Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938): activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938)
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
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Cluj-Napoca
Editura Mega
2014
Zalău Editura Porolissum 2014 |
| Schriftenreihe: | Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis
18 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 506 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9786068483061 9786065434349 |
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| adam_text | BIBLIOGRAFIE
IZVOARE ARHIVISTICE
Arhivele Consiliului National de Studiere a Arhivelor Securitätii,/ond Documentar
Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucure§ti: fondurilepersonale Ion Mihalache, EmilHatieganu, Aurel Vlad, Ghitä Pop, Victor Moldovan;fond Consiliul Dirigent;fond Ministerul Afacerilor In terne (M.A.I.)
Arhivele Nationale -Directia Judeteanä Bihor, fondul Prefectura judetiilui Bihor
Arhivele Nationale - Directia Judeteanä Bra§ov: fondurile personale Valeriu Branipe, George Moroianu; fondul Prefectura judetului Bra§ov
Arhivele Nationale - Directia Judetenä Chip fand Partidul National Täränesc;fand Banca Agrarä din Cluj;fondurile personale Iuliu Maniu, Ilie Lazär, Victor Deleu, Valeriu Braniste, Iuliu Moldovan Arhivele Nationale - Directia Judeteanä Sälaj, fondurile Prefectura judetului Sälaj: Prefect-administrative;
Prefect-confidentiale; Caietele Victor Deleu; Protopopiatulgreco-catolic Näpradea Muzeul Judetean de Istorie §i Arta din Zaläu,fandurile loan Ossian, Iuliu Maniu si Valentin Sima,
ISTORIE ORALÄ
Interviurirealízate cu urmätoarele persoane: Flavia Coposu, maritata Bälescu, Bucuresti, näscutä in anul 1924; Rodica Coposu, Bucuresti, näscutä in anul 1932; Vasile Oros, Bädäcin, Sälaj, näscut in anul 1925
DOCUMENTE EDITE
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IMPRIMERIA NATIONALÄ, 1938
»
Desbátenle Adunärii Deputatilor, 1919-1937 Desbátenle Senatului, 1919-1937
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REVISTE
Ardealul Tänär (Cluj), 1930 Transilvania (Sibiu), 1921-1922 Calendarulalmanah alRN.T. (Bucuresti), 1935-1937 Calendarulvoinicului (Cluj), 1930
Calendarul ziarului„VointaBanatuluf (Timisoara), 1930-1931 Tara noasträ (Cluj-Napoca), 1925
Tara de mäine (Cluj-Napoca), (au apärut 6 numere in 1931), 1935-1938 PERIODICE
Actiunea Maramurä§anä (Sighetu Marmatiei), 1929-1938 Alba lulia (Alba Iulia), 1919-1938 Aurora (Bucuresti)
Dimineata (Bucure§ti)
Adevärul (Bucurejti)
Universal (Bucure§ti)
457
Marin Pop
Romania (Bucure§ti) 1923-1927 Chemarea TinerimiiRomane (Cluj), 1926-1932 Democratulromán (Carei), 1936-1937 Drapelul(Arad), 1934—1938 Drapelul (Lugoj), 1919-1938 Dreptatea (Bucuresti), 1927-1938 Dreptatea (Oradea)
Dreptatea Poporului (Oradea)
Flamura verde (Bucuresti) (organul central de presa al tineretului P.N.T), 1930-1938
FoaiaVoinicului (Cluj -Napoca) (1929-
Gazeta oficiala a Consiliului Dirigent (Sibiu), 1919
Gazeta oficiala a judetului Sâlaj (Zalâu), 1919-1937
Gazeta de Duminecâ (Simleu Silvaniei), 1904—1911; 1920-1936
Gazeta Maramura§ana, 1923-1932
Gazeta Sâlajului (Zalâu), 1936-1937
Gazeta Transilvaniei (Brasov), 1919-1938
Gazeta de Vest (Oradea)
îndreptarea (Bucuresti), 1920-1922
Maramurd§ul (Sighetu Marmatiei), 1926-1931
Maramure§ul (Sighetu Marmatiei), 1935-1938
Mese§ul (Zalâu), 1926-1927
Patria (Cluj), 1919-1938
Rena§terea (Cluj), 1925
Roata (Bistrita) 1933-1938
Roata (Carajj, 1928-1930
RomâniaNouâ (Cluj), 1933-1938
Românul (Arad) 1918-1921,1926-1938
RomânulTârnâvean (Blaj), 1926-1928
SatuMare (Satu-Mare), 1922-1937
SâlajulNou (Zalâu), 1934
SoliaDreptâtii (Deva), 1923-1938
Unirea (Blaj), 1928-1929
Viitorul (Bucuresti), 1919-1938
Vointa Banatului (Timigoara), 1922-1928
Vestul (Timisoara) 1930- 1933
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Idem, „Refacerea organizatiei din Bihor a Partidului National Román §i rezultatele obtinute la alegerile din noiembrie 1919”, ín Analele Universitátii din Oradea (A.U.D.O), VIII-IX, Oradea, 1998-1999.
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Idem, „Partidului National Román din Transilvania. Organizada Bihor în anii 1919-1926”, în vol. Societate §i civilizatie. Profesorului universitär dr. Marcel Çtirban la împlinirea a $apte decenii de viatä, Editura „Dimitrie Cantemir”, Târgu-Mure§, 2002.
Idem, „Aspecte privind viata politicä interbelicä: alegerile parlamentare din mai 1926. Gre$eala Comisiei Electorale Centrale privind alegerile din Bihor”, în C.T.C., 1999,10, nr. 5-6.
Idem, „Constituirea organizatiei national-täräniste din Bihor §i participarea acesteia la alegerile parlamentare din iulie 1927”, în AU.D.Ó., 1998-1999,’8-9.
Idem, „Alegerile locale din 1930. Cazul judeUilui Bihor”, în A.U.D.O., X, Oradea, 2000,10.
Idem, „Dr. Aurel Lazar - pre§edinte al Comisiei Interimare §i primar al municipiului Oradea”, A U.D.O., 1992.
Idem, „Personalitäti ale Marii Uniri: dr. Aurel Lazâr”, în Apulum, XXXVII/2, Alba Iulia, 2000.
Idem, „Aurel Lazàr (1872-1930), un exemplu de civism”, în Aurel Lazâr si época sa. Culegere de studii, coordonatori Aurel Chiriac si Ion Zainea, Oradea, Editura Muzeului Tärii Crisurilor, 2007.
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SUMMARY
POLITICAL LIFE IN INTERWAR ROMANIA (1919-1938). ACTIVITY OF THE NATIONAL PARTY AND NATIONAL PEASANT IN TRANSYLVANIA AND BANAT
This paper is intended to be a monographic character. She refers to their political and administrative organizations of the county in Transylvania and Banat Romanian National Party, became, after merging with the Peasant Party, National Peasant Party, in the period 1919-1938, the interwar period circumscribed.
The first chapter of this paper we analyzed the activity of PNR the period since just after the Great Unification and until the appointment by King Ferdinand Ion liberal political leaders. BC Bratianu as prime minister of Romania. We focused on the political work of the Governing Council and not administrative, which has been treated almost exhaustively, especially Gheorghe Iancu Cluj history, which I mentioned in the chapter on historiography and bibliography.
The period between January 1919 and March 1920 was a profound change in the Transylvanian society. Receiving both political leadership and administration as of Transylvania and Banat, Governing Council was able to face all the problems of global war. In early 1919, leaders P.N.R. have dedicated more administrative problems rather than political ones, until, at Sibiu, in July-August 1919, the Grand National Council session takes place in Transylvania. I consider it an important event because they were debated and approved the draft electoral law and the land.
The two laws, sanctioned by King Ferdinand will have a particular importance in economic and political development of interwar Romania. On this occasion, choose and new management structures of the NRP, on days 9 and 10 August, when there is, also in Sibiu, PNR Conference Iuliu Maniu became, officially, president of PNR Also in Sibiu dissociation administrative matters decided by the Governing Council’s political decision taking is setting up a central electoral commission, which was tasked to deal with the reorganization of the party and appointing candidates for the first parliamentary elections after the Great Unification. However, it was decided that P.N.R. to submit applications only in Transylvania and Banat. It followed an extensive reorganization of the party structures, bottom, from the communes. In almost all villages in Transylvania and Banat held meetings in which they have reconstructed the local organizations of the NRPs.
Leading them were elected, usually priests or teachers, who were opinion leaders of the Romanians in Transylvanian villages, whom sociologists and historians have called elite minor Romanians in Transylvania, and beyond.
PNR reorganization required and because some dissidents had already arisen, such as those of Amos Francu group of thirteen Banat, Banat Union who have established or youth group around the newspaper renaissance Romanian, a party wishing infiintatea Peasant Transylvania. Other parties in the Old Kingdom has not yet tried setting up their own organizations in Transylvania, waiting to see the position of the PNR the new political context, hoping for a possible collaboration, since 1919, as was said Constantin Argetoianu Transylvanians year. All parties wanted to collaborate with the Old Kingdom PNR to form a parliamentary majority and government.
In parliamentary elections in November 1919 NRP also benefited from the advantages of the electoral law for Transylvania and Banat, which stipulated in art. 46 that if in a constituency it presents one candidate was declared elected, without further conduct the voting. Also, minorities did not participate in elections, only individual candidates from the Saxons or the Hungarians. Neither the Socialists did not participate in parliamentary elections, as well as the People’s League. However, it should be noted, first, the enthusiasm of the Romanian population, attended the first free elections after the Great Unification. In these circumstances, P.N.R. won almost all the seats
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in Transylvania and Banat, standing at the national level first, before the Liberal Party. Around P.N.R. have formed parliamentary majority. After intense negotiations, on 25 November 1919, was concluded a cooperation agreement between the Party of Romanian National Peasant Party, the Nationalist Party-Democratic Party of the Democratic Union of Peasant Party of Bukovina and Bessarabia to form a parliamentary bloc. In these negotiations “regatenii” have been introduced for the first time, the art of negotiating Transylvanians, who took him to exasperation Nicolae Iorga, the thoroughness of the German pragmatism and which gave evidence. The memoirs of Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru Vaida Constantin Argetoianu or Voevod note that Transylvanians were regarded with some suspicion in Bucharest.
I tried to draw a parallel image of the political leaders of the two provinces, as reflected in their statements said: how it looked in the Transylvanian regatenii and vice versa.
King Ferdinand would be appointed as Prime Minister Voevod Vaida, as stated by Nicolae Iorga, only because Paris to discuss the fate of Transylvania, not because they trust him. When was ousted prime minister was abroad, where advocacy Romania. His dismissal as highlight and C. Argetoianu, provoked negative reactions, both in Western Chancellery and the press.
However, in his short existence, the government has managed to cope Vaida difficult problems they had faced. While he was gone a long time in the West, Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida Voevod was well substituted at the head of the government’s political leaders Cicio Transylvanian Stefan Pop, who provided the interim. Also, the leadership of the Chamber of Deputies was a reliable ally in the person of Nicolae Iorga, who realized the importance of his mission in the West Vaida. Among others, the government abolished the state of siege and censorship in most regions of the country, courts martial, military headquarters and censorship and made a series of bills to be debated in Parliament. During legislative parliamentary bloc have been developed and presented nearly 90 bills.
Among the most important were the Gendarmerie Law, rentals, and land reform, speeding and last fall the government, because it was deemed too radical. Around this time a special activity held a Governing Council of Transylvania and Banat, both internally and externally, by sending a delegation of important leaders and well trained, professionally speaking, at the Paris Peace Conference. After parliamentary elections in November 1919 Grand National Tip virtually ceased to exist on entry NRP leaders Parliament of Great Romania. It is now put into question by the press in Bucharest and the role and purpose of the political class continued operation of the Governing Council after elections. We demand the abolition of administrative unification and intensification of the country. Appear in the press a series of articles that induces the idea that the leaders of Transylvania, led by Iuliu Maniu, do not want the abolition of the regional governing body. Responding in a press interview, Iuliu Maniu explains that just puts the problem of how to do this abolition, stressing that NRP leaders disagreed with the abolition of the Ruling Council, rejecting the idea of regionalism and indestructible unity of Romanian national state.
Iuliu Maniu and other leaders P.N.R. wanted the entire administrative apparatus do not move from Transylvania to Bucharest to increase bureaucracy here, but to be created, from Cluj, a body designed to resolve the administrative affairs of Transylvania, which is subordinate to the central government in Bucharest. Another group, which has prevailed in the meeting of 1 February 1920, total employment is declared for the governing bodies of the government in Bucharest Transylvania. After installation of the power, the government abolished Averescu Ruling Council, which was considered by leaders PNR a crime, because that power have, in their view, only Parliament.
A new phase for the NRP, the parties of the Old Kingdom will try to create their own organizations in Transylvania. Also, with the government led by General Averescu were introduced in Romanian political life means, legal or illegal, allowing the government the power to win elections, which they also organized them. The mechanism has functioned throughout the interwar period. Exceptions were the 1937 elections. However, one can say that P.N.R. (Now the 1926 NPP, Following the merger with P.T) held in Transylvania and Banat political monopoly across the inter-war period. Period April 1920 to January 1922, which overlaps broadly with the government of the People’s Party, led by General Al. Averescu begins with the start of parliamentary elections in May-June 1920.
After installing Averescu government, Octavian Goga, who had appointed Minister of State, on 28 March 1920, the head of a group of 29 members of the National Party, Iuliu Maniu shall submit
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a collective resignation, calling out the party. In an appeal dated March 31,1920 who reported that they had decided to resign along with the League of the People to establish a new party named the People’s Party. The league is also People’s group has merged with Sergiu Iancu Flondor and Nita and the National Union of Banat, led by Abram Imbroane.
Faced with this situation, the Central Executive Committee of NRP Party Congress convened for 24 April 1920 in the city symbol of Romanians in Transylvania, Alba Iulia. At this important political event for PNR, Iuliu Maniu was reconfirmed as president. Was also elected a new Executive Committee composed of 15 individuals and the broader Central Committee, which was called by the Committee of one hundred. It also adopted a new political program, summarized in 13 chapters, which exceeded the regional framework of Transylvania and Banat, party organizations are expected to extend throughout the country.
Under these conditions began to PNR campaign, after which, with all government interference, the party managed to win in Transylvania and Banat, 27 deputies and 14 senators, which placed him 2nd place between parties country and first among the opposition parties.
Another conclusion is that, since these elections, in Transylvania and Banat are penetrating and parties in the Old Kingdom, which will be successful only when the electorate will have power and they will hold elections. P.N.R. remained still party with the most popular among the Romanian electorate of Transylvania and Banat. Another issue on which I insisted the relationship was that PNR with other parliamentary political parties, primarily with the government.
If at the beginning of the People’s Party have been negotiations for a cooperation, PNR even offering two Cabinet ministers, talks have failed due to general tendencies to assimilate the whole party Averescu Transylvanian. This intention was severely challenged by the leaders PNR and the Congress of Alba Iulia, held under the slogan “fight or die.”
P.N.R. Relations with the ruling party were damaged during the election campaign because of government interference. Transylvania and Banat elections were postponed for a week, just for the government to concentrate all its forces here, including government and military. Then, in Parliament, P.N.R. voiced fierce opposition to illegal measures Averescu government, which culminated with business Schuller and Resita, which nationalized the Old Kingdom capital of the largest industrial companies in Transylvania and Banat, Romanian bourgeoisie at the expense of the province. Following “Resita business” on July 16, 1921, all the opposition has withdrawn from Parliament. They followed the September-October 1921, organized large gatherings of PNR throughout Transylvania and Banat, where the government has demanded the resignation, dissolution of Parliament and holding new parliamentary elections by a neutral government. The relations of the Federation, it has evolved positively, at times, but have not resulted in an approximation of the parties, even unification, it seems that the electorate was required. This political project has failed in the summer of 1921 after the withdrawal of parties in Parliament, the Peasants still seem to support the government and the NRP be aimed at liberals.
Attitude P.N.R. to PNL during averescane governance was one of expectation, then there was an attempt to close. In autumn 1921 the new effort by the Liberals, influenced by King Ferdinand, the parties to approach the new united provinces, in particular PNR, aimed at creating a coalition of “party unity”. The negotiations failed, I.I.C. Liberal Bratianu wanting to take one power, which happened in January 1922. This remains a significant moment for the entire interwar political life, which ran into fierce political battles between the national, the National Peasants become after 1926 and the Liberals.
In conclusion, we can say that the period 1919-1922 was marked by efforts PNR not to lose political monopoly in Transylvania and Banat. However, P.N.R. tried to expand across the country, combating regionalism label that has been raised by political opponents. But this political objective could be achieved only through collaboration or merger with one of the parties of the Old Kingdom, which has not happened in the 1919-1922 period, with all the tests that PNR made them. We must recognize that neither all Transylvanian politicians did not want a melting PNR in “regatene parties.
Its political and temperamental band differed from one another Period 1922-1926, corresponding to Chapter II and III of the paper was dominated by intense political struggles between the liberals in power and opposition parties, especially PNR and P.T.. Non-participation in political
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struggles culminated PNR the celebrations of the coronation of the royal family, which took place in Alba Iulia, the symbolic city of Transylvania, and asprele parliamentary debate about a new Constitution adopted in March 1923. Both major political events political wars have reviewed in two chapters. I insisted on the position P.N.R. to these events.
I also tried to highlight the political passions created during election campaigns in the general election or in part. First, we tried to emphasize how they have held general elections in March 1922 that the new Liberal government has legitimate power, even at the cost of abuses and illegalities. Even Nicolae Iorga said that elections were won by votes and ballot theft. Especially in Transylvania and Banat, where P.N.R. political monopoly held, there have been many abuses and illegalities. The Liberal government has worked with government bodies subordinate. The expressions of sympathy and adherence to the NRP of the electorate, broke the force of coercion by the military and police, behind which was the magistracy. Faced with this situation, the NRP, by Iuliu Maniu, a memorandum of protest to King Ferdinand, who had a broad echo in the press in the country and abroad. Transylvanian political leaders are fighting back hard against the abuses in the press that the Liberal government has committed during the election campaign. In this very tense political context, liberals have reorganized the elections in some constituencies where candidates exagerasera too much to dismiss the opposition parties, particularly the NRP, but in the electoral campaigns have used the same method, involving massive local government.
Political power P.N.R. was felt in Transylvania and Banat in the partial parliamentary elections, when he knocked on the part of each constituency, unfortunately not on an equal footing with liberals.
In a separate chapter we tried to highlight the close links that existed between the Agricultural Bank of Cluj and political leaders of the NRP, since its creation. It is less known her work and economic role that political leaders had to Transylvania. Thus we have debated at length. I tried to point out that the People’s Party has not dared to abolish the bank had agreements with the Romanian State in respect of financial transactions related to the implementation of agrarian reform, but has designated certain political leaders of the board. Instead, P.N.L. a deliberate blow to a bank that gave Transylvania in the summer of 1922, by rescinding the agreements mentioned above. Clear that the intention was to hit the economic interests of political leaders and to weaken the economic strength Transylvanian the NRP Following Chapter II we follow the evolution of the county organizations PNR and partial parliamentary elections held during 1922-1926. Because of their importance, the elections for the Chambers of Agriculture and local roads were considered in a separate chapter. We analyzed the strategy, program and campaign tactics used by the NRP in election campaigns and results.
In the last chapter we analyzed the political events of spring 1926, that the political context in which the general Averescu was appointed prime minister, against the will of the electorate that shows a PN-P.T government. We also examined attitudes P.N. to the new government, the party’s internal problems caused by the failure to fall short of political governance, dissent Goldi§ or “fripturistilor” as he was told in age and participation of the party in general elections in May 1926.
In a separate chapter we reviewed the NRP merger policy in the period 1922-1926. Thus, we see that in the context of strengthening liberal government by winning the general election in March 1922, the NRP leadership started an action to broaden the party’s sphere of influence, consolidation and organizational exindere across the country. In the first chapter we analyzed the fusion process PNR with conservative political grouping-democratic orientation, which remained without a leader, following the death of the great politician and diplomat Take Ionescu. I also watched how the party organizations was expanding throughout the country during 1923. Thus, at the end of 1923, we can say that Maniu’s dream to form a party “regnicolar”, ie extended to the whole country was achieved.
Follow the merger negotiations and P.N.R. the party led by Nicolae Iorga, who were examined in a separate chapter. The beginnings of the two parties occurred during the government Vaida, when the two parties were in power. There was then the intention, unfortunately unfinished,’ to create a single party, the NRP merger with P.T. and the party led by Nicolae Iorga, a party of the Federation. A new merger attempt, unfortunately unsuccessful, the party led by Iuliu Maniu and led by Nicolae Iorga took place in early 1924. The final stage of the merger
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process was driven and Constantin Argetoianu, which split with his colleagues, the group and joined averescana Nicolae Iorga. They longed to create a united front of opposition in the Liberal hegemony Following the merger with the Romanian National Party People’s Nationalist Party, resulting from the merger with the National Democratic Party’s group C. Argetoianu accustomed to the People’s Party, have reinforced the opposition. A first in Romanian politics is that the merged party leader, as the National Party, were two chairs: Iuliu Maniu and Nicolae Iorga. In the last chapter, I looked over and the hard process of fusion of PNR and P.T., which ran from 1919 to 1926. Through the merger of the two parties managed to create one great big mass party in interwar Romania, capable of providing rotary government with the Liberal Party.
After the first contacts between the two political parties during the joint government, mentioned above, followed a new round of negotiations in 1922-1923. They have failed because of political conception of class struggle that brought in the Peasants party program, in 1922, which clearly depart from the Palace and, consequently, power. Transylvanian political leaders have conditioned the merger giving up this concept, past P.T. Program, mitigation leftist peasant attitudes in solving problems of Romanian society of that time.
Another important stage of negotiations between the two parties took place in summer 1924, we analyzed it separately, because of its importance. I tried to explain the failure of negotiations, whenever possible documentation of the moment. Also in the previous chapter, mentioned above, I highlighted the political consequences of the failure of fusion for the NRP, which culminated with the departure of the group led by Vasile Goldis. The final stage of talks, held in summer 1926, was analyzed separately in the last chapter. This time, negotiations were conducted directly between the two leaders, Iuliu Maniu and Ion Mihalache. When they did not participate in other co-chair of the PN namely Nicolae Iorga, who will leave the party and even the merger, rebotezandu his party named the National Party.
Time October 10, 1926 is special for the Romanian political life, because now the foundations of the NPP.’s Largest political party of the masses, as I said above, the time of its dissolution in 1947, had over two million members, after Coposu’s statements, deputy general secretary of the NPP. at that time.
Time elapsed between the merger and call the government in November 1928,1 analyzed it in a separate chapter. According to the work’s title, I focused on the work of organizations in Transylvania and Banat. I noted at the outset, that the organization or provincial department of Transylvania and Banat, as he told me, was a separate political entity within the NPP., With its own, which I tried to emphasize throughout all work. Regarding the development of Transylvania and Banat county organizations, we watched how the merger was done locally and as was seen by political leaders of Transylvania. We also evaluated the effects caused by the departure from the party group led by Dr. Nicolae Lupu in Transylvania and Banat were, however, minor. At national level, we analyzed the merger attempt, I say assimilation, which makes general Averescu again like in 1920 and 1926, the NPP., The same dominant position. Also, the context of government dismissal Averescu form a government of “national unity” led by §tirbey Barbu and his brother government of Ion IC Bratianu, which forced him to resign.
We analyzed the participation of organizations P.N.T. in Transylvania and Banat in parliamentary elections in July 1927. Based on unpublished documents from archives, I tried to highlight the abuses and illegalities committed by the Liberal government to achieve 40%, the premium required by electoral law introduced in March 1926 election, when all the liberals were in power.
Election bid was very high, given the fact that King Ferdinand was on his deathbed. Thus, matter very much who was on power when he was gone and set up regency. However, the idea was circulated in the country to bring Prince Charles to take the throne, an idea unpopular liberals.
Following parliamentary elections in which, as stated Constantin Argetoianu, the government two weeks was enough to form the parliamentary majority, there were numerous protests, coming in particular from the NPP leaders. A unique and original episode is the “revolt” from Fagaras. A day after the election, NPP members and supporters., About 1,000 people, according to some information, stormed the headquarters of the Prefecture and soundly beat them those whom they considered guilty of election falsification Fagaras County.
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After the Liberal government has legitimate power by winning parliamentary elections, King Ferdinand dies and establishes Regency. In these circumstances, P.N.T. initiate a broad and harsh campaign to topple the Liberal government, which intensified after the sudden death of Prime Minister Ion ICBratianu liberal. Management P.N.T. large organized protest meetings in all provinces and the capital. They culminated in the great assembly held in Alba Iulia, a city with symbolic, on 6 May 1928, involving approximately 100,000 persons as of December 1,1918. It was the largest gathering of protest that he organized it, until then, any political party. Based on unpublished archival documents I followed all the steps of organizing the meeting, giving as an example for Salaj county. I also watched how they acted to prevent the local administrative bodies organizing the meeting.
Political tensions rise after the meeting at Alba Iulia, and PNT. they create a parliament, while the Liberal party made up of elected MPs and candidates of elections in July 1927, who believed it was stolen by the Liberal government’s mandate. Finally, the Liberal government led by Vintila Bratianu who failed in an attempt to access a foreign loan, was forced to resign in early November 1928.
On November 8,1928, Iuliu Maniu Regency commissioned to form the new government. It was an important moment in the history of the NPP. Because after nearly 10 years of political strife of the two parties, National and Peasant, which merged in 1926, came to govern the country and themselves. Iuliu Maniu reached the highest post he might crave a politician. It was actually the second time in this post, if you count that in the period 1919-1920 he was Prime Minister of Transylvania, chairman of the Governing Council, the provisional executive body. Also, take the rough end of Campaign oppositionist until then, started in 1926. Begin a new stage in the history of the NPP., That to implement the promises made during the opposition voters.
The first government of the NPP., Which corresponds to the period 1928-1931 we analyzed it in a separate chapter. I insisted in particular on the work of Transylvania and Banat county organizations, hut also the reform measures they have adopted the NPP government. I also highlighted the work of parliamentarians Transylvanian their legislative initiatives and how they were involved in socio-economicproblems,urbanization,culturalorotherwise,ofthecountiesinwhichtheywereelected. To better observe the policy of national govemments-peasant reforms by the year 1931 at the county level, we offered several aspects of Bihor county, one of the largest in the country, an example that seemed relevant to what happened during the first national-peasant government.
A special place is occupied by festivities Union chapter, organized with great fanfare, observed by the international press on 20 May 1929. I also highlighted the anniversary-commemorative moments, which was honoring the memory of ancestors, as, for example, the unveiling of the bust of the 1848 Revolution ideology in Transylvania, Simon Bamutiu, before school §imleu City, county, and that today bears his name. The ceremony took place on 7 September 1930 and was attended by over 20.000 people, led by Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu’s great grandson Simon Barnutiu and presidents of the two Houses of Parliament.
In a separate chapter we analyzed how municipal and county elections were held in February-March 1930, organized under the new administrative laws adopted in summer 1929, which tended towards a range of administrative decentralization. I also watched how they set up new local and county councils. The first, recorded, Local Councils in Oradea and Timisoara, entering the Communists who broke profidat the global economic crisis and led a demagogic campaign.
In conclusion, it can be said that the first government of the NPP. was seriously affected by the outbreak of the great economic crisis. Important reforms were adopted, provided the party program, but they were not adapted to the new crisis. All parties were shot by the crisis, not only the NPP., And had an economic plan out of this situation. Similarly, and P.N.T. adapted on the fly and relied too much on foreign aid. Also have made some mistakes early in governance that are captured, realistically, by Gregory Gafencu, which was part of leadership. Thus, he criticizes the leadership P.N.T. and, in particular, Iuliu Maniu, he was deprived of “determination and courage”, although it has opened more or less skill, a democratic regime. Maniu’s inclination to “debating and obeying the laws, acceptable socio-economic times normal, was not appropriate in a crisis requiring quick decisions and pragmatic.
NPP leadership., Iuliu Maniu and in particular, is charged with leaving unchanged a bureaucracy obsolete because of excessive accuracy of the National Peasant Party leader. So just be accused of
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exaggerating Iuliu Maniu constitutionalism and also to indecision. In short, this has turned against him since he started practicing functionary old bad habits. However, the administrative law tried decentralization and greater local autonomy, but all the same people reluctant to again. National Peasant political leaders Gafencu Gregory complains in his memoirs, indecision and slowness with which to try solving the most important electoral base of the party, those who brought him to power, that the peasantry. It was necessary, as a paramount necessity of order, raise living standards of the peasantry, where he was from this point of view, a century ago. It represented almost 80% of the population. PNT. Stresses Gafencu, “tried to solve without haste, without violence, without revolutionary momentum.” In these circumstances, the ruling party’s good intentions were thwarted by unfavorable circumstances and could not lead to a satisfactory result. The economic crisis has profoundly affected the party’s economic program, which has brought bitter disappointment among the electorate. Another issue that has weakened national-peasant regime from politically, was the policy disagreements between the leaders, the Transylvanian and the peasant group from the Old Kingdom. Observe the difference between the two groups, merged in 1926 and still neomogeni-zate Transylvanian Group, Romanism used to represent the whole of Transylvania and Banat, also included a wide range of ideologies, from the conservatism of Aurel Vlad, Ion Fluera§ to socialism. Transylvanians contented themselves to ensure the widest possible devolution.
Sandwiched between the two groups, Iuliu Maniu managed as Gafencu say “with an amazing skill of appeasement, to give an appearance of perfect Transylvanian block party unity, not only in terms of party discipline, but also the aspirations and its program. “Iuliu Maniu was a symbol for Transylvania, his followers as a disciplined army. They advanced in the party, as dutiful servants in advancing the administrative apparatus. Transylvanian Group, remaining as something distinct and after the merger, consisted of former national struggle, with an additional representative from each county political leaders, popular political leaders, who were tied to voters’ needs and beliefs of their home counties. Electors were large, over which no one could move because they had strong ties of friendship and family in the counties of origin and had, until 1918, the same goals that the entire Romanian population, which has come very close. Thus, the Romanian population has given the party a blank check, on political interests. But what is surprising, somehow, is their lack of parliamentary experience, taking into account the historical conditions before 1918. Few political leaders have risen to Transylvania where the level could surprise to the public life of the country. One reason could be just lack of parliamentary experience Transylvanian political leaders, to those of the Old Kingdom, except for some political leaders, who were among Iuliu Maniu, Vaida Voevod Stephen Cicio Pop Aurel Vlad, Aurel Lazar, Victor Deleu or Emil Pharmacy. Iuliu Maniu had the difficult task to blend the two political groups which, however, and realized that they could complement each other. He was assisted by Ion Mihalache successfully. Political cooperation between the two political leaders can be a model for the political class.
Therefore, provincial organization P.N.T. in Transylvania and Banat, was characterized during the first government, by leaning more on local government issues and less on theory and application of doctrine. Politicians were more pragmatic and real electoral vectors, as witnessed by all local campaigns. However, political leaders had Transylvanian and contributions, sometimes essential in the development and adoption of laws which he demanded that the Romanian society at that time. Working with political leaders of Peasants in the Old Kingdom, which were better theorists have completed each other for the good of the party life and, ultimately, the interwar Romanian society, which is in the process of modernization and democratization.
Finally we add the power crisis in the NPP., With the resignation of Julius Maniu, head of the government and his departure abroad. G. Mironescu led government was, as emphasized in his memoirs and Konstantin Argetoianu, one provisionally that King Charles II and his collaborators wanted to use it to discredit the authoritarian regime, political parties and staff.
The next step was needed to verify the government’s power of “technicians”, headed by Nicolae Iorga.
In this chapter, we analyzed the political crisis currently installed following the resignation of G. Mironescu, Nicolae Titulescu’s attempts to form a national unity government and the NPP position .. Management P.N.T. he agreed with a government Titulescu, but leaving the parliamentary majority
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elected National Peasant Party in December 1928. Titulescu’s attempt fails. The new prime minister Nicolae Iorga was willing to work with national-peasant majority, hut not agreed King Charles II and Constantine Argetoianu, as the latter in his memoirs.
We analyzed the position P.N.T. Iorga a government, especially Transylvania, which at first was one of expectation. After the dissolution of Parliament, but P.N.T. went into opposition and began to criticize the government. b
Participating organizations in the county of Transylvania and Banat parliamentary elections in June 1931 I reviewed it in a separate chapter. Also, the last chapter we follow the evolution of organizations during the government of Transylvania and Banat Iorga. We highlighted the trends of marginalization of Transylvania, which was accused by the leaders of government policies Iorga National Peasant Party and other political leaders of Transylvania.
A great political moment was to resign as head of PNT Iuliu Maniu. On June 22,1931, in reaction to understand how King Charles II to become involved in political life. We have shown the power gap P.N.T. by Maniu’s departure. We analyzed also how they were organized by county and provincial congress in the autumn of 1931 in Transylvania and Banat. Their goal was to prepare a General Congress of the NPP. Which, eventually, was not organized.
Unfortunately, the economic crisis has intensified. Under these conditions, no mass base, the support of a strong political party, the government resigns Iorga on 31 May 1932. Thus, government technicians adventure to an end the National Union, or “national ticnelii” as they called the National Peasants satirical. We do not think anyone could accuse him of bad faith Nicolae Iorga, but realized too late the trap that has been attracted by his former student, Charles II, who now attempted to use His huge personality, in order to establish their own authoritarian regime. However, Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru Vaida as Voevod, remained a “homo regius” by the end of his days. If Nicolae Iorga, and intentionally so as, govern with the support of the National Peasant Party a parliamentary majority, believe that they could undertake more reforms, given the huge personality of Nicolae Iorga. But traseist famous interwar political life, Constantin Argetoianu was imposed by the sovereign government, in order to control the Nicolae Iorga. In fact, the government was led by King Charles II and his clique, which was part Argetoianu. However, so far, the intention of Charles II to discredit the parties and establish its own regime has failed. We believe that the economic crisis was a key factor in the failure of government Iorga. His personality has been eroded significantly in both led government because of the unpopular measures that had to take. The resignation of a new crisis broke Iorga policy.
Also close to King Charles II, Alexandru Vaida Voevod was appointed to form the new government, which wanted to be all of the national union. Finally, after the refusal of other parties, the NPP. single new government formed. We analyzed how such political crisis was resolved and new government through elections. Also, the manner in which the government held elections Vaida, as the campaign took place in Transylvania and Banat and results of the NPP. Next, we followed the evolution and activities PNT. in Transylvania and Banat during the second government of the NPP., as governments Vaida and Maniu Vaida. We have shown the reforms adopted by the NPP government. under the impact of economic crisis. I also showed how far the two were friends and political associates, Iuliu Maniu Vaida Voevod under the influence of King Charles II. Returned briefly in the party, Iuliu Maniu to resign again after acentuarii conflict between him and the royal chambers. Will return in the party until the autumn of 1937.
I watched how the party in power has been eroded, Vaida government’s resignation and the end of the second national-peasant government. We also analyzed the participation of organizations from Transylvania and Banat in parliamentary elections in December 1933, organized this time, the Liberals, who were brought to power by King Charles II.
In conclusion, we can say that the second government of the NPP. was deeply affected by global economic crisis. P.N.T. adopted a series of economic reforms to overcome the crisis, some pretty unpopular. It needed new foreign loans, which have increased the public debt of the country. It is noted, however, government efforts led by Iuliu Maniu Vaida Voevod day to reach state employees and not to diminish. It also notes the new Adjustments to the law of agricultural debt conversion and adoption of new laws designed to take the country out of crisis. A special place in the economic
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Marin Pop
concerns of the National Peasant Party governments have occupied motii Apuseni Mountains, whose socio-economic, health and culture had reached unimaginable levels. Perhaps they have been most affected by global economic crisis, which is added to the hardships of nature, given the harsh climatic conditions in which they lived. In this context, are considered measures taken to the Land and economic recovery, particularly Vaida government. Unfortunately, as Secretary of State stressed the Minister loan Pop, appointed Commissioner of Land and every government that came to power abolished what was before and try to impose their own measures. Under these conditions and ambitious economic recovery program Moti area, long-term program, at least five years, was doomed to failure from the dismissal by King Charles Vaida Government II, which discard without regret, for another one of his loyal and valuable advisers to achieve his selfish goals.
Regarding the evolution of provincial organization of Transylvania and Banat note that during this period occurs the second resignation from the head of the organization, while the NPP., The president Iuliu Maniu. The organization’s management was taken over by Alexandra Vaida Voevod who tried to force the head of his closest collaborators county organizations, which led to conflicts between his group and led by Iuliu Maniu. Rankings of one side or another is observed, especially when governments consitituirii or Maniu Vaida, when each tries to impose its people. So this time we are witnessing, unfortunately, at the outbreak, on the face of the conflict between Iuliu Maniu Vaida Voevod. King Charles II is the one who knew speculation and increase conflict. He used the concept of political differences between the two national leaders of Peasants. Iuliu Maniu was cheated a second time when the king agreed to become, again, primministra, because it has fulfilled commitments made at Sinaia, in front of Nicholas and George Titulescu Mironescu. For this reason, Iuliu Maniu has clearly positioned against camarille and, indirectly, against the king. Instead, Alexandra Vaida Voevod remained, as he himself says, a “homo regius. King Charles II knew speculate fault created between the two close friends and collaborators and destroyed a friendship that lasted over 40 years. Differences between the two groups were observed and Transylvania during the parliamentary elections in December 1933, when Vaida group was not involved at all in the campaign. Furthermore there was a negative first in the history of the NPP. namely the failure to submit the party list by Voicu Nitescu the county, and withdrawal from the electoral race Vaida collaborators, a few days before the election. The conflict between the two national leaders will get worse and Peasants will have the effect of PNT Vaida departure.
Period December 1933-February 1938 was a great turmoil within the NPP organizations, in Transylvania and Banat, because of conflict arising between the two political leaders in Transylvania, Iuliu Maniu and Alexandra Vaida Voevod. But it can be said that although many are expecting great dissension within the National Peasant Party, even the emergence of serious dissident, after the party was out of power in 1933, serious economic crisis marked by great world, it never happened . At the end of 1935 the National Peasant Party was reorganized and strengthened by merging with “lupi§tii” and expect the call to government, is practically the only political party capable of securing the succession of Romania Liberal government.
However, the split soul of Iuliu Maniu and Alexandra Vaida Voevod had a breast and county organizations in Transylvania and Banat, which were divided into two camps: one Manist and other vaidista. Basically, Ion Mihalache is located midway between the two political leaders and try to mediate the conflict. Prevail in this conflict had Iuliu Maniu, who knew how to stretch the rope. In contrast, Al. Vaida Voevod by new political slogan, entitled “numerous valahicus” came into conflict with the party, as stated publicly that it will still go on this line, even over the parties. Being put in a difficult situation, President Ion Mihalache was forced to separate from Alexandra Vaida Voevod and his group, excluding them from the party. Although Vaida left with 11 former ministers or secretaries of state, Transylvania organizations have managed to quickly replace those who leave and to reorganize.
Vaidista Group established a new party under the title Romanian Front. Although she had the support of King Charles II, the right-wing party, the establishment of a public ruling authoritarian regime of King, was proved to be insignificant on the Romanian political scene. Therefore, the motion was made by Vaida Voevod fail. Many of those who were left with Vaida PNT returned., Especially in the period before the 1937 elections, when “the Romanian Front” alliance with the
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Viatapolitico in Romania interbelica (1919-1938). Activitatea Partidului National si National-Taianesc din Ardeal si Banat
Liberals expected. Emil is the case with political leaders and Pharmacy, which through a public letter denies Vaida movement and returns to the NPP.
Merging with “lupiftii” has created problems in Transylvania and Banat, because they were less well organized in the province, except for the Bihor county, where there have been some conflicts on filling senior positions in the county organization, according to the algorithm of merger negotiations between the two parties. With the assumption of office as President of the Party by Ion Mihalache, in November 1933, prevalent in the NPP. became wing peasant. The new President has tried, and failed to adopt a new political program presented to Congress on 22-23 April 1935, whose essence was to create a national state-peasant. In formulating the program had a special contribution Study Circle” of the party, which worked in academics, sociologists, philosophers, world-class, as it was, for example, Constantin Radulescu-Motru Dimitrie Gusti Petre Andrei or professors Vladimir Ghidionescu Cluj, Victor Jinga, Gheorghe Dragos Alexandra Borza etc.
Around this time there is an escalation of violence in Romanian political life, due to the rise of extremist trends of right and left. Extemiste parties organize their paramilitary formations. The right, the legions, columns, etc., having their own uniform (black shirt, blue and green). Similarly, there is a rise of extremist left, Communist. In this political context, P.N.T. decide to organize their own fighting forces, the role of self-defense.
Establish personal guards Iuliu Maniu guards and peasants, who have succeeded have analyzed it in a separate chapter. I tried to emphasize that the first party of its kind in the PNT., The organization model and the Roman legions of “Apuseni Mountains, as it was called Avram Iancu were valiant youth formations PNT . Their guards have succeeded “Iuliu Maniu”, which sprang into existence, formal, very short, being dismantled in the fall of 1934 by the NPP leadership. They were followed by guards peasant self-defense formations, established since 1936. Political formations were called peasant guards” and were organized, at least in Transylvania and Banat, in each county. Guards Commander peasant from Transylvania and Banat, was elected political fighter known Maramures, Lazar. At the county level is sought, especially those who had held military positions, such as Col. Aurel Stoica, Lazar’s deputy. Guards were composed of peasants and wore “white shirts”, inspired by Romanian folk from the villages. On the occasion of major meetings in Bucharest and Timisoara Beius, tens of thousands marched Guardists, dressed in white shirts, armed with pitchforks, and axes Baskets, that while peasant uprisings. Their parade in front of the official stand for hours on end and has shown impressive strength that was the peasantry. Unlike the guards right-wing parties, who were already on the blacklist of politicians who wanted to assassinate him, the guards wanted to establish a peasant order and safety climate. Not practicing violence, but only retaliated when they were attacked, as if the great assembly of the NPP. the Roman Arena, 31 May 1936, when guards were attacked by right-wing extremist. With an impressive force, members of peasant guards present at this great assembly were able to put to flight those who tried to cause a diversion.
One moment, the party has proven strength, were partial elections of 18 February 1936 from Mehedinti and Hunedoara. They had a special importance because they clarified the situation on the political scene in Romania. On the one hand, political forces stood right, adherents of the pro-German policy, and began construction of a pole opposite the left. P.N.L. and P.N.T. found themselves in the middle of two ideological currents. He won elections by a coalition forces left part, however, the NPP. distanced himself, then slip these trends to the extreme left parties. P.N.T. and P.N.L. remained still, the only political forces capable of ensuring the smooth running of interwar democracy.
In a separate chapter we tried to highlight the work “Study Circle” of PNR PNT. in Transylvania and Banat. Unfortunately, very few sources of information. We relied in particular on The press time.
I devoted a chapter activity Circle of studies “of the NRP, established in December 1921 until the merger with P.T. It is a distinct period in which to emphasized in conferences on the history and economy of the province and less on party ideology.
In the second chapter, I examined the work “Study Circle” of the NPP. during 1926-1938. Also, in two chapters have examined the work of teachers and doctors’ professional circles of the NPP., Schools and youth policy.
In conclusion, it can be said that throughout its existence, “Study Circle” and then the National Peasant Party held a special activity. Goal setting “Study Circle” was to investigate the social,
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Marin Pop
economic, cultural, political and administrative existing in the country. These issues were being discussed at conferences. In the series of conferences, taking place from autumn until spring, in late May, they managed to put the question and come up with practical solutions to major problems facing the Romanian society. Among the issues to be resolved urgently needed to be found and those related to education, health and education.
Another mission of the Circle was publicity that the party’s ideology and program, by publishing magazines and propaganda leaflets. Also, to organize conferences on various issues in cities across the country. Thus, the “study circle” has played a key role in adopting a doctrine of modern national-peasant and popularize them among the electorate.
They could become members of the “Study Circle” only those listed in NPR Their registration was approved by the Board, upon written request and the recommendation of two members of the Circle.
To become more functional, by statute, it was decided to split it into nine sections, aimed at the most important problems of interwar Romanian society.
Based PNT new program., Which included, inter alia, the party organization of professional associations, doctors and teachers have created their own Transylvanian associations. In the circles of professional studies were discussed and the main health problems of education in that period. However, solutions were sought, which must be implemented by the NPP. When it reaches the government.
A year with a special activity of the “Study Circle” of the NPP. in Transylvania and Banat, was 1936, when the party was preparing to accede to the government, Liberal mandate ends, or even faster.
Unfortunately, P.N.T. no longer in power, because on February 10, 1938 King Charles II established the political regime in Romania, a personal, authoritarian, and dissolved political parties. In these circumstances, the party has not been able to implement all of the studies it conducted, and after the Second World War, as we know, our country entered the era of communist totalitarianism, which excluded social model ab initio economic and political-democratic legislation of PNT thought. Youth Organization P.N.T. has proved, over the interwar period, to be a dynamic and concerned about the renewal of the party, both in relation to ideology and of its staff. We analyzed the activity of youth in Transylvania and Banat, a separate section of the paper.
In Transylvania and Banat, young National Party began to organize as early as spring 1926, ie prior to the merger with the Peasant Party. They are entitled to have pooling “call.” Initiative, it appears that political leaders belonged to Alexander Vaida Voevod. This explains the fact that one of the main signatories of the appeal “chemarijtilor” was really his son, Mircea Vaida Voevod and committee chairs to arrange parties chemarist youth charity was his wife Voevod Alexandru Vaida, Elena.
Group has emerged as a moral response “ffipturism” which, in his opinion the NRP, Iuliu Maniu, politics threatened with moral imbalance. In the first chapter, we analyzed the activity of the organization “chemariste” until the NPP came to power., Less prodigious activity, because it was obstructed by the ruling parties. A boom is found especially with the coming to power of the NPP., In November 1928. Now it was mighty initiative established organizations in which the youth was enrolled in the villages, with a novel type of organizing the legions and cohorts. Also, the greeting was a typical novel, and their spiritual patron of the day was the annual celebration of St. George.
In a separate chapter we analyzed the division of the youth movement in Transylvania and Banat, by setting up group “actioniste” who fought for the return to political life Iuliu Maniu, who resigned as head of PNT. and withdrew from Badacin. This is his first resignation, which took place on June 22, 1931, resigned after leading the government, and King Charles II appointed him as prime minister Nicolae Iorga. At that time, we are witnessing, therefore, a division of the youth movement “Manist” and “vaidi§ti. “Chemariftii”, led by Viorel TileaV. Vaida group belonged Voevod and “actioni§tii” in the group led by Cornel Bianu Manist. Arriving at the head of the provincial organization of Transylvania and Banat and PNT., Vaida Voevod to abolish the two groups and will seek unification of all youth movements, certainly at the forefront of promoting her own followers.
With the arrival in the party of Ion Mihalache, National Peasant youth across the country to reorganize and carry out a special activity, we analyzed it in a separate chapter of the book.
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Viata politics in Romania mterbeiica (1919-1938). Activitatea Partidului Nationalsi National-Taranesc din Aideal si Banat
An important direction of the NPP propaganda, was to educate the youth so thatit does not fall into the trap of extremism stretching demagogic. In this regard, in addition to the reorganization of youth, it was the initiative of setting up schools intensively political nature. In Transylvania and Banat, Mihai Popovici, chairman of the provincial organizations, especially following his dismissal Voevod Vaida, took the initiative, modeled on the Summer School in Campulung Muscel political establishment of schools in Cluj, Timisoara and Brasov. Participated in courses organized between 150-200 young people from all Transylvanian villages. The purpose of the action was political education and citizenship, youth, and his inregimentarea PNT. The courses lasted one week, during which professors and prominentpoliticalleadersoftheNPP.havelecturedonvarious economic issues,social orpolitical. After completingthe courses,localyouth organizations receivingfunctionsofthe NPP.,Usually the secretary. In conclusion, it can be said that the National Peasant youth well assisted and contributed large organization, where they had opportunities to smooth the inter-war democracy.
Many of them have even reached parliament or government ministers in the National Peasant Party. However, it is noted that, unfortunately, its youth group, members of the organization as big around the three great personalities of the party: Iuliu Maniu, Ion Mihalache and Alexandra Vaida Voevod. Thus, when conflict erupted between Iuliu Maniu Vaida and youth Voevod National Peasant in Transylvania and Banat was divided into two: actioni§tii who were promani§ti and chemari§tii, which were pro Vaida. It is also noteworthy that each of the three leaders was his favorite among young people. For example, Viorel V. Tilea, was supported by Alexandra Vaida Voevod. Another finding would be that the National Peasant youth movement was unified throughout the country, just after leaving the group Vaida. But after this time, the youth of Transylvania and Banat, with few exceptions, including and Victor Jinga, listening only for orders of Iuliu Maniu, which at the time led his own policy against royal camarille, but separate from PNT official line. In this case, as apparent from the correspondence between Victor Jinga and Ion Mihalache, failed to complete unification of the National Peasant youth, throughout the country. If it happened in 1930, between the Old Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukovina, Transylvania and Banat remained separate because of two great personalities mentioned: Iuliu Maniu Vaida Voevod. However, it is worth special dynamism and political activity, which has conducted a youth during the interwar period, especially during election campaigns.
Rise and opportunities for affirmation of the National Peasant youth, like other political parties was abruptly interrupted by the establishment, on 10 February 1938, personal authoritarian regime of King Carol II, who abolished political parties. Part of the National Peasant youth, including Victor Jinga, agreed to be part of the governments led by Patriarch Miron Cristea or Armand. They came, however, turbulent years of the Second World War, followed by the establishment of the communist regime. Thus, the National Peasant youth, who was not happy to be traveling companion, and Anton Alexandrescu, and to deal with the extreme left, ended tragically in prison or have suffered in the hard years
in prison. Plight of many of them, such as Victor Jinga Coposu Gabriel Tepelea, Ion Diaconescu and many other former political prisoners, did not end “until 1989, and watch them being permanently sidelined by the security organs. At the end of the paper I attached some documents that we have seemed more relevant. We put emphasis on the preparation of tables NPP candidates, in Transylvania and Banat, the 10 parliamentary elections that took place during 1919—1938. We have also drawn from archival documents, press, and parliamentary debates, tables and lists of MPs and senators elected in the counties of Transylvania and Banat. We tried to make a rigorous selection and I have attached a few documents that we have seemed more relevant to the theme of this paper.
Without claimingthatwehaveexhaustedthesubject, say thatltriedtouseallsourcesofinformation available at present, for the subject. We expect that in future it should be updated with new documents and information, because, as I noted elsewhere, we believe that politics is a theme almost endless wars.
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CUPRINS
LISTA ABREVIERILOR..........................................................................................8
CUVÁNT INAINTE..............................................................................................9
CUVÁNT ÍNAINTE.............................................................................................11
ISTORIOCRAFIA PROBLEMEI..............................................................................................12
CAPITOLUL I
ACTIVITATEA PARTIDULUI NATIONAL ROMÁN IN PERIOADA IANUARIE 1919 - IANUARIE 1922......................................20
1.1. Implicarea P.N.R. ín rezolvareaproblemei agrare din Transilvania §i Banat;..................................21
12. Lucráríle Marelui Sfat National al Transilvaniei de la Sibiu (29iulie -12 august 1919)........................22
1.3. Conferinta P.N.R. de la Sibiu (9-10 august 1919). Reorganizarea partidului, dizidente........................25
1.4. Participarea P.N.R. la alegerileparlamentare din noiembríe 1919..............................................32
I. 5. Guvemarea „Bloculuiparlamentar”§i activitateafrunta§ilor P.N.R..............................................37
I. 6. Pozitia spectruluipoliticrománesef ata de demitereaguvemului Vaida si aducerea laputere ageneralului Averescu
(martie 1920)...........................................................................................47
I. 7. Pozitia P.N.R. inproblema dizolvárii Consiliului Dirigent...................................................50
I. 8. Congresul P.N.R. din 24 aprílie 1920§i alegerile parlamentare din luna iunie 1920...........................52
I. 9. Pozitia P.N.R. fata deguvemul Averescu §i celelaltepartidepolitice..........................................73
9.1. P.N.R. §i coalizarea opozitiei parlamentare antiaverescane................................................73
9.2. P.N.R. in coníruntárile politice din Parlament §1 din teritoriu (octombrie 1920 - septembrie 1921)........74
9.3. Adunárile populare ale P.N.R. din toamna anului 1921 - ofensiva finalá impotriva guvemárii Averescu.......89
9.4. Discutii PN.R-P.N.L. pentru o guvemare comuna.............................................................96
9.5. Atitudinea P.N.R. fatá de guvemul Take Ionescu............................................................98
9.6. Demiterea guvemului Take Ionescu §i constituirea guvemului liberal..............................99
CAPITOLUL II
ACTIVITATEA P.N.R. ÍN PERIOADA 1922-1926.............................................................................102
II. 1. Activitatea Partidului National Román ín perioada 1922-1926................................................102
1.1. Alegerile parlamentare din martie 1922....................................................................102
II. 2. Evolutia organizatiilor Partidului National Román. Alegerile parlamentare partióle din anuí 1922...........110
II. 3. Partidul National Román §i Banca Agrará din Cluj...........................................................115
II. 4. Atitudinea Partidului National Román in problema íncoronárii Familiei Regale la Alba Iulia.................124
II. 5. Dezbaterile Constitutiei §ipozitia Partidului National Román....................................127
II. 6. Evolutia organizatiilor P.N.R. din Ardeal si Banat. Alegerile parlamentare partíale in perioada 1923-1926..130
II. 7. Alegerile pentru Camerele de Agricultura (25 august 1925) §i alegerile comunale (18-19 februaríe 1926).....141
II. 8. Contextul desemnárii lui Alexandru Averescu infunctia de premier (30 martie 1926). Atitudinea Partidului National
fatá denoulguvem, problemele interne §iparticiparea la alegerile parlamentare din mai 1926........................147
CAPITOLUL Ifl
POLITICA DE FUZIUNI (1922-1926)...........................................................................157
III. 1. Fuziunea Partidului National Román cu Partidul Conserva tor Democrat §1 extinderea organizatiilor in in treaga tara. ...157
III. 2. Fuziunea Partidului National Román cu Partidul Nationalist al Poporului (1925)............................163
III. 3. Fuziunea Partidului National Román cu Partidul Táránesc...................................................156
3.1. Primele contacte. Negocíenle din anii 1922-1923...........................................................166
3.2. Tratativele din anuí 1924......................................................................167
3.3. Etapa finalá (1925-1926). Crearea Partidului National-Táránesc (10 octombrie 1926)........................170
CAPITOLUL IV
EVOLUTIA ORGANIZATIEI PROV1NCIALE A PARTIDULUI NATIONAL-TÁRÁNESC DIN ARDEAL §1 BANAT ÍN PERIOADA 1926-1928...............................................................................176
IV. 1. Evolutia organizafiei §i alegerile parlamentare din anuí 1927..............................................176
IV. 2. Campania de räscumare aguvernuluiliberal (1927-1928)...........................................................187
2.1. Marea adunare a Partidului National Täxänesc de la Alba Iulia din 6 mai 1928..................................197
2.2. Ofensiva finalä asupra guvernului liberal (mai-noiembrie 1928)................................................204
CAPITOLUL V
EVOLUJIA ORGAN IZATHLOR PARTIDULUI NATIONALTÄRÄNESC DIN ARDEAL §1 BANAT ÍN PERIOADA PRIMEI GUVERNÄRI (1928-1931)..................................................................209
V. 1. Instalarea nouluiguvern, a structurilor din teritoríu §i organizaren alegerilorparlamentare din decembrie 1928..209
V. 2. Primele initiative ale guvernului Maniu, Parlamentului fi autoritätilor locale din Ardeal si Banat.............217
V. 3. Serbärile Marii Unirii de la Alba Iulia (20 mai 1929)...........................................................220
V! 4. Activitatea organizatiilor Partidului National Täränesc din Ardeal si Banat in anul 1929........................223
V. 5. Alegerile comunale§i judetene dinfebruarie-martie 1930..........................................................229
V. 6. Evolutia organizatiilor din Ardeal si Banat pana la cäderea guvemului Mironescu (1930-1931).....................234
CAPITOLUL VI
EVOLUTIA ORGANIZATIILOR PARTIDULUI NATIONAL TÄRÄNESC DIN ARDEAL SI BANAT IN PERIOADA APRILIE 1931 - IUNIE 1932.............’.......................................................250
VI. 1. Pozitia Partidului National Täränescfatä deguvernul lorga-Argetoianu...........................................250
V7. 2. Alegerile parlamentare din iunie 1931..........................................................................251
VI. 3. Evolutia organizatiilor P.N.T. din Ardeal si Banat in timpul guvemului Iorga...................................257
CAPITOLUL VH
EVOLUTIA ORGANIZATIILOR PARTIDULUI NATIONAL TÄRÄNESC DIN ARDEAL SI BANAT IN TIMPUL CELEI DE A DOUA GUVERNÄRI (1932-1933)..........’.......................................................270
VIL 1. Instalarea guvemului Vaida si alegerile parlamentare din iulie 1932 ...........................................270
VII. 2. Activitatea organizatiilor Partidului National Täränesc din Ardeal si Banat in timpul celei de a douaguvemän
(1932-1933)..................................’........................................................................280
2.1. Guvernul Vaida si problema motilor din Muntii Apuseni.........................................................300
2.2. Sfärsitul guvernärii national-täräniste si trecerea in Opozitie,..............................................305
VII. 3. Alegerile parlamentare din decembrie 1933....................................................................310
CAPITOLUL VIII
ACTIVITATEA ORGANIZATIEI PARTIDULUI NATIONAL-TÄRÄNESC DIN TRANSILVANIA §1 BANAT IN
PERIOADA 1934-1938.........................................................................................318
VIII. 1. Reorganizare P.N.T. §ifuziunea cu „lupfitii ..................................................................318
1.1 Conflictul dintre Iuliu Maniu §i Alexandru Vaida Voevod..........................................................320
VIII. 2. Activitatea organizatiilor judetene in anii 1935-1936. Reorganizan, congrese judetene, adunäripopulare........331
2.1. Turneul transilvänean al prejedintelui P.N.T. Ion Mihalache (octombrie 1935)...................................334
VIII. 3 Alegerile parlamentare partiale dinfebruarie 1936 in judetul Hunedoara.........................................339
VIII. 4. Activitatea organizatiilor P.N.T. din Transilvania si Banat in anii 1936-1937. Campania de rästumare a
guvemului liberal......................................................................................347
VIII. 5. Alegerile parlamentare din decembrie 1937.....................................................................3 74
VIII. 6. Instaurarea regimului autoritär al regelui Carol al II-lea si desfiintarea partidelor politice................379
CAPITOLUL IX
ÍNFIINTAREA $1 ACTIVITATEA ORGANIZATIEI DE TINERET A PARTIDULUI NATIONAL SI NATIONAL-TÄRÄNESC DIN ARDEAL SI BANAT IN PERIOADA INTERBELICÄ................................... 380
IX. 1. ínfiintarea organizatiei de tiñere! din Ardeal si Banat (aprilie 1926) si activitatea ei in perioada 1926-1928 .3 80
IX. 2. Activitatea organizatiei de tineret in timpulprimeiguvemäri national-täräniste. Infiintarea organizatiilor de voinici.. .381
IX.3. ínfiintareagrupärii „actioniste”.................................................................................395
IX. 4. Activitatea organizatiilor de tineret din Ardeal p Banat in perioada 1932-1933..................................397
IX.5. Activitatea organizatiei de tineret a P.N. T. din Ardeal si Banat in perioada 1934-1938...........................401
5.1. Educaba politicä a tineretului. §coala de varä de la Cämpulung (1935)..........................................405
5.2. Activitate organizatiei in perioada 1935-1938 406
CAPITOLUL X
ACTIVITATEA CERCULUI DE STUDII A PARTIDULUI NATIONAL SI NATIONAL-TÄRÄNESC IN PERIOADA INTERBELICÄ......................... r ! 415
7. ínfiintarea Cercului de Studii a Partidului National Román (decembrie 1921) si activitatea lui pänä in anul 1926.....415
2. Activuatea „Cercului de Studii a Partidului National-Täränescin perioada 1926-1937.................................417
2.1. §colile politice..... 425
2.2. Cercurile profesionale ale invätätorilor §i medicilor.....................427
CONCLUZII...........................................................................431
SUMMARY.............................................................................444
POLITICAL LIFE IN INTERWAR ROMANIA (1919-1938). ACTIVITY OF THE NATIONAL PARTY AND NATIONAL PEASANT IN TRANSYLVANIA AND BANAT..........................................444
BIBLIOGRAFIE........................................................................457
AN EXE DOCUMENTARE..................................................................467
FOTOGRAFII CU LIDERI MARCANTI AI PN-PNT DIN ARDEAL §1 BANAT.........................501
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pop, Marin |
| author_facet | Pop, Marin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pop, Marin |
| author_variant | m p mp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042400458 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931782632 (DE-599)BVBBV042400458 |
| era | Geschichte 1919-1938 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1919-1938 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd Banat (DE-588)4004408-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Siebenbürgen Banat |
| id | DE-604.BV042400458 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:20:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068483061 9786065434349 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027836148 |
| oclc_num | 931782632 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 506 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Editura Mega Editura Porolissum |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis |
| series2 | Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis |
| spelling | Pop, Marin Verfasser aut Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Marin Pop Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Cluj-Napoca Editura Mega 2014 Zalău Editura Porolissum 2014 506 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis 18 Englische Zusammenfassung Nationale Bauernpartei Rumänien (DE-588)4386875-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1919-1938 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd rswk-swf Banat (DE-588)4004408-7 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 g Banat (DE-588)4004408-7 g Nationale Bauernpartei Rumänien (DE-588)4386875-7 b Geschichte 1919-1938 z DE-604 Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis 18 (DE-604)BV014171452 18 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pop, Marin Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis Nationale Bauernpartei Rumänien (DE-588)4386875-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4386875-7 (DE-588)4054835-1 (DE-588)4004408-7 |
| title | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) |
| title_alt | Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) |
| title_auth | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) |
| title_exact_search | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) |
| title_full | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Marin Pop |
| title_fullStr | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Marin Pop |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) Marin Pop |
| title_short | Viaţă politică în România interbelică (1919-1938) |
| title_sort | viata politica in romania interbelica 1919 1938 activitatea partidului national si national taranesc din ardeal si banat political life in interwar romania 1919 1938 |
| title_sub | activitatea Partidului Naţional şi Naţional-Ţărănesc din Ardeal şi Banat = Political life in interwar Romania (1919-1938) |
| topic | Nationale Bauernpartei Rumänien (DE-588)4386875-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationale Bauernpartei Rumänien Siebenbürgen Banat |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027836148&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014171452 |
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