conditions in Bulgaria. From 1932, in connection to "Second polar year", in Bulgaria there was notable enthusiastic and creative period in the high mountain meteorology as consecutively were built meteorological observatories on peaks: Musala (1932), Cherni Vrah (1935), Vrah Botev (1940) and Murgash (1953). К. Киров (1950) writes: "These are the highest meteorological observatories, not only in Bulgaria, but in the whole Balkan peninsula. "They are one of the most original developments of the Bulgarian meteorological deed, which have European significance ". This is one of the most important achievements of the director of the Directorate, who then was the associate professor Kiro Kirov. "The growth in the meteorological activity needed a department, with a task to prepare meteorological personnel in Bulgaria" (K. Kirov, 1950). That personnel 350 initially was prepared together along with other physics subjects in the departments in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" - department "Experimental physics with meteorology" (created in 1923) and department "Special (atomic) physics with meteorology and geophysics" (1932). On 2.09.1946 it was created a separated department "Meteorology and geophysics". The first head of it till 1958, was prof. Ruscho Rainov (1886-1965). This prominent physicist is the first associate professor for meteorology, elected in March 1920 in the department for experimental physics in FPM. He became professor in 1926. Briefly about the hydrology activity in Bulgaria. Prof. Marinov Iv. (1959) wrote: "The hydrology as a separated scientific discipline was shaped only just in the beginning of 20th century. The first hydrometrie observations in Bulgaria dated from 1901, when was built the first water-meter post for observation of the sea level of the Black Sea. Shortly after that began the building of water-meter posts for the bigger rivers — Maritsa, Iskar, Topolnitsa, etc. They were doing measurements only for the water positions and it was done very irregularly. Only just in 1920, with the Law on Water Syndicates, was established also a Water service, including department for hydrography". It organized the building of more hydrometrie stations and measurements of the water quantities. It can be said, that in 1920 began the building of the hydrometrie network in Bulgaria, although really imperfect. The observations and the measurements were unusable for the practice needs and the hydrologie researches. Only in 1935 under the management of prof. B. Marchinkov began the systematic measurement of the water quantities in more hydrometrie stations. Their number consecutively increased and reached 175 stations in 1944". The third stage of the history ofMS/HMS in Bulgaria begins with Decree of the Council of Ministers No 2185/27.07.1950 for establishment of a unified HMS, with the Council. The most important aim of the decree was to overcome the scattering of applied and research activities in these fields. The Decree foresaw HMS to combine the following services: CMI (Central meteorological and seismological institute); the meteorological services of the Air Forces and Naval Forces (Ministry of the National Defence); the Hydrological Service (attached to Ministry of Electrification); on bioclimatology in the Institute of Resorts and Physiotherapy - Ministry of Health. Along with the orders for the governance and the structure of HMS (see Andreev V. 120 years. 2008), in the Decree (2185/27.07.1950) was pointed out the making of a law for HMS, for the network of stations and for the competence in this sphere. Sofia University (Natural-mathematics department) had to organize in 1950-1951 qualification courses for students-physicists as meteorologists. Also the Ministry of Posts, Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Defence had to deliver information to HMS for free and with priority. Other state documents, regulating the assignments, organization and structure of the newly created HMS: a) Decree of the Council of Ministers No 751/3.07.1951 "About the structure, organization and activity of HMS attached to Council of Ministers" - the next important document related to No 2185/1950; b) Regulations of HMS - connected with 751/1951 and approved on 12.04.1952. The branches of HMS decreased from seven to four - in Plovdiv, Varna, Pleven and Kyustendil. 351 With Decree No 13/22.01.1954 was established research Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology (IHM) attached to HMS. According to the IHM guidance from 1956 and 1979 it is in the structure and under the submission of HMS. With a decree fi "o m 1959 for the first time is created separated, specialized department for meteorological telecommunication in the Bulgarian HMS department "International telecommunications ". Important stage in the fast growth of the meteorological telecommunications in Bulgaria and in the improvement of the international exchange of hydrometeorological information in Southeast Europe and Middle East was the fact, that from March 1967 the National Telecommunication Centre (NTC) - Sofia became a Regional telecommunication hub (RTH), responsible for Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, former Yugoslavia, Cyprus, Syria, Jordan and parts of Black and Mediterranean seas, i.e. along with RTHs in Moscow, London, Paris, Prague, Vienna, Stockholm, Offenbach, Rome. RTH - Sofia collected from the country and other states a big volume of information (more than 50 thousand reports per 24 h) in around 20 formats and types as code telegrams, graphic-analogue facsimiled maps, pictures and others. The received numerical information from the networks, after the necessary telecommunication treatment (control, correction, etc), according to the needs of the correspondents, it was distributed and sent to directions in respective terms. The exchange of hydrometeorological information in these networks was guided with the help of automatic communication system EIM "Cyber 18-20" with operative information database. It had feedback, which made possible to ask for more data from the military, Air Force, Air Defence forces and "Balkan" airlines. The third stage in the history of MS/HMS (1951-1989) can be split up between three specific periods according to the nature of the work on problems. The first period covers 1951-1959 with head of HMS the academician L. Krastanov. In the second period (1960-1982) the HMS-BAS, named from 1953 Hydrometeorological office (HMO) and Main Hydrometeorological office (MHMO) from 1977, was headed by the senior researcher second rank Stefan Štefanov (1959-1965) and the senior researcher first rank Kostadin Stanchev (1966-1982). The head of the MHMO- BAS in the third period (1982-1989) was academician Georgi Miloshev. During the first period (1951-1959) the main event was the creation of unified HMS in Bulgaria with a basic task its consolidation. The main tasks in the second period (1960-1982) were the extension of the range and to modernize the applied and scientific activities, i.e. getting closer to a state of a modern HMS. The third period (1982-1989) of the third stage is typical for MS/HMS in countries with undeveloped technical and technological equipment, but succeeding to support a good level of hydrometeorological data, because of having prepared staff with considerable experience. A typical example was the really useful activity of MHMO-BAS after the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986. In parts 6, §6.2 is pointed out that the raised requirements of the practice, the qualified personnel and the increased funds for technical devices made possible for HMS in the third stage (1951-1989) to create the main sections of the operative and research activity, typical for a modern HMS, member of WMO. That's how HMS became main centre in Bulgaria for 352 meteorological and hydrological applied and research work. Also HMS represents the country in WMO. Bulgaria is member of WMO from 1952. From 1953 HMS is attached to the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1960 with a decree was created Department for Agriculture Sciences of BAS and all the institutes of Ministry of Agriculture were attached to BAS. HMS and IHM were attached to BAS in 1962. With instruction of the Council of Ministers N064/1.07.1977 HMS became Main Service on Hydrology and Meteorology under the obedience of the Presidium of BAS. In the end of the third stage HMS had activities, which demonstrated tendency towards qualitative increasing of the hydrometeorological activities. Typical for the whole third stage (1951-1989) and especially its third part (1982- 1989) was the growing international activity of HMS, expressed in participation and mostly in organizing events of WMO in Bulgaria. Bulgaria and HMS during and after the Chernobyl disaster. As was emphasized in Antonov, Minkova (2006) Bulgaria is amongst the countries, which made the most multilateral and complete researches with a view to the Chernobyl radioactive pollution. HMS with BAS already on 26.04.1986 began intensive activity connected to the Chernobyl disaster in its sphere of competency and responsibility, i.e. measurements and other information about the radioactive pollution of the air and precipitations. This activity included also transport of air and prognosis for the coming of the polluted air in the territory of Bulgaria. All of this began only hours after the disaster. Department "Prognoses" of HMS- BAS analyzed the air transport with a view to the eventual pollution. The weather in the European part of USSR was determined from a well developed cyclone. Ukraine was in its front periphery, so the air was moving from south to north. With the moving of the cyclone the transference of the polluted air will redirect consecutively towards north-west, west, south-west, south and south-east, i.e. the air from Ukraine will pass over above whole Europe. It has to be emphasized, that soon after the Chernobyl disaster some main scientific departments - departments of Physics Faculty of Sofia University, HMS - BAS, Laboratory for radiative protection of the Agriculture academy and Military Medical Academy - created National scientific research program for radiation protection - RADIOSHIELD. It included some other national institutions. Main source of information in Bulgaria during the disaster in Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the data from the radiometrie laboratories, measuring the samples from stations of MHMS for radioactivity of the air, precipitations and depositions. The beginning of the disaster is described in Antonov, Minkova (2006) thus: "The facts are demonstrating that for the first time the Chernobyl radioactive pollution is truly registered in Bulgaria at 9 o'clock on 02.05.1986 in the five radiometrie laboratories of MHMS in Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas and Pleven. The pollution is fixed in every sample of air and precipitation, belong to the system of MHMS on 1 of May and it was exceeding many times the values, measured systematically after 1959". The data from the laboratories of MHMS are immediately transferred to the Civil protection service and Committee for using the atomic energy for peaceful purposes. There are details for this activity of MHMS in the country in Antonov, Minkova (2006); Andreev V. 120 years.part 1 (2008). 23 История на българската Метеорологична и хидрометеорологична служба 353 In the beginning of May 1986 above the country came air, which was drastically polluted compared to the normal levels. The measurements in the stations of MHMS showed (see Antonov, Minkova, 2006) that "the maximum concentrations of technogenic radionuclides in the ground air in the first days of May 1986 are exceeding several ten thousand times the normal values for the places of measurements. In different parts of the country they hit levels from 14.7 to 164.1 Bq/m3 when the normal value is 0.1 -^5 mBq/m3. The average level for the country was 65.6 Bq/m3 and the maximum concentration in Bulgaria is reached on 2 of May. In the end of the month the concentration of technogenic radionuclids in the air is exceeding the background one about 10 times, and till September - October 1986 it decreased to the levels before the disaster. It was created a complex configuration of the deposited activities above the earth surface with clear influence from the altitude. The pollution in South Bulgaria is on the average rate 2.2 times bigger than the one in northern part and it has with emphatic inhomogeneous distribution. On distance of several kilometers are measured values with a big difference - more than ten times. The radioactive pollution of the ground air and the atmospheric depositions in Bulgaria after the Chernobyl disaster is the biggest transborder technogenic radioactive pollution in country for the whole period of its history. It exceeds hundred times the maximum level in the period of intensive atmospheric nuclear experiments till 1963". The Chernobyl disaster and its effects are unique in many terms. One of the most discussed was the fact that in radioactive pollution, transferred through the air at a big distance, were found big quantities of "hot particles". They appeared to be hardly known and not enough studied radiative and risk factor for the humans. The fourth stage of the history ofMS/HMS in Bulgaria began with Decree of the Council of Ministers No 15/2.11.1989 for closing MHMS and IHM, and creation of unified Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (IMH). Soon after, with Decree No 148/25.07.1989 IMH became National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) and "the funds for this institute are separated but part of the whole subsidy for BAS from the national budget". The structure transformation of MHMS was necessary, because in the second period (1960-1982) from the second stage in its history there were essential negative trends such as consecutive weakening and in some periods - drastic disturbance of the relation between the applied activity of MHMS (made by the operative departments of HMS in the country) and the scientific secure of this activity of HMS (made by IHM as a part of HMS). This led to some forms of separatism, doubling some activities and other negative trends. Also there were some formulations in the two regulations of IHM, especially the one in 1979, where there were obvious contradicts. The increasing negative trends in the activity of HMS-IHM after 60s and 70s of 20th century many times were found and discussed by the governing bodies in BAS and the country. This forced the leadership of BAS to offer a solution on state level - Decree No 15/2.11.1989 and No 148/25.07.1991 for creation of MN1MH. The new structure of MHMS changed the conception of the composition and the functions of the main establishments; they already were consisted of specialists, as of research associates, together responsible for the whole work of the establishment. 354 That's how the operative and research activity were united on the level of the smaller structures - directions, sections, sectors but not only on the highest level - MHMS and IHM. The structure from 1990, as the conception for building and the activities of the establishments are mainly the same and now. There were some weaknesses, but they were not essential and mostly with smaller range. With a decision of the General Assembly of BAS from 20.05.2010 the Institute of Water Problems (IWP) attached to BAS was closed and from 15.07.2010 it is part of NIMH as Department of Water Management (DWM). The activity of NIMH at the beginning of 21st century was assessed by an international expert commission. On request of the leadership of BAS the European Science Foundation (ESF) and the ALLEA-A11 European Academies formed independent international committee - Science Review Committee, for scientific assessment of the BAS institutes. This review happened in 2009 and it covered 5 -year period - 1.01.2004-31.12.2008. ESF and ALLEA had considerable experience and authority in the field of the international scientific assessment. The panel of the international expert committee, assessing the establishments of BAS from the direction "Earth Sciences " consisted of six scientists from famous European institutes and universities. The president of it was Prof. Sierd Cloetingh (Netherlands Research Centre of Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit - Amsterdam) - Holland. Dr. Bernard Avril from ESF was doing the secretary support. Members of the panel: Prof. Jean Bonnin (Institut de Physique du Globe, Université de Strasbourg, France); Prof. Hugo Decleir (Geografisch Instituut, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel, Belgium); Prof. Gilles Pinay (School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, England); Prof. Paul Tréguer (Institut Universitaire Européen de la mer, Université de Brest, France); Prof. John Zarnecki (Planetary&Space Sciences Research, Institute The Open University, England). The international expert committee reviewed 11 BAS establishments from "Earth Sciences". The biggest positive marks (A) for the three main criteria about the activity was given to four establishments of BAS from "Earth Sciences": (a) NIMH and the Institute of oceanology, studying the fluid part of the Earth; (b) The Geophysical institute and the Central laboratory for mineralogy and crystallography, studying the solid Earth. When the international audit was presented it was pointed out that NIMH is the Bulgarian Hydrometeorological Service (HMS), which is supplying the government, municipalities, public sphere and media with general and specialized weather forecasts and other information materials and also manages the national meteorological, agro-meteorological and hydrological networks, maintains archive and supplies with data from these networks. There is also a description of the organizational structure of NIMH. The expert panel emphasized that the object of the review was mainly the research activity of the departments of BAS. To 31.12.2009 in NIMH there was a staff of 731 people, including 42 scientists with academic rank (senior researchers I and II rank) and 43 junior researchers, among them four doctors of science (DSc) and 42 PhD. There were four candidates. The operative personnel were consisting of 651 people. The 355 middle age was about 53 years. From 42 scientists with academic rank only four were under 50 years old, and from 43 junior researchers (I-III rank) 32 were under 50 years, but only three were under 30 years. So there was a big difference between the generations. Positive was the fact that at the beginning of 2010 there were appointed just graduated four young specialists on the places of retired four scientists with academic rank. On 20 May 2010 the General Assembly of BAS decided the Institute of Water Management to become part of NIMH. So the overall number of the personnel (scientific, operative and subsidiary) of NIMH-BAS on 15.07.2010 was 785 people, including 102 researchers. NIMH has limited number of educational activities in universities such as lectures and exercises, doctorates and PhD's, post-graduate courses and specializations. In 2004-2008 in the Institute training received 15 candidates for doctors. The number of the foreign guests is very small. There is no word about internal meetings, reports and seminars. The governing body of NIMH is consisting of director-general, three deputies and a scientific secretary. The review shows that NIMH is working well on national and international level. The products and the services are numerous and with high efficiency of the functioning for the country and the people. The researches along with the other activities have good quality and are well integrated with the European and global context. The International expert committee gave the following assessments for the three main criteria: a) Quality and productivity. In the Decrees for the establishment of NIMH there are many and important obligations. Amongst them are: meteorology: meteorological prognoses: short-, medium- and long-term, forecasts of the sea-swell, early warning for dangerous meteorological phenomena; hydrology - researches of the surface and underground water, short- and long-term hydrologie prognoses, mathematic modelling of the variations of the surface and underground water; agrometeorology : about the composition of the atmosphere and hydrosphere - spreading and transfer of polluters, chemical structure and radiative background of the air, soil and water. That's how NIMH is supplying a great quantity of products and services for the government, public sector and the scientific society. For this purpose it has a well-organized national system for observation, consisting of four main hydrometeorological networks and modern archive data base, dating from more than 130 years. NIMH is also the official representative of Bulgaria in many European and world organizations, associations and programs. NIMH is one of the 15 RTH of the WMO, which are part of GTS for exchange and spreading of WMO data. The researches for the purposes of this activity cover broad range of themes. 53 projects from generally 179 were done in the period of 2004-2008 and were subsidized by the budget of BAS or with the help of extra funds from the National scientific fund (NSF). In the same period 47 projects were subsidized by contracts with ministries and/or private companies. The biggest number (55) was subsidized by contracts and programs of EU, NATO, UNESCO and other international organizations. 15 projects were subsidized by bilateral contracts, one of which was with Meteo-France 356 - the project ALAD IN — meteorological weather prediction with high resolution for forecasts in South Europe. NIMH is also active on PHARE Program, in 5, 6 and 7 Framework EU programs and also in COST activities (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). With the help of its activities NIMH contributed for the implementation on national level of the obligations of Bulgaria towards the International panel for climate changes, UN convention on climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, Convention to combat desertification, EU Water Initiative, etc. The whole number of publications in these 5 years was 517 or 104 per year. 65 publications were reviewed in international editions and 43 - in Bulgarian ones. The publications - resumes or discussions in international congresses and symposiums - are 252, 91 in Bulgaria. Also 18 books or chapters from books outside Bulgaria and nine books in Bulgarian language were published. That's why the international recognition is positive, although the whole number of publications is not big compared to the considerable number of researchers (80). The production in the reviewed editions is especially small in the sphere of hydrology. In general there are 5270 quotations, 2880 in international scientific magazines. The general review of the quality and the productivity is "A", i.e. the work is competitive according to the international standards. The institute demonstrated important contribution in the relevant sphere and it is considered as an international player. b) Social and economic impact. The priority for NIMH is the operative activities, which is determined by the big number of national and international duties. The infrastructure, at least for the establishments in the centre, is modern, including the computer hardware and software. So the products and the services of NIMH are highly efficient. But to have more credibility in the broad spectrum of activities, accounting the strategic aim of BAS to become "engine of the society of knowledge", in NIMH there has to be put an accent on the purely scientific activity. Although more than 90% of the science is applied, the contracts, subsidized by the industry, are small number. The overall review of the Social and economic impact is "A" - "Highly efficient" c) Perspective. With a view to the nature of the work and the significance of the problems, the researches in NIMH (disasters, floods, droughts, global warming) and their socio-economic impact in European and global terms, the vitality and the performance of the NIMH projects seem guarantied. But the accent on the fundamental research activity usually is rather weak and this type of researches is especially important for the attraction of young and motivated scientists, as the maintenance of overall better quality in the applied spheres. The scientific plan follows the national and international priorities and this will continue in the future. In broader sense they will be determined by the implementation of new technologies and practices for the observations, the information transfer and the communications. One example is the automatic stations for the weather in the hydrology (for example underground measurements), radar 357 and computer systems. There are many new directions because of the NIMH duties towards the membership in WMO and other international organizations. These new technologies and practices require a higher level of competency of the personnel and the solution is to attract young scientists, but this is a big financial problem. The remunerations in the Institute are not attractive! (Average salary of 513 BGN for 2009). Another aspect in this context is the separation of the operative and administrative activity between the senior researchers, which allows for the young scientists to take bigger part in the scientific challenges. Without strategic decisions about the problem with the age, the multitude problems of the education and the brain drain in the Institute will be difficult to overcome. The overall review of the perspectives is "A". The expert committee indicated the general strong aspects and the weaknesses of NIMH: NIMH is having highly qualified and prepared scientists in the sphere of meteorology and climate, as in the area of hydrology and agrometeorology. NIMH has considerable productivity and it is well integrated in Europe and elsewhere. But the exchange with European scientists is only one-way. A small number of foreign scientists visit NIMH. NIMH is RTH of GTS of WMO and controls the information from Southwestern Europe and Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Turkey, Macedonia and former Yugoslavia. The integration with other national state institutions is not optimal. There are some overlapping activities with other institutes of BAS and there is a problem with the free exchange of data. Strong aspects: Highly qualified research personnel; well-developed network for observations; applying of modern techniques for the prognoses; significant scientific productivity, participating in European and global networks, big number of internationally funded projects; regional telecommunication centre. Weaknesses: Lack of young staff; too many personnel with unclear duties; relatively small number of articles in international reviewed editions; lack of fundamental researches; too fragmented financing; small number of contracts with the industry; overlapping (of activities) with other BAS institutes. Recommendations for NIMH from the International expert committee: To stress more on the fundamental researches and to get higher level of the publications in internationally reviewed editions. To maintain and even to increase the participation in European and global networks. The same is valid for the exchange of students and foreign scientists, visiting NIMH. There is a need of organizing more seminars and open discussions. Given the importance of the meteorological and hydrological data for the society and for a wide range of other BAS institutes, the experts are recommending better (with minimal price) access to the data. To avoid overlapping of activities with other institutes of BAS the available scientific-technical examination in NIMH has to produce bigger number (and more significant) of contracts with the industry and the private companies. The overall number of the personnel in NIMH is big and that could lead to budget problems in the future. With a good management for implementing automatic observations the considerable decrease of the staff could be reached without decreasing the quality as a whole. 358 NIMH in the first decade of 21st century The Bulgarian NIMH HMS is authorized to represent the country in WMO and it is part of the organization from 12.03.1952. NIMH is the official representative of Bulgaria also in the European centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ESMWF), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the Operational program for the exchange of weather radar information (OPERA), the Network of European meteorological services (EUMETNET), the International hydrologie program of UNESCO, the Internationale Service for Danube River, etc. Organizational structure of NIMH is consisted of: 1 ) Central governing and serving bodies of NIMH in Sofia formed from: la) General Scientific Assembly, Scientific Council, Director-General and deputies, Administrative Services; lb) scientific and research establishments departments — directions with sections, laboratories and centres, e.g. RTH, Information and Training Centers; lc) operative and applied and servicing establishments - sections, e.g. Central meteorological observatory; 2) Branches of NIMH in Plovdiv, Varna, Pleven, Kyustendil with sections and laboratories - analogues of these in Sofia, but mainly with operative- applied activity. 3) Observatories — hydrometeorological (HMO); meteorological (MO) and hydrological (HO). They are responsible for the work of the networks of the stations of NIMH and for the hydrometeorological services in the areas of responsibility that almost coincided with former regions. In the first half of 2010 the Scientific Council of NIMH approved structure changes creating a) three independent sectors directly subordinating to the Director- General: "Hydrometeorological devices and metrology"; "International Relations" and "Training Center"; b) department "Water Management" — consisting of personnel from the Institute of water problems, attached to NIMH. NIMH is getting data from the hydrometeorological measurement and ob¬ servations with the help of the following national and international systems for observation: a) Network of the national hydrometeorological stations, supported by NIMH, comprising at the end of 2010 total number of 1082 different stations: 1 aerologie, 36 synoptic, 6 sea meteorological, 87 climatic, 248 rain measuring, 30 agrometeorologic, 54 agrophenologic posts, 15 forest phenologic, 177 hydrometrie stations, 368 hydrogeologie posts (for underground water), including 100 for seepages of water and wells, 39 posts for the chemical composition of the rains, 5 for pollution (chemical and radioactive) of the air. There is measurement of alluvium flow in 94 stations. There are 15 automatic meteorological stations in the network. b) Radar meteorological network — there are three radars — one of NIMH (Plovdiv) and two of Air traffic services authority (Sofia and Varna) c) Meteorological satellites of EUMETSAT giving real-time information. The operative and scientific applied activity of NIMH is done mainly by the supported in operative regime systems for hydrometeorological forecasts, early warnings and specialized information servicing, including issuing and distributing of: • Meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological forecasts for different periods of time; · Sea meteorological forecasts; · Warnings for dangerous meteorological and 359 hydrological phenomena; · Specialized forecasts; · Specialized complex and ex servicing the economy and the society. Most of the received information products are made with the help of specialized systems, developed and maintained in operative regime by the seien and the specialists in NIMH. NIMH is servicing complex information system for transferring, treatm and archiving of data, distributed by the Global telecommunication system (G and part of the information of the World Weather Watch program of WMO. ' main establishment is the Regional telecommunication hub (RTH) in Sofia - of the 15 RTH of the GTS in the world. It secures meteorological information the Southeastern Europe and Middle East countries, ensures real-time access to world and national databases and products, it is responsible for the treatment and the selective spreading of observations, forecasts, aerologie, radar, satellite and ot information, necessary for the scientific and the applied activity in the region. The created in NIMH resources and technologies make possible the helping the activity of the Meteorological center of the Air Forces of the Ministry of Defei and the meteorological establishments of the civil aviation; the Center for aerocosn observation and Directorate General "Fire safety and rescue"; Executive For Agency of Ministry of Agriculture. The scientific applied activity of NIMH is realized by projects, financed programs of EU, NATO, WMO, national funds, state and private organizations a companies as with the help of budget, but to small extent. So in 2009 there were 1 projects (for NIMH and IWP), subsidized by the following sources: budget subsi - 37; Scientific research fund - 8; Bulgarian organizations (ministries, departmer companies) — 46; EU, NATO UNESCO and other international organizations - : projects with equivalent (no currency) interstate cooperation - 4. There are scientific researches within European and other international progra as the National communication under the UN Framework Convention on сіігш Projects under 5, 6, 7 Framework programs of the European Commission ACCE!4 SAFER, QUANTIFY, EnviroGRIDS, etc; Projects under bilateral and multilate international cooperation such as ALADIN, improving of the forecasts for floods the Bulgarian-Turk section of the rivers Maritsa and Tundzha, DMCSEE, COST, e The research activity is connected with weather forecasts, dynamic modelli physics of the clouds, climatology, hydrology agrometeorology, chemical andradioact pollution of the air and water, assessment for the management of the water, etc. The scientific applied activity includes assessment of the hydrometerologi resources, problems of the active impacts of the atmospheric processes, creation systems for early warnings, consulting and expert systems. The Director-General G. Kortchev (see Kortchev G., 2010), on the basis of 1 analysis makes the following conclusions and recommendations for the activity NIMH in 2010-2014: • The maintaining of the observation system of NIMH is hard and expensi task. There has to be created project for optimization of the networks of static for decreasing the expenditure for the maintenance and the saved funds have to redirected towards the old devices and staged automation of the observations. 360 • The lack of modern meteorological radars in NIMH makes difficult the operative work of the observations (measurements) and for the issuing forecasts and warnings. There is a need of minimum two meteoradars, which in combination with the radars of the Air Traffic Service Authority could ensure good radar cover of the country; • The computing environment in which the described above systems for hydrometeorologie forecasts work is maintained by the different departments. There is a need of creation of a specialized establishment for these functions and also uniting of some of now working systems and creation of systems, based on cascade principle. • In 2009 the salaries and the assurances form the 80% of the given subsidy. P.S. This situation continued and during of the period to 2014. Our own incomes are 21% of the budget of NIMH. They are used in the following way: 64% for remunerations, 11% for business trips, connected with the contract tasks and participation in international scientific events, 16% for capital expenses and 9% for maintaining the network and external services. It is clear that there is a need to search new sources for increasing our own incomes. Perspectives for the development of NIMH in the period 2010-2014 Despite the really good assessment of NIMH from the international commission, reviewed the BAS institutes, (A/A/A), the institution has a necessity of overall modernization, described concretely in a project with indicated terms for realization and sources of financing [see Kortchev G. Programme. 2010-2014] (2010). Priority task No 1 must be: "Preparation, approval and activation of a short- term and long-term plan for development of NIMH" with an accent on the whole modernization and fast integration in the work of the European MS/HMSs and achieving the goals of the Strategic plan RA-VI. The practical realization of the task is in tight dependence on the national priorities, the participation in the regional initiatives of the countries in the Black Sea economic cooperation zone and the Strategic plan of WMO till 2018. In NIMH an activity for preparation of a project for entire modernization began. The main points in it are: a) structuring the project; b) searching for sources of finance. The project has to be structured in three parts: 1) Systems for monitoring; 2) Management of the data and preparation ofinformation products; 3) Servicing of the state administration, the business and the population. Special attention will be attached to the distance methods for observation and their appliance in the operative practice, preparation and introduction in the operative regime of systems for early warning, development of methods and service systems with climate information and information products. The development of the systems for quantitative monitoring of the water, assessment of the water resources, its multiple aim management and using in the circumstances of the changing climate are another range of questions. The coming in force of the Law for changing and complementing the Law on water foresees NIMH to become state body in connection with: 1) quantitative monitoring of the water, 2) forecasts for floods, 3) methodic ensuring of this activities, 4) creation of hydromelioration balances. Special attention should be paid to the integration of the hydrological establishments and to the using of water resources 361 with the help of the development of complex projects, leading to completed products and their direct use from the consumers of water in the country. Priority task No 2 is considered to be "Working out of a project for entire and staged modernization of NIMH and looking for finances for its realization ". The realization of this task will improve the quality of the hydrometeorlogical information and servicing the consumers. Because of the expected financial problems in the coming years the finding of non-budgetary funds will be a key factor for the successful functioning and future growth of NIMH. Funding the research activity in the Program (see Kortchev G. Programme. 2010 - 2014). is offered by three sources: a) budget subsidy; b) international projects; c) National Fund "Scientific research". International projects will include mainly j projects, subsidized by EU FP, as the projects, developed and financed entirely in the framework of the bilateral cooperation with Meteo-France. Another source for developing the computing environment will be resources funds from economic business. Funds for the scientific applied activity will be from the following sources: a) Contracts with national consumers of hydrometeorological information and ι information products; b) National Fund "Scientific research". Funding the operative activity is for the maintaining the observation system; the funds for exchange data and information products; the systems for hydrometeorologie j real time forecasts and the systems for early warning. This expensive activity is directly connected with the national and international arrangements of NIMH. The ¡ maintaining of the operative systems will be funded by: budget subsidy (partly); ι regional projects; own incomes; Ministry of Environment and Water; other ministries ! and departments. Budget subsidy will be used mainly to buy materials for Aerologie station 1 f; "Sofia" (sounding balloons), materials for the support hydrometeorological network and the channels of GTS. For the regional projects there will be raised funds mainly for development of systems for early warning. Examples for successful applying of , such an approach there is in the hydrology when the early warning systems were created for the rivers Arda and Maritsa (see Fig. 1; 2). The state financing was used 1:1 for warning systems, made by SAH department (see Fig. 3). The national engagements of NIMH in the field of hydrology, water resources, underground rivers and alluvium regime of the rivers are included in the Law on water, approved from the Parliament. The defined activities of HIMH in the law will be result-oriented, financed by the Ministry of Environment and Water and will cover a big part of the operative activity in "Hydrology" department. Priority task no 3 must be "Attracting extra budget funds for supporting of scientific applied and operative activity ". The resolving of this task will be done on the basis of projects, complied and executed by representatives of different structure establishments of NIMH. The future personnel policy of NIMH. One of the problems in the development of NIMH in the last decade is the lack of young people in the scientific applied j and operative activity. The recommendation in the Program is: 1) Work with the 362 universities (Sofia University, Technical University, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, etc.) aiming to popularize the activity of NIMH, attracting and appointing of specialists-university graduates; 2) Growing up of the scientific staff of NIMH according to the Bulgarian Law on academic staff growth; 3) Rising the qualification of the workers in the system of NIMH according to the WMO' requirements, written in WMO No 258; 4) Scholarships of WMO for post¬ graduate work in the European MS/HMS and universities; 5) Post-graduate courses of meteorology and hydrology in Bulgarian universities; 6) Courses on improving the qualification in the Training centre of NIMH-BAS; 7) Participation in international events and seminars for concrete problems (see Kortchev G., 2010). The first steps for realization of this program were taken in 2010. Until this moment there were signed agreements with departments of Faculty of Physics, Faculty of Geology and Geography of Sofia University, Shumen University and professional school "M. V. Lomonosov". The aim is the Training centre of NIMH to become national base for educational practice of the students in universities, where there is subject meteorology, general climatology and hydrology, as for students in professional schools, studying these subjects. Priority task No 4 is "Preparation and realization of the approved in the Parliament NIMH program for progress of the scientists and the specialists according to the Law on academic staff growth, according ίο the educational programs on meteorology and hydrology in the universities and the educational programs of WMO". The future international activity of NIMH. The participations in WMO forums are important for NIMH. The Congress of WMO is conducted through 4 years. It define and approve Strategic plan and elect the government authorities of WMO. The member states of WMO are participating in the work of the Congress with national delegations, compiled of the director and representatives of the national MS/HMS, organizations, close to its work and representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The participation in the congresses of WMO demands great preliminary preparation of the national delegates to study the documents of the congress and to prepare statements in answer to the national, regional and international interests of the country. Priority task No 5 is "Intensification of the participation in international and European projects, funded by different sources ". The scientific body of NIMH has the needed capacity to continue working and searching for opportunities for formulating and participating in new international projects. Bilateral cooperation with the European meteorological services was developed. In 2010-2012 three contracts on scientific and technical cooperation with the meteorological services of the Russian Federation, Macedonia and Meteo-France were re-signed. There are the bilateral contracts with the services of the Black Sea countries. The joint work and the common interests of the neighborhood meteorological services will give an opportunity for formulation of regional projects with the financial help of European Union programs. The celebration of "150 years of meteorological instrumental observations in Bulgaria and 120 years of Bulgarian meteorological service" The preparation for this celebration began with decision of the Scientific council of NIMH on 17.12.2009. In the process of the organization was decided the 363 celebration to be under the patronage of the minister of education, youth and science and honourable guest to be the minister of environment and water (MOEW). The reason was that the Bulgarian meteorological service was created and developed in the then Ministry of Education and also this national service is doing monitoring and researches that are thematically close to the competency and the social responsibilities of MOEW. The ministries gave their approval. The celebration took place on 8-9 November 2010 in Sofia. During the official ceremony on 8.11.2010 in the Radisson Blu Grand Hotel welcoming messages were addressed by: • Representatives of the government and BAS - Mrs. Ekaterina Mihaylova - deputy president of the Bulgarian Parliament, Mrs. Nona Karadzhova - minister (MOEW), acad. Alexander Popov - deputy president of BAS; • The Secretary-General of the UN World Meteorological Organization Dr. Michel Jarraud; the president of the European meteorological society Dr. Fritz Neuwirth; heads and representatives of European meteorological services - Central institute of meteorology and geodynamics of Austria (Dr. Michael Staudinger), Russian federal service of meteorology and environment monitoring (Igor Shumakov) - deputy-director State meteorological service of Turkey (Mehmet Chaglar - director); National hydrological and meteorological service of Macedonia (Vancho Dimitriev - director); • Bulgarian institutes within: BAS (geophysics, geodesy and geography; oceanology); Agriculture academy (pedology "N. Pushkarov"); related organizations within: (Air Force Meteorological service - Ministry of Defence; Bulgarian Air traffic services authority - Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications; Aerocosmic Center attached to Directorate General "Fire safety and rescue", universities with meteorology and hydrology studies: Physics Faculty St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia; University of Architecture, Civil engineering and Geodesy; University of Forestry. There were received welcoming messages also from: Minister of Education, Youth and Science; BAS president; Hydrotechnical Faculty of University of Architecture, Civil engineering and Geodesy (UACEG); Head of the Bulgarian Air Forces; Nuclear Regulatory Agency; Executive Forest Agency - Ministry of Agriculture and Foods; Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of Danube River - Russe, attached to the Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications; Mayor of Sofia; Regional governors of Varna, Stara Zagora and Pleven; Mayor of Burgas Municipality; Regional administration "Civil protection" - Montana attached to Ministry of Interior; Konstanta Preslavsky University of Shumen; Specialized Scientific body of water management attached to UACEG. There was also organized a specialized exhibition in the Parliament (http://info. meteo.bg/gl 20/index.php?glaven=ns) In the afternoon of 8.11.2010 a big part of the guests visited the operative establishments of NIMH in Sofia RTH of WMO; National Center for Meteorological Forecasts; Center for Hydrological Forecasting; Training Center. In the evening it was organized a cocktail in Radisson Blu Hotel. 364 On 9.11.2010 in the big hall of BAS there was an anniversary scientific session. The lecture "Climate changes and adaption processes" was presented by Dr. Michel Jarraud - Secretary-General of WMO. Reports were presented also by Bulgarian scientists from NIMH, related institutes of BAN, Agriculture Academy and universities. There was also a poster session. The reports from the scientific session will be published in the Bulgarian Journal of Meteorology and Hydrology. In the afternoon of 9.11.2010 in the hall of NIMH were awarded former and present officials of NIMH with plaques and deeds. In the end of the book there are many pictures of the celebration. In the end of this short resume of the book you can find the most important part of the welcoming message of the Secretary-General of WMO Dr. Michel Jarraud. He say: "In this remarkable day I want to congratulate the whole personnel of NIMH for their remarkable interaction with WMO, dated already from the moment, when Bulgaria became member of our Organization - 12 March 1952" "During all these years, passed from the event, we celebrate today, the Bulgarian NIMH, as the preceding establishments, have effective contribution for the resolving of the problems of the social-economic needs of your country. In the context of WMO nowadays Bulgaria is an active member country of the Regional association VI (Europe) and I want to use this opportunity to express my appreciation for the personal contribution of many Bulgarian meteorologists in WMO, including those of them, who worked irreproachably in the Secretariat of WMO, such as your Director- General Dr. Georgi Kortchev" "From the beginning of the modern era it is extremely needed for all the aspects of life and human activity the social and ecological management of the weather and climate knowledge. Exactly in this context MS/HMSs in different countries have optimal possibilities for identifying and resolving many problems, influencing the safety of life and the socio-economic development. In particular, because of the natural disasters the national MS/HMSs have the task to ensure the respective preliminary warnings for the different types of dangers and these institutions are authoritative sources of warnings for the weather in their countries". "Also, the effective coordination of activities of MS/HMS is a key contribution, which the countries are doing for the needs of the international community. In particular, this community is calling for the increasing of the regular observations, necessary to monitor the climate changes and its consequences and also to help the developing countries to introduce the most optimal strategy to adapt towards the changeability and the changes of the climate. These arguments determine the additional motivation for a closer cooperation on regional level in the sphere of meteorology, which is complex discipline with no political or economical limits". Mr. Jarraud added that the Third World Climate Conference (WCC-3, Geneva, 2009) unanimously confirmed the creation of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) within the main theme "climate forecasts and information to get decisions". Concretely this means reinforcement of the scientific grounded climate forecasts and servicing for which the High-level Taskforce-HLT) is actively preparing proposals to present on the XVI World Meteorological Congress in 2011. 365 "In this context, I can assume that in the coming years BAS and its NIMH will have new possibilities to contribute in the development of GFCS and to get advantage from it" In conclusion Mr. Jarraud expressed his gratitude towards NIMH for its exemplary cooperation with WMO and the international meteorological community. The President of the European Meteorological Society Dr. Fritz Neuwirth said: "Now I'm planning to write a report about your celebration in "EMS-message" (the magazine of the European meteorological society - EMS) published on the website of the organization - http://www.emetsoc.org. In conclusion we express our great appreciation to our guests, colleagues and leadership, to Bulgarian and foreign services, institutes and universities because of their participation and contribution for this successful celebration! It became remarkable event, which demonstrated the significance and the respect towards the Bulgarian Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Service - NIMH! Translation Georgi Nikolov and Vassil Andreev 366
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spelling	Andreev, Vasil Metodiev 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)1068652020 aut Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba Vasil Andreev History of Bulgarian meteorological and hydrometeorological service 1. izd. Sofija Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" 2014 377 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: History of Bulgarian meteorological and hydrometeorological service. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde (DE-588)4540252-8 gnd rswk-swf Wetterdienst (DE-588)4477793-0 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Wetterdienst (DE-588)4477793-0 s Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde (DE-588)4540252-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027863087&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027863087&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Andreev, Vasil Metodiev 1937- Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde (DE-588)4540252-8 gnd Wetterdienst (DE-588)4477793-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4540252-8 (DE-588)4477793-0 (DE-588)4008866-2
title	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba
title_alt	History of Bulgarian meteorological and hydrometeorological service
title_auth	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba
title_exact_search	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba
title_full	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba Vasil Andreev
title_fullStr	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba Vasil Andreev
title_full_unstemmed	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba Vasil Andreev
title_short	Istorija na bălgarskata Meteorologična i chidrometeorologična služba
title_sort	istorija na balgarskata meteorologicna i chidrometeorologicna sluzba
topic	Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde (DE-588)4540252-8 gnd Wetterdienst (DE-588)4477793-0 gnd
topic_facet	Wasserwirtschaftsbehörde Wetterdienst Bulgarien
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027863087&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027863087&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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