Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
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Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů
2014
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| Ausgabe: | Praha |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | PT: 1943 - válečný rok: sborník z konference Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava. - Zsfassungen d. einzeln. Beitr. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 158 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788087912188 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |c Pavel Zeman (ed.) |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a 1943 - válečný rok: sborník z konference Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Summaries
Pavel Zeman, Europe 1943 and German occupation and genocide policy
The year 1943 is marked in the history of WWII as a year that was a radical turning
point. On the Eastern Front, in North Africa, in the Pacific and in South East Asia,
the Allies grasped strategic initiative. Apart from the Eastern Front, fighting broke
out on the territory of Southern Europe after the Allies had landed in Sicily and Italy.
The Allies were also gaining dominance in aerial and navy wars. The Nazi empire
mobilized all material and personnel reserves in order to continue the war. It used
forced labour of prisoners, POWs and inhabitants of the countries they occupied in
Europe to increase production of armaments. As the war situation of the Third Reich
worsened, its violent occupation policy in Europe intensified. At the beginning of
1943, the Nazi occupation of Europe was at its peak. Resistance in the occupied coun-
tries was increasing in response to the Nazi terror. In 1943, the Nazi final solution of
the Jewish question” was underway, which affected all occupied countries in Europe.
In the extermination camps within Operation Reinhard, at least 1,750,000 Jewish
victims from Poland and other European countries were killed between March 1943
and October 1943. At the same time, Jewish transports were coming from different
places in occupied Europe to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration and exter-
mination camps and ghettos in occupied Poland.
Marek Syrnÿ, Resistance in Slovakia in 1943
The year 1943 was undoubtedly and in many ways a turning point for the Slovak
resistance movement as well as for the whole Slovak society. Among Slovak soldiers
fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the German army, fighting against the Red
Army was becoming less and less popular, with many defecting to the partisans or
the Red Army. Consequently, the German command finally agreed to withdraw the
Slovak army from the Eastern Front. As far as domestic policy is concerned, the re-
gime of Hlinka s Slovak People s Party was going through some sort of vacuum”. The
anti-Jewish propaganda was subsiding, the regime s slogans on maintaining stability
and order in the state were becoming mere declarations and the firmness against
resistance activities was also fading away. Changing the military and foreign political
situation in favour of Eastern and Western Allies created better conditions for develop-
152
ment and support of Slovak non-communist and communist resistance movements
backed by the Czechoslovak Exile Government in London and by Moscow. Resistance
structures within the Slovak army were becoming more stabilised and stronger. In
December 1943, decisive powers of non-communist and communist resistance united
in the so-called Christmas Agreement while also establishing its leading body, the
illegal Slovak National Committee. The Christmas Agreement was very important and
had a huge impact on the resistance movement. Thanks to it, a common platform
for non-communist and communist resistance was established together with a body
which was able to prepare and carry out a mass uprising in 1944.
David Svoboda, War of partisans: soviet partisans, UPA and Armia Kra-
jowa in the year 1943
In the period of Nazi occupation, there were several resistance movements active on
the vast forest territories of the Soviet Union. All of them shared a clear anti-German
stance, however they were divergent as to the intensity of their anti-fascist struggle
and their strategic motivations. The most prominent of them being the Polish Armia
Krajowa, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the red partisans instructed by Moscow,
these forces followed irreconcilably different goals. What they had in common was in
fact an intensive striving for the westernmost parts of the USSR whose annexation by
Stalin was a direct outcome of his 1939 pact with Germany. As a consequence, a spe-
cific and bloody ,war in a war* was being waged by these forces in the background of
Nazi occupation.
Stanislav Kokoška, The year 1943 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and
Moravia
The German defeat at Stalingrad led in 1943 to a revival of resistance in the Pro-
tectorate and it also affected occupation policy. In January 1943, Hitler issued a de-
cree on halting all preparations and planning for future peace purposes which also
applied to the solution of the so called Czech question. K.H. Frank used the decree to
stop incessant attempts of the neighbouring Reichsgaue to divide the Protectorate.
Conflicts with the neighbouring Reichsgaue were finally solved by establishment of
the German State Ministry for Bohemia and Moravia on 20 August 1943, with which
a massive administration reform initiated in the spring of 1942 was concluded. The
main idea behind its establishment was the abolishment of administrative dualism
153
to the detriment of Czech autonomous administration, which was carried out by
means of a new legal instrument ֊ so called Administration by the Authority of the
Reich (Reichsauftragsverwaltung; RAV). K.H. Frank’s appointment as the head of the
State Ministry fortified his key position in the German occupation administration in
the Protectorate, together with his function as a senior SS and police officer in the
Protectorate. However, his responsibilities did not include for example the care of
the German minority in the Protectorate; the disputes in this matter with the NSDAP
continued to threaten the promotion of a unified political line in administration of
the occupied Czech lands. In 1943, one of the main tasks was maximum use of the
Czech economy for warfare. This was to be achieved by exemplary punishments for
demonstrations of dissatisfaction and resistance by appealing to the common sense
of the Czech nation, which was to understand that its place is by the side of the Third
Reich. This was underlined by the tone of the Nazi propaganda in the Protectorate,
which had to newly adapt in December 1943 to the signing of the Czechoslovak-
Soviet treaty of friendship, mutual assistance, and post-war cooperation. The overall
change in the atmosphere in the Protectorate was also caused by mobilization of the
workforce in the form of universal mobilization for war purposes announced by K. H.
Frank following the same step taken in the Reich in February 1943.
Jan Gebhart, Achievements and difficulties in renewal of activities on the
home front in 1943
At the end of 1942, the home resistance tried to renew its activities in order to over-
come the decimation caused by the Heydrichiad. In 1943, the home resistance found
new impulses and motivation in more favourable war developments as well as in the
activities of the Czechoslovak exile. Some members of the civic democratic bodies of
the home resistance were planning to create a new resistance centre, later called the
Preparatory Revolutionary National Committee (Prípravný revoluční národní výbor,
PRNV). It was supposed to draw on the legacy of the dissolved Central Leadership
of Home Resistance (Ústřední vedení odboje domácího, ÚVOD) and represent home
resistance at home as well as abroad. PRNV’s controlling board was established in the
spring of 1943. The creation of PRNV received a strong response from the representa-
tives of the exile in London. PRNV’s programme rejected co-existence with the Ger-
mans in liberated Czechoslovakia, emphasized its cooperation with the USSR, called
for simplification of post-war political life in the country by decreasing the number
of political parties and suggested broader autonomy for Slovakia. PRNV’s attempts to
cooperate with other resistance organizations were quite successful in 1943. From
154
the end of 1942, activities aimed at establishment of another resistance centre re-
suming the ÚVOD’s legacy, with a programme referring to the resistance organiza-
tion Petition Committee We Remain Faithful of 1941 called For Freedom to a New
Czechoslovak Republic, were getting stronger. A centre called Preparatory Revolu-
tionary Committee (Přípravný revoluční výbor, PRV) was supposed to have a political
leadership as well as civilian and military bodies. In 1943, its activities focused on the
area of the Bohemian Moravian Highlands, especially in the regions of Nové Město
na Moravě and Meziříčí. The plan to start armed fighting in the second half of 1943
was postponed to the year 1944 due to lack of armaments and experience. In 1943,
activities of PRNV and PRV and other resistance organizations were hindered by the
use of new methods by the Gestapo in the fight against the home resistance together
with establishment of large informer networks in Moscow and in the Czech lands.
Zdenko Maršálek, Czechoslovak foreign army and Czechoslovak foreign
resistance in the year 1943
At the beginning of 1943, the overall situation in the Czechoslovak foreign resist-
ance seemed quite promising. After the humble beginnings in the autumn of 1939, it
was first acknowledged by the Provisional Government and a year later it gained full
acknowledgement. A similar process happened concerning the fundamental question
of nullification of the Munich Agreement. The most important step of the year 1943
for the Czechoslovak exile was signing the Czechoslovak-Soviet Treaty. Together with
its political diplomatic activities, the construction of a Czechoslovak exile army was
also important; its active involvement in fighting along with other Allies was sup-
posed to prove that the Czech nation did not acquiesce to the occupation and fought
for its liberation with arms in their hands. The second task of the Exile Government
was its maximum organizational development and preservation of its forces for the
moment of liberation of the country together with support of a domestic anti-Nazi
uprising. In 1943, Czechoslovak troops operated in Britain, in the Middle East and in
the Soviet Union. The year 1943 saw an end of the active involvement of a Czecho-
slovak military troop in the Middle East with its climax being the military operations
in Tobruk. In the USSR, soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion
were involved in combat for the first time in March 1943 in the Battle of Sokolovo.
After establishment of the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade in the USSR in the
summer of 1943, its greatest achievement was its involvement in the liberation of
Kiev in November 1943. The beginning of the year 1943 saw a relatively dramatic
increase in combat involvement of Czechoslovak troops. Their participation in fights
155
in 1943 was seen as a mere beginning of happenings that the foreign army had been
waiting for and for which it had been predestined. From the perspective of Czecho-
slovak military formations, the year 1943 was primarily a year of preparations.
Jan Machala, Involvement of Jewish soldiers in Czechoslovak troops in the
East in the year 1943
The involvement of soldiers of Jewish origin in the Czechoslovak foreign resistance
during World War II was for a long time an underestimated aspect of the history of
the 2nd resistance, among others also in connection with one of the highly celebrated
events ֊ the Battle of Sokolovo in March 1943. Primarily in publications of the com-
munist historiography which was published in times when religious and ethnic origin
was less important with respect to the official ideology of the time than the “right”
political belief and party membership, readers were only allowed to get acquainted
with the names of some selected heroes. In response to that, literature criticizing all
publications which did not take notice of soldiers Jewish origin was created although
such publications were not published only with respect to one regime or one ideo-
logy. Soldiers of Jewish origin played an important role in the Czechoslovak foreign
resistance on several fronts, being involved in fights in Poland, France, the Middle
East, Africa, in the Battle of Britain and naturally also on the territory of the Soviet
Union. They belonged among the first volunteers who applied to the army when it
was being established and without them the 1st Battalion would not have reached
a state of combat readiness and it would not have been sent to the front as early
as January 1943. They numbered among the awarded participants in the Battle of
Sokolovo as well as among casualties and victims of the Nazis ruthless handling of
prisoners of war, especially those of Jewish origin. Consequently, the involvement
of Jewish soldiers in famous battles of the 2nd resistance should not be forgotten or
belittled. At the same time, controversial topics cannot be avoided as Jews did not
participate only in the growing numbers of the Czechoslovak military troops but they
also represented a different opinion and political movements, which endangered the
unity of the troops primarily in moments of crisis. This also belongs to the history of
the 2nd resistance.
156
Jaroslav Pinkas, Pictures of the war. Notes on one didactic project
The didactic aid Pictures of the war, its subject being the time of World War II, is
an output of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes realized within the
project History in the 21st Century with the support of the Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic and EU structural funds. It focuses on broader
contexts of how the history of WWII is presented in the public space, primarily in the
media, and reflects upon the consequences of pop culture representation of war for
school education. The aim of the project was to create a set of materials which would
allow teachers in primary and secondary schools to make use of iconographic and
audio visual materials representing different ways of grasping the war experience in
a didactically productive way. The subject was not the factual side of the events but
the way they were presented in the media. The first part is dedicated to the key events
of Czech history between the years 1938-1945 (e.g. the Munich conference, expulsion
of the Czechs from the border regions, displacement of the Germans, the Holocaust,
occupation, assassination of the Reichsprotector Reinhard Heydrich and the May up-
rising of the Czech nation). More than an objective description of these events it fol-
lows the changing forms of their interpretation and the way they have been narrated.
The second part of the Pictures anthology is more experimental. Its users will find
pictures there which will enable them to see the war as a set of phenomena which
are of some importance, but rather than stories of their own they form a backdrop to
other stories. Motifs of work, bureaucracy, physicality, heroism, or the picture of the
other offer a possibility to thematize the war outside common narrative techniques.
The aim of the whole project is to transcend the schematic illustration, to think about
pictures primarily as media representations and to reflect their specific nature; to
notice not only historical events they depict but also their structure, the way they
tell the stories and also what they are quiet about. The multimedia educational DVD
Pictures of the war tried to respond to these challenges. But it remains up to teachers
how they use it.
Petr Hudičák, Seidel Photographie Studio, Český Krumlov%
in theyear 1943
In the year 1943, the inhabitants of Český Krumlov, from 1938 a part of thè Greater
German Reich in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement, could have their pictures
taken in three German photographic Studios - in the Micko Photographie Studio,
the Wolf Photographic Studio or the Seidel Photographic Studio. The latter studio
157
was run by František Seidel before, during and after the war, even though he spent
some time as a forced labourer in an unknown machine repairing plant. The Seidel
Photographic Studio was run in a modern way and was divided into portrait, postcard
and amateur photography sections. In its prime it employed 12 people. However, in
1943 fewer people worked there; they were mostly girls and women together with
one photographer. In that year, like in other wartime years, the number of commis-
sions was growing. Apart from classic portrait and family photography, the amount
of work commissioned by recruits, soldiers before going to training and to military
service, was growing thanks to the ongoing war. Young members of the Hitlerjugend
as well as women in uniforms had their pictures taken. Soldiers with different arms
visited the studio, including the navy. Soldiers who visited Český Krumlov on busi-
ness or served there for a shorter period of time also had their photographs taken
and sent home or to their garrisons. However, in the books of customers we will find
records of photographs of citizens and soldiers together with records of photographs
of men and women forced labourers from Eastern Europe. In the year 1943, a total
number of 7,000 commissions were made in the German Seidel Photographic Studio.
This data serves as evidence of the importance of photography, together with film,
as a main visual medium in the years 1939-1945 even in such a small German town
as Český Krumlov was in 1943. The preserved data about individual commissions and
primarily the preserved photographs themselves are an irreplaceable period source
of the history of a small German town at the edge of the Third Reich in the fourth
year of the war.
158
Obsah
Úvodní slovo..........................................................5
Okupovaná Evropa a Protektorát Čechy a Morava v roce 1943
Pavel Zeman
Evropa v roce 1943 a německá okupační a genocidni politika............8
Marek Syrný
Odboj na Slovensku v roku 1943 .......................................20
David Svoboda
Válka partyzánů: sovětské partyzánské hnutí,
UPA a Armia Krajowa v roce 1943.......................................35
Stanislav Kokoška
Rok 1943 v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava................................58
Jan Gebhart
Úspěchy a obtíže při obnově aktivit na domácí frontě v roce 1943 .....66
Válečný rok 1943 a československý zahraniční vojenský odboj
Zdenko Maršálek
Československá zahraniční armáda
a odboj v roce 1943 ..................................................78
Jan Machala
Účast židovských vojáků v československých jednotkách
na východě v roce 1943................................................104
I
Vzdělávání, každodennost
Jaroslav Pinkáš
Obrazy války. Poznámky k jednomu didaktickému projektu...........120
Petr Hudičák
Fotoateliér Seidel Český Krumlov v roce 1943 ....................132
Summaries .......................................................152
*
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 Prag gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2013 Prag |
| geographic | Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 gnd Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren Slowakei Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV042372410 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:19:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087912188 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027808644 |
| oclc_num | 904168786 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 DE-11 |
| physical | 158 S. Ill. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Pavel Zeman (ed.) 1943 - válečný rok: sborník z konference Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Praha Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů 2014 158 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PT: 1943 - válečný rok: sborník z konference Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava. - Zsfassungen d. einzeln. Beitr. in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1943 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakischer Soldat (DE-588)4351586-1 gnd rswk-swf Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd rswk-swf Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 Prag gnd-content Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (DE-588)4076390-0 g Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 s Geschichte 1943 z DE-604 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Tschechoslowakischer Soldat (DE-588)4351586-1 s Zeman, Pavel 1966- (DE-588)1067608923 edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027808644&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027808644&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Tschechoslowakischer Soldat (DE-588)4351586-1 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4351586-1 (DE-588)4079262-6 (DE-588)4076390-0 (DE-588)4055297-4 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
| title_alt | 1943 - válečný rok: sborník z konference Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
| title_auth | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
| title_exact_search | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
| title_full | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Pavel Zeman (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Pavel Zeman (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava Pavel Zeman (ed.) |
| title_short | Válečný rok 1943 v okupované Evropě a v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava |
| title_sort | valecny rok 1943 v okupovane evrope a v protektoratu cechy a morava |
| topic | Tschechoslowakischer Soldat (DE-588)4351586-1 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tschechoslowakischer Soldat Widerstand Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren Slowakei Europa Konferenzschrift 2013 Prag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027808644&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027808644&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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