Language change:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge textbooks in linguistics
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 292 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781107020160 9781107655829 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | How and why do languages change? This new introduction offers a guide to the
types ofchange at all levels of linguistic structure, as well as the mechanisms behind
each type. Based on data from a variety of methods and a huge array of language
families, it examines general patterns of change, bringing together recent findings
on sound change, analogical change, grammaticalization, the creation and change
of constructions, as well as lexical change. Emphasizing crosslinguistic patterns
and goingwell beyond traditional methods in historical linguistics, this book
sees change as grounded in cognitive processes and usage factors that are rarely
mentioned in other textbooks. Complete with questions fordiscussion, suggested
readings, and a useful glossary ofterms, this book helps students to gain a general
understanding of language as an ever-changing system.
Contents
List of figures page xii
List of tables xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 The study of language change 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Languages change all the time and in all aspects 1
1.3. Languages also keep old features around a long time 5
1.4. Evidence for language change 6
1.5. Why do languages change? 9
1.6. Is language change good or bad? 10
1.7. Why study language change? 11 2
2 Sound change 15
2.1. What is sound change? 15
2.2. Assimilation 17
2.2.1. Assimilation as gestural retiming 18
2.2.2. Anticipatory assimilation 18
2.2.3. Palatalization of velars 18
2.2.4. I-umlaut as palatalization 19
2.2.5. Palatalization in early Romance 21
2.2.6. Assimilation of point of articulation 23
2.3. Perseverative or carry-over assimilation 24
2.4. Conclusions regarding assimilation 26
2.5. Reduction or lenition 26
2.5.1. Lenition 26
2.5.2. Reduction towards zero 27
2.5.3. Loss of oral articulation 27
2.5.4. Voicing 29
2.5.5. Degemination 30
2.5.6. Chain shifts: degemination, voicing, spirantization 30
2.5.7. Lenition as sonorization 31
2.5.8. Consonant cluster reduction 33
2.5.9. Contexts in which reduction occurs 33
2.5.10. Vowel reduction and deletion 34
2.6. Reduction and retiming acting together 35
CONTENTS
viii
2.7. Ease of articulation and cross-linguistic similarities
in sound changes 37
2.8. Lexical diffusion 39
2.9. Special reduction 42
2.10. Fortition and insertion 43
2.11. Causes of sound change 46
3 Sound change and phonological change in a wider perspective 49
3.1. Introduction 49
3.2. Phonologization 49
3.3. Changes in phoneme inventories 50
3.3.1. No change in phonemes 50
3.3.2. Creation of a new phoneme 50
3.3.3. Loss of a phoneme 51
3.4. Vowel shifts 52
3.4.1. The Great Vowel Shift 52
3.4.2. The Northern Cities Vowel Shift 55
3.4.3. General principles of vowel shafts 57
3.5. The origins and evolution of stress accent 59
3.5.1. Where does stress accent come from? 60
3.5.2. Typical changes in stress-accent systems 61
3.6. Development of tone and tone changes 63
3.6.1. Tonogenesis: how tones arise from consonants 63
3.6.2. Tone changes 65
3.6.3. Intonation interacting with tone 67
3.6.4. Tone reduction 68
3.7. Language-specific changes 68
3.7.1. Dissimilation 69
3.7.2. Metathesis 70
3.7.3. Change with phonotactic motivation 72
3.8. Causes of sound change and phonological change 73
4 The interaction of sound change with grammar 75
4.1. How sound change affects morphology 75
4.2. Morphologization 76
4.3. Alternations in morphosyntactic constructions 79
4.4. Rule inversion 81
4.5. Rule telescoping 82
4.6. The development of exceptions 83
4.7. Can sound change be grammatically conditioned? 85
4.7.1. Changes in morphological context 85
4.7.2. Changes at word boundaries 87
4.7.3. Alternating environments within words 89
4.7.4. Conclusion: sound change affected by grammar 91
4.8. Conclusion 92 5
5 Analogical change 93
5.1. Analogy 93
5.2. Proportional analogy 93
Contents
IX
5.3. Analogical leveling 94
5.4. Productivity 97
5.5. Trends in analogical change: the basic-derived relation 99
5.5.1. The basic form of the paradigm 99
5.5.2. Under-analysis and the creation of zeroes 102
5.6. Change within more related categories 105
5.7. Extension 106
5.8. The development of suppletion 109
5.9. Morphological reanalysis 112
5.10. Parallels between analogical change and child language 113
5.11. Conclusion 114
Grammaticalization: processes and mechanisms 117
6.1. Introduction 117
Part I: How future tense markers develop 117
6.2. Case study: will in English 117
6.3. Romance inflectional futures 120
6.4. Future markers from movement verbs 122
6.5. Some generalizations concerning futures and
grammaticalization 122
Part II: Mechanisms of change 124
6.6. Chunking and phonetic reduction 124
6.7. Specialization or loss of paradigmatic contrast 125
6.8. Category expansion 127
6.9. Decategorialization 129
6.10. Fixing of position 132
6.11. Meaning change: bleaching or generalization 132
6.12. Semantic change by adding meaning from the context 133
6.13. Metaphor 135
6.14. Other general properties of grammaticalization 136
Common paths of grammaticalization 139
7.1. Introduction 139
7.2. Tense and aspect 140
7.2.1. The past/perfective path 141
7.2.2. The present/imperfective path 144
7.2.3. The future path 145
7.2.4. Derivational aspect 146
7.3. Grams indicating modality and mood 147
7.4. Personal pronouns 150
7.4.1. Third person pronouns 150
7.4.2. Second person pronouns 150
7.4.3. First person pronouns 151
7.5. Person-number agreement 152
7.6. The development of definite and indefinite articles 153
7.7. The sources of adpositions 154
7.8. The development of case 156
7.9. Discourse markers and subjectification 156
X
CONTENTS
7.10. The end of the process of grammaticalization 158
7.11. Conclusion 160
8 Syntactic change: the development and change
of constructions 161
8.1. Introduction 161
8.2. From paratactic to syntactic 162
8.2.1. Topics become subjects 162
8.2.2. Two clauses into one 163
8.2.3. Reorganization within the clause: how ergatives develop 165
8.3. Development and change in constructions 169
8.3.1. How constructions begin and expand 169
8.3.2. Layering and competition between constructions 172
8.3.3. How constructions are lost 176
8.4. Word-order change: OV and VO languages 178
8.4.1. Synchronic word-order correlations 178
8.4.2. The diachronic source of word-order correlations 180
8.5. Pragmatic reasons for changing the огфг of subject,
verb, and object: drift in Indo-European languages 183
8.6. Conclusion: the life cycle of constructions 186
9 Lexical change: how languages get new words and how words
change their meaning 188
9.1. Introduction 188
9.2. Where do new words come from? 188
9.2.1. Internal resources: compounding and derivation 188
9.2.2. Borrowing words from other languages 191
9.2.3. Loanword adaptation 192
9.3. How do words change their meaning? 195
9.3.1. Prototype categories 196
9.3.2. Mechanisms of semantic change 197
9.3.3. Change in non-denotational meaning 200
9.3.4. Onomasiological change: words in competition 202
9.4. General tendencies in lexical semantic change 203
9.5. Changes in derivationally related forms 205
9.6. What happens to old words, morphemes, phrases? 207
9.7. Conclusion 207
10 Comparison, reconstruction, and typology 209
10.1. Family relations among languages 209
10.2. The comparative method 210
10.2.1. Cognate sets 215
10.2.2. The rate of lexical replacement 216
10.2.3. The phonological form of cognates 217
10.2.4. When sound change is not regular 218
10.2.5. Proto-phonemes are abstract place-holders 219
10.3. Typological evidence: PIE obstruents 220
10.4. Internal reconstruction 224
Contents xi
10.5. Proposals for further genealogical relations 228
10.5.1. Proto-Nostratic 229
10.5.2. Multilateral comparison 231
10.6. Diachronic typology 233
10.7. Conclusion 234
Appendix: The major branches of Indo-European 236
11 Sources of language change: internal and external factors 237
11.1. Internal sources: language use 237
11.1.1. The usage-based approach 237
11.1.2. Naturalness Theory and preference laws 239
11.1.3. Generative theories of language change 241
11.1.4. Language acquisition vs. language use as the locus
of change 247
11.2. External causes: language contact 248
11.2.1. Phonological changes due to contact 250
11.2.2. Grammatical change 252
11.3. Pidgin and creole languages 255
11.3.1. Early pidgins 255
11.3.2. Stable pidgins 256
11.3.3. Expanded pidgins 258
11.3.4. Creole languages 260
11.4. Language as a complex adaptive system 262
IP A chart 265
Glossary of terms used 266
References 272
Language index 285
Subject index 288
|
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| dewey-full | 417.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 417 - Dialectology and historical linguistics |
| dewey-raw | 417.7 |
| dewey-search | 417.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3417.7 |
| dewey-tens | 410 - Linguistics |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Bybee, Joan L. 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)13935509X aut Language change Joan Bybee 1. publ. Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press 2015 XVIII, 292 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge textbooks in linguistics Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd rswk-swf Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 s DE-604 Äquivalent pbk : £19.99 978-1-107-65582-9 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027821218&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027821218&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bybee, Joan L. 1945- Language change Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056508-7 |
| title | Language change |
| title_auth | Language change |
| title_exact_search | Language change |
| title_full | Language change Joan Bybee |
| title_fullStr | Language change Joan Bybee |
| title_full_unstemmed | Language change Joan Bybee |
| title_short | Language change |
| title_sort | language change |
| topic | Historical linguistics Sprachwandel (DE-588)4056508-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Historical linguistics Sprachwandel |
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