Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi: 3 Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
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Novosibirsk
Rossijskaja Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii
2012
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PT: Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture |
| Beschreibung: | 218 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785780302278 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |n 3 |p Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury |c V. I. Molodin ; A. I. Solovʹev ; A.E. Grišin |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture |
| 264 | 1 | |a Novosibirsk |b Rossijskaja Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a 218 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PT: Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152945182244864 |
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| adam_text | ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ОТ АВТОРА
.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Глава
L
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ
.......................................... 6
Глава
2.
ИНВЕНТАРЬ
......................................................................................................................... 132
Глава
3.
ПОГРЕБАЛЬНЫЙ ОБРЯД
................................................................................................. 174
Глава
4.
КУЛЬТУРНАЯ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТЬ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ХРОНОЛОГИИ
.................. 182
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.................................................................................................................................... 195
SUMMARY
............................................................................................................................................ 197
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
.................................................................................................................. 207
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
................................................................................................................ 218
SUMMARY
Research works undertaken at Sopka^M-A, a buri¬
al complex associated with the Odino culture dated
back to the developed Early Bronze Age and studied
by the author through the examination of the archaeo¬
logical record yielded from a funerary complex Sop-
ka-2, have enabled the experts to obtain and accumu¬
late a new kind of data on an impressive and unique
cultural formation whose representatives inhabited
the West Siberian forest-steppe about
3 000
ВС.
Results derived from the investigation of the first
cemetery attributed to that culture, and comprising
a rather representative series of burials therewith,
have been analyzed and published. The studied burial
complexes have subsequently provided a highly in¬
formative data on burial rites practiced by its bear¬
ers, as well as a variety of grave goods to ultimately
contribute to our previous understanding of culture
in question, and, in fact, even radically change it.
Data resulted from the analysis of grave goods as¬
sociated with the burials have suggested not only an
autochthonous development of its numerous forms
within the West Siberian region, but also revealed
the existence of wide connections established between
the southern areas and other regions of Central Asia,
therefore enabling to assume not without reason that
the bearers of the Odino culture might have been in¬
volved, at least, in general processes that occurred
on the continent.
Archaeological studies carried out in the Ishim
River basin by L.Y. Krizhevskaya and R.D. Goldina
(Крижевская,
1966, 1970;
Голдина, Крижевская,
1971)
have resulted in discovering distinctive mate¬
rials, first of all ceramics, that have been recognized
later by M.F. Kosarev as a special group of sites per¬
tained to the Odino stage
(Косарев,
1981: 59-61).
Though L.Y. Krizhevskaya tended to refer these data
to the context of Boborykino-type sites
(Крижевская,
1977: 63-95),
nevertheless, she had identified spe¬
cific features typical for pottery assemblages yielded
from the settlements of Odino and Kokui II (Ibid,
77-81, 84-94,
Table XX-XXV).
Subsequently, a pottery assemblage derived from
the settlement of Shapkul-IV in the Lower
Tobol
Riv¬
er basin
(Косарев,
1981: 59, 60)
has been referred
by M.F. Kosarev to the Odino stage as that represent¬
ing the earliest phase of this period. Research carried
out by the author in the
Baraba
forest-steppe, and,
first of all, at the settlement of Markovo-2, included
a comparative analysis between these complexes
and sites, which have been identified on the left bank
of the Irtysh River and thoroughly studied
(Молодий,
1981, 1985: 32-35),
suggesting that the former can
be associated with the Odino culture. Ceramics was
found to be a convincing argument in favor of attribut¬
ing the
Baraba
sites to that cultural formation. In fact,
it is due to specific features of the pottery assemblag¬
es that these sites have been recognized as a special
group designated by our predecessors as «the sites
associated with the Odino culture»
(Косарев,
1981:
60,61).
Being known from the archaeological record
provided by settlements, the Odino-type pottery has
been recognized through the following key features:
jar-shaped and, rarely, weakly profiled pot-shaped
vessels. These features were found to be particularly
characteristic of the Odino-type pottery, making it
distinguishable from that, which previously appeared
in the Early Metal Age, throughout the whole area
of its distribution from the basins of the Ishim,
Tobol
and Irtysh Rivers in the west to the
Baraba
forest-
steppe in the east. It is to be reminded that the pointed
and round-based pottery appeared to dominate at sites
dated back to the Early Metal Age in the region,
whereas the fl at and flattened bases occurred only as
an exception (see
Косарев,
1981;
Молодин,
1985).
This tendency characteristic of the Odino stage has
been noted by M.F. Kosarev
(Косарев,
1981: 61).
In summary, the shape of Odino pottery suggest
that it has been a stable and developed phenomenon,
while more ancient traditions (i.e., the shape of vessels)
were no longer in use. This pattern is clearly observed
at sites located in the boreal forest zone of Western
Siberia, which have proven to be coeval with those at¬
tributed to the Odino culture and studied by S.T. Kok-
sharov and Y.P. Chemyakin
(Кокшаров,
2006:49-50;
Чемякин,
2008: 41,42;
Чемякин, Карачаров,
2002:
197
В.И. Молодин. Памятник Сопка-2: культурно-хронологический анализ
28-30).
These sites have also yielded the pottery re¬
sembling the Odino ceramics which, as opportune¬
ly underlined by S.F. Koksharov, has been found
to hold the same cultural and chronological position
as the
Baraba
assemblages
(Кокшаров,
2006: 49-50).
A general tendency of transition to the conventional
flat-bottomed pottery in Western Siberia is convinc¬
ingly supported by data at issue.
The Odino pottery was found to be distinguished
not only by shape, but also its characteristic orna¬
mentation and the latter should therefore be recount¬
ed. The whole outer surface of the pot, including
the bottom, was generally decorated with the rows
of smooth and comb stamps. Characteristic orna¬
ments were the rows of strictly alternating incised
dots covering the body of vessel. Sometimes, the rows
of «pearls» were made, particularly often under
the rim and at the bottom. In addition, the impressions
of textile and pseudo-textile were found on the inside
of the pot, and not infrequently at the bottom.
Technology of the Odino-type pottery has been
analyzed by
E.V.
Lamina on the base of data yielded
from the settlement of Markovo-2 and, as the re¬
searcher believes, the results of comparison with
the Krokhalevka-type pottery originated in the Up¬
per Ob River basin have revealed more differences,
rather than similarity. All three technological groups
of the latter appear to be similar to the first group
of the former
(Ламина,
1988: 8).
In addition, it should
be remembered that such a factor as the sources of raw
material had determined the choice of paste com¬
pounds. Special studies of the noncontemporaneous
archaeological pottery assemblages
(Ламина, Лотова,
Добрецов,
1995: 88)
have revealed the differences
between these found in Central
Baraba
and those
originated from the Upper Ob River basin.
The above mentioned principles of ornamentation,
as well as the shape of vessel, allow, on the one hand,
drawing parallels between the
Baraba
sites, which
the author refers to the Odino culture, and the settle¬
ment complexes of Odino sites located in the west (see
Голдина, Крижевская,
1971: Fig. 27;
Косарев,
1981:
59-61 ;
Панфилов,
1993).
On the other hand, this pot¬
tery undoubtedly differs from the preceding cultural
and chronological stratum of the Early Metal Age,
including the Pit-Comb Ware culture. As it has been
mentioned above, its difference from the Odino pot¬
tery may be observed both in the shape and the pattern
of dotted incisions, which occurred on the Odinotype
vessels in the form of round-, and, as it may be seen on
the earlier pottery, oval-shaped, or «seedshaped» dots
as they are occasionally designated. No «pearl-shaped»
impressions have been identified as well in the earlier
pottery assemblage (see
Молодин, Нечепуренко,
198
1976: 91-98;
Молодин,
1985:
Fig.
З,
6,10,11; 2011).
However, despite of essential differences revealed by
that pottery in particular, an apparent similarity could
be observed in the pattern of ornamental composition,
a fact that enabled M.F. Kosarev to recognize a special
line of development in the ceramics, which has been
designated by the researcher as «the pit-comb pottery»
(Косарев,
1973, 1974),
referring to the Bronze Age.
The author has also noted such a phenomenon among
the ceramics recorded in the
Baraba
forest-steppe
(Molodin,
1983).
In addition, it may be said that the
paleogenetic study suggested not only technological
principals of development in the pottery, but also ge¬
netic development of the man himself
(Пилипенко,
2010;
Molodin, Pilipenko, Romaschenko
et al.,
2010,
2012).
Equally, the same evolutionary phenomenon
of the indigenous population is clearly demonstrated
by anthropological data as well
(Чикишева,
2010).
In this regard, it is appropriate to mention an idea
expressed by M.F. Kosarev about the mosaic pattern
of distribution within a rather restricted area (this is
the
Tobol
River basin in the Tyumen region) of single
cultural (and, perhaps, ethnical?) groups of popula¬
tion. An ethnographic example given by the researcher
demonstrates clearly an immensely important idea
regarding the coexistence of ethnically different popu¬
lation groups within the same area:
«..
.the localization
of these population groups varied and the ethnic habi¬
tats had frequently overlapped, all these ethnicities
kept the identity of their language, culture, economy
and social organization»
(Косарев,
1981: 59).
In summary, the similarity recognized between
the
Baraba
pottery assemblages associated with
the series of settlements and cemeteries enables
to refer them to the Odino-type ceramics and inte¬
grate into a distinct cultural group. The distribution
area of the Odino culture should be currently defined
within the following area: in the west its boundary
stretches out as far as the left bank of the
Tobol
Riv¬
er basin
(Косарев,
1987: 261,
map
34;
3ax,
2009:
Fig.
86;
Потемкина,
1985: 160-163),
in the east-it
encompasses at least Central
Baraba
(Молодин,
1985:
Fig. 9),
in the south
-
it includes the boundary zone of
the forest steppes and steppes (Ibid;
Косарев,
1987:
261,
map
33).
The limits of northern boundary have
not been defined as yet, though it is obvious that
the bearers
ofthat
culture advanced quite deeply into
the boreal forest zone and led there an active existence.
A special issue to be pointedly studied is that
a comparison of the Odino and Krokhalevka sites con¬
centrated at the area of the Ob River basin in the No¬
vosibirsk region.
In the mid-seventies of the last century, the Krokha¬
levka-type sites have been recognized by the author
Summary
during research works undertaken in the area occupied
by the belt of coniferous forest in the Ob River basin
of the Novosibirsk region
(Молодин,
1975, 1977).
It has been suggested by N.V.
Polosmak,
based on
the analysis of the pottery assemblages yielded from
the large scale excavations of the multilayer settle¬
ment of Krokhalevka-4 (see
Молодин, Полосьмак,
1980),
to single out a specific cultural formation re¬
ferred to as the Krokhalevka culture
(Полосьмак,
1978).
This suggestion has also been based on the
characteristic features of the pottery
(Полосьмак,
1977, 1978).
It has been subsequently found out that
V.V.
Bobrov
has discovered sites associated with the
Krokhalevka culture in the Ob River basin
(Бобров,
1992),
with similar pottery unearthed on the right bank
of the Ob, and V.A. Zakh has found related sites in
the Salair region (3ax,
1977).
Since then, with refer¬
ence to this culture, there was unfortunately no ad¬
ditional record provided to the data set, which is still
based on the characteristic features of the pottery re¬
sulted from the study of settlements. Though, certain
researchers refer some burials dated to the time pre¬
ceding the Andronovo culture to those associated with
the Krokhalevka culture and these, by their context,
have been found distinctly standing out from the cur¬
rently known array of burial complexes pertained to
the Krotovo or Elunino cultures (see
Абдулганеев,
Кирюшин,
2002: 4-6).
At the same time, the findings
of remains identified as the developed
metallurgie
production enabled to have an Early Bronze Age cul¬
ture reliably dated
(Молодин,
1977).
However, there
is no record neither of the settlement structures, nor
burial practices attributed to the bearers of Krokha¬
levka culture.
It is obvious that both the Krokhalevka-type pot¬
tery and the inventory found at the settlements dem¬
onstrate a chronological proximity between the Odino
and Krokhalevka assemblages. First, the articles as¬
sociated with the Seima-Turbino culture had been
used by people of both cultures (Molodin, March-
enko, Grishin
et al.,
2011;
Молодин, Чемякина,
2009;
Бобров,
2000).
Moreover, it was repeatedly
observed by the researchers that both the Krokha¬
levka- and Odino-type pottery share similar fea¬
tures
(Молодин,
1985: 34;
Полосьмак,
1977;
Зах,
2009: 246).
These parallels enabled
A.N.
Panfilov
and V.A. Zakh, who rejected a cultural attribution
proposed by the author, to refer the Odinotype
sites found in
Baraba
to the Krokhalevka culture
(Панфилов,
1993: 44-45;
Зах,
2009: 246).
Indeed, the author s reason for arguing against
their point of view is that the essential differences tak¬
ing place between the Odino- and Krokhalevka-type
potteries. This circumstance became more apparent
when being supported by data resulted from the exca¬
vations undertaken over the last years at the
Tartas-
1
site located somewhat north of the site of Markovo-2.
Not only burial site associated with the Odino culture
containing the pottery typical for that tradition has
been examined here, but also a unique complex (settle¬
ment or ritual?), which still presents a challenge for
analysis
(Молодин, Новикова, Гришин и др.,
2006:
424-425),
and, at the same time, contains the pottery
assemblage typical for the Odino culture. The author
believes that the problem will be finally solved after
the publication of this material, which is currently
pending. In addition, the vessels associated with the
burials at the site of
Tartas-
1
seem to contribute to the
solving of this issue (see Fig.
203, 235).
It is appropriate to emphasize these differences
again. Thus, the Krokhalevka-type pottery appears to
have been larger in proportions than that of Odino¬
type. It is characterized with thick walls and dense
paste which differs even visually from that of the
Odino-type. Second, the Krokhalevka pottery (jars
included) reveals strongly pronounced pot-shaped
features
(Полосьмак,
1978;
Молодин, Полосьмак,
1980).
Third, the enhanced zonation patterns and op¬
tionally occurred dotted rows demonstrate more dif¬
ferences between the Krokhalevka and Odino vessels,
rather than similarity. With regards to pottery, such
features as textile and pseudo-textile impressions pat¬
terned on the vessel body, not only on the outer, but
also inner sides, have proven to be common for both
cultural groups. These features, as well as the others
showing the similarity between the Krokhalevka and
Odino vessels, demonstrate, in the author s opinion,
a temporal proximity of these cultural formations.
Therefore, a cultural correlation of the settlement
complexes discovered in
Baraba
during the late twen¬
ties century, and those found in the area later, dem¬
onstrates convincingly that their attribution to sites
associated with the Odino culture identified on the left
bank of the Irtysh River basin in forest-steppe area, is
rather correct. The same may be said about a compar¬
ison between the Odino sites and complexes located
in the boreal forest zone of Western Siberia, par¬
ticularly in Demyianovskyi and Chilimskyi districts
of the lower Irtysh River basin. The pottery yielded
from this area has revealed an obvious resemblance
to that attributed to the Odino forest-steppe culture
(Собольникова,
1999;
Адамова,
2001;
Глушков,
2005;
Глушков, Собольникова,
2005;
Коронкова,
Стефанов,
2011).
At the same time, it should be remembered that, ac¬
cording to reasonable remarks made by M.F. Kosarev,
the Pit-Comb Ware cultures distributed throughout
the vast area of the West Siberian Plain
(Косарев,
199
В.И. Молодим. Памятник Сопка-2: культурно-хронологический анализ
1981: 53-54; 1987: 262)
are known for being con¬
servative. For this reason, as it is stressed by the
researcher, «it is often difficult for us to understand
whether this rather large area may be regarded as
a region where related population groups coexisted,
or it only suggests the noncontemporaneous migra¬
tions of people related to the pottery assemblage with
a pit-comb pattern within the West Siberian Plain»
(Косарев,
1987: 262).
Researchers involved in the study of various re¬
gions in the West-Siberian North have arrived, in fact,
at the same conclusion, linking it, based on the analy¬
sis of the pit-comb pottery assemblages, to southern
and southwestern impetuses
(Васильев,
1989: 18-20;
Чемякин,
1994: 13-19).
Particular attention should be focused on a group
of burial sites associated with the Odino culture, which
have been discovered and studied over the last ten years
in
Baraba,
including a burial complex of
Sopka^AłA.
Results yielded from the analysis of burial practice
attributed to the Odino culture, as well as the grave
goods associated with the burials, showed that there
have been recorded only five graves from
164
buri¬
als in which the vessels accompanied the deceased,
accounting for merely
3,04%
of all burial complex.
Almost the same situation can be observed at other
Odino burial sites, namely Preobrazhenka-6 and
Tar¬
tas-
1,
which have been well studied to date. (The per¬
centage of vessels associated with the burials of these
sites is still unknown due to ongoing status of investi¬
gations, though an assessment of the current situation
allows claiming that it will hardly be much different
than that observed at the burial site of Sopka^MA).
Therefore, the only conclusion is that such phenomena
as placing a vessel into the burial chamber or nearby
was not typical for burial rites practiced in the Odino
culture. It is not inconceivable that this tradition can
be traced to the previous age. It should be reminded
that in the Ust-Tartas culture, which has been suc¬
ceeded by the Odino culture, the vessels associated
with burials can be found more rarely (see
Молодий,
2001).
In addition, the pottery identifi
ed
at the Odino
burial site of
Ѕорка-гМА
have been recorded only
in five cases; in two burials,
№ 189
(burial mound
25,
tomb
42)
and
№ 588,
they have been placed in
situ. In other instances, the excavations have yielded
the fragments of vessels broken under looting (or
desecration), unfortunately to the extent enabling
no reconstruction of pottery. They demonstrate only
fi
at bottoms, as well as the rows of dotted pattern
covering the body of vessel to convincingly confirm
their attribution to the Odino culture. Another small
boat-shaped vessel, which might have been origi¬
nally decorated with a figurine depicting the head of
a swimming bird
(?),
has an ornament implemented
as the rows of sub-triangular incisions (Fig.
202, 2).
It has been found at the level of buried soil near to
a burial chamber
№ 588
(Fig.
194),
which implies that
they apparently shared a universal sacred space. This
characteristic of the burial practice can be distinctively
traced at the Krotovo burial site of Sopka-2/4b located
nearby the site at issue where such instances have been
recorded quite frequently (see
Молодин, Ламина,
1989).
It is obvious that a boat-shaped vessel was
intended for ritual purposes and simply could not be
used in household for any other needs. No similar ves¬
sels have been identified elsewhere (though the author
has previously made an attempt to find some). It can
only be pointed out that shaped vessels referring to the
Bronze Age have been found in northern boreal forests
of Western Siberia (see
Стефанов,
2011: 54).
The second vessel, unfortunately partially broken,
has been found in situ within the context of grave
№ 189
(burial mound
25,
tomb
42).
Its upper part was
missing, but an undisturbed burial suggests that the
body of vessel was not intact at the moment of its plac¬
ing into the grave. The fl at bottom and apparently jar-
shaped form, as well as the ornament implemented as
horizontal rows of stamped «rocker» pattern separated
with dotted incisions, convincingly suggest its Odino
origin (Fig.
202, 1).
However, these materials were
rather scanty and fragmentary to have the problem
finally solved, and, therefore, to refer unambiguously
the identified burial complexes (with all their obvi¬
ous peculiarity) to the Odino sites. The solution was
finally found in
2010,
when the tomb
№ 365
excavated
at the burial site of
Tartas-
1
(Fig.
236)
and attributed
to the Odino culture has yielded an absolutely intact
fl at- bottomed pot placed in situ, being comparable
by all characteristic features to the pottery assem¬
blages identified at the Odino settlements (Fig.
203)
(Молодин, Хансен, Мыльникова и др.,
2010).
In addition, two more tombs associated with the
Odino culture,
№ 485
and
489,
have been studied in
2011
at the same burial site, yielding archaeologically
intact vessels of large proportions found to be identical
to those identified at the Odino settlements and drasti¬
cally resembling the vessels attributed to that culture
and distributed in the western area (Fig.
235).
The situation at the Odino burial site of Preobra¬
zhenka-6 seemed to be somewhat more complex as
the vessels yielded from this site have been placed
in ritual pits associated with the burials
(Молодин,
Чемякина, Гаркуша
и др.,
2001;
Молодин,
Чемякина, Позднякова,
2007;
Молодин, Чемякина,
Позднякова,
Гаркуша,
2005).
In addition, the fea¬
tures characteristic both for the Odino and Krotovo
200
Summary
cultures have been traced in this assemblage, though
it has also revealed the unequivocally Odino-type
pottery.
Therefore, one may draw an unambiguous conclu¬
sion that despite of the fact that some interments of
the Odino-type burial complexes contained no vessels,
implying that these have not been a mandatory part
of burial rituals, however, the characteristic features
of pottery found among the grave goods are generally
so expressive that undoubtedly suggest its cultural
belonging for it was found to be absolutely identical
to ceramics recorded at the Odino settlements.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this
conclusion at all for it has not only enabled to have
a number of burial sites attributed to the Odino cul¬
ture, but also, when those have been subsequently
studied, recognize a variety of characteristic features
typical for sites associated with the culture in question,
both in burial rite and grave goods. These features
will be examined in detail below. In fact, a whole
array of grave goods found at the studied burial site
of Sopka-2/4A
-
weaponry, implements, adornments,
ritual objects
-
is comparable to chronologically close
cultural formations of Eurasia referred to the periods
of the developed Early Bronze Age, which existed
in the area within a time span, ranging from the 3rd
millennium to the early 2nd millennium. It was noted
that stone tools, when compared to previous age, had
ceased to dominate, though the skills required to man¬
ufacture stone elements of weaponry (for example, the
arrowheads), adornments (beads), and small works
of plastic art (the figurines of bear), remained to be
not inferior to those developed during the Neolithic
and the Early Metal Age.
One of the major features common for the period
at issue is that a rather significant amount of metal
objects made of bronze and gold, which have been
used in burial rites practiced by people associated with
the Odino culture. Moreover, the earrings and tem¬
ple pendants as well as such objects as double-edged
dagger (Fig.
220, 7)
occurred along with the various
adornments, which are sometimes presented by primi¬
tive beads. The bronze axe-like tools (celts) found at
the Odino burial site of Preobrazhenka-6
(Молодий,
Хансен, Мыльникова и др.,
2011)
and a spearhead
(Молодин, Чемякина,
2009)
of the Seima-Turbino
type, as well as such massive articles as large cru¬
cibles casted from bronze, which have been found at
the settlements associated with the Markovo-2 cul¬
ture
(Молодин,
1981),
and the settlement and ritual
structures of the
Tartas-
1
site
(Молодин, Новикова,
Гришин и др.,
2006),
suggest that the developed
bronze casting manufacture was known to the bear¬
ers
ofthat
culture. In particular cases, as it has been
recorded in tomb
№ 37
identified at the site of Preo¬
brazhenka-6, such articles have been associated with
the graves. In
2011,
additional evidence has been ob¬
tained to indicate that people associated with the Odi¬
no culture used the Seima-Turbino type bronze imple¬
ments. The excavation of an undisturbed Odino grave,
the burial
№ 487,
has yielded a bronze celt found
in situ along with the other grave goods, including
a stylized phallus-shaped figurine made of a finger
phalanx of bear
(Молодин, Хансен, Мыльникова
и др.,
2011 : Fig. 1-2).
Thus, it follows that the bear¬
ers of the Odino culture employed the advanced
techniques in the manufacture of bronze casting, the
classical articles of the Seima-Turbino type included.
Therefore, it might be suggested that, within the area
occupied by the West Siberian forest-steppe, the metal
objects of the Seima-Turbino type were used not only
by populations associated with the Krotovo and El-
unino cultures, as it has been revealed by excavations
of their burials yielding such articles (see
Молодин,
1983;
Кирюшин,
1981; 2002: Fig. 148),
but also by
people representing the Odino culture.
In general, both qualitative and quantitative dif¬
ferentiation, as observed by archaeologists among
the grave goods found at similar burial sites (at least,
as provided by their current records), suggest that
a material differentiation might have taken place
in society, though the volume and significance of such
goods associated the studied burial complexes can not
be fairly estimated as no organic objects have been
identified in the burials. The following articles are
provided by the Odino sites almost without excep¬
tion and undoubtedly may be regarded as its cultural
indicators.
First of all, these are the figurines depicting
birds placed on the top parts of rods, which have
been found in burials
№ 268
(burial mound
25,
tomb
50)
and
№ 542
of the Sopka-UAA burial site
and burial
№ 37
of the Preobrazhenka-6 site (Fig.
231).
Their semantic essence has been considered
in a particular paper
(Молодин, Чемякина,
2010).
In this case, such unique objects found in burials as¬
sociated with the same culture undoubtedly suggest
a significant symbolic role played by specific species
of birds (flamingo?). The appearance of stone, bone
and bronze rods among the Bronze Age cultures of
this period in Eurasia, as noted by the researchers
(Кирюшин,
Грушин,
2007, 2009;
Головнев,
2009:
162),
may explain, for instance, the presence of very
similar articles at the plain part of Altai
(Кунгуров,
Горбунов,
2001;
Кирюшин,
Грушин,
2007, 2009).
However, they might be sometimes found either at
the Odino burial sites, or among other coeval cultures
of the West Siberia. Such phenomenon with the top
201
В.И. Молодин. Памятник
Coima-Ž:
культурно-хронологический анализ
parts of rods implemented in the form of stylized
horse heads has been observed by V.A. Dergachev
among the Bronze Age cultures in Eastern Europe
(Дергачев,
2007).
A belt buckle made of burl in the shape of bear s
head, which has been found in situ on the belt of
the deceased buried in grave
№ 190
(burial mound
22,
tomb
№ 44)
at site of
Sopka-ŽMA
(Fig.
230, 1)
(Молодин,
1994),
may be referred to the same cat¬
egory of objects. Excavation carried out by
V.l.
So-
bolev at the burial site of
Abram ovo-
11
in
Baraba
has
yielded absolutely the same buckle found in situ in the
grave. Initially, this site has been associated with the
Krotovo culture
(Соболев, Панфилов, Молодин,
1989),
though its
stratigraphie
position towards an
overlapping cultural sequence of the Krotovo settle¬
ment was, in fact, not clear at the moment (Ibid:
37-51).
Now, it is obvious that this site represents
a very important example of the earlier Odino burial
site overlapped by the Krotovo settlement.
The long oval objects with a through-hole of the
same shape at one end (occasionally, it was an oval-
shaped notch cut at the end surface of the object rather
than just a hole) should be referred to the articles
which almost exceptionally present in the Odino buri¬
als. The opposite end of the article has been frequently
decorated (Fig.
206).
In some cases, the objects were
coated with ornamentation engraved along the perime¬
ter, sometimes covering the whole surface, in the form
of triangles and lines. Smoothed and polished oval
hole and facets suggest that an exploited part of the
article might have been used exceptionally for work.
This locally applied polishing undoubtedly implies
that it resulted from being continuously rubbed with
some sufficiently soft material (cloth, leather, plant
fiber?). Initially, these objects were even designated
as «the netting needles»
(Молодин,
1985).
Experts in spinning and weaving are still not cer¬
tain about possible functions of these objects, and,
apparently, it is more correct to refer to these articles
as to «the bone knitting needles» (though even such
definition may not be found completely satisfactory).
However, in this case that issue is not that important.
It is significant that the objects with undoubtedly spe¬
cific features were found in the Odino burials at site
of
Sopka-ŽMA,
which enables to consider them to
some extent as diagnostic for that culture. For the buri¬
als associated with the Okunevo and Krotovo cultures
have revealed the simplest articles of such a typology,
it may be reasonably believed that they are diagnostic
for that period of time. It is also hoped that the issue
of their functionality will be finally solved.
Along with diagnostic artifacts of the Odino cul¬
ture described above, there have been recognized
202
some specific features of funerary rites, which fre¬
quently occurred at the Odino burial sites and may
be considered culturally diagnostic as well. The most
distinctive characteristic of burial practice is that an
irregular bottom profile of the grave pits, sometimes
enhanced with the special earth pillows. It is suggested
that the purpose
ofthat
practice was to uplift slightly
the head and the upper part of the dead body in order
to keep it in a half-seat position in the grave. In some
cases, the upper part of the corpse was leaned against
north-east wall of the burial pit. After the decay of soft
tissues, the skull, and occasionally some skeletal ele¬
ments, shifted down to the chest (Fig.
7).
The graves
with irregular bottom profile identified at the burial
site of Sopka-2/4A are estimated to be
50%
of total
number of burials, implying that such a characteristic
may be regarded as culturally diagnostic. At least,
a similar feature in the construction of burial chamber
(Fig.
236)
has been observed at neighboring burial
sites of
Tartas-
1
and Preobrazhenka-6 associated
with the Odino culture. Such a sustainable element
of burial practice is characteristic of the interments
referred only to that culture and appeared to have been
significant for its bearers. Analysis of data obtained
from such an important burial site as Sopka^AtA in¬
dicates three basic conditions observed by ancient
people when burying their congeners: the dead had
been placed into the grave with his body outstretched,
lying on back, or with the knees bent upwards (rather
than on his side in a crouched position!), the upper part
of the body slightly uplifted. Semantically, it rejects
a stereotype explanation of the pose of the deceased
in grave as symbolizing an embryo in the womb. It is
obvious that this concept is not applicable to the cul¬
tures, which are thought to have appeared in this re¬
gion during the Neolithic period and pre-Andronovo
Bronze Age. This paradigm changed fundamentally
with the emergence of newly arrived people associated
with the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture (and occa¬
sionally with the Petrovka culture) who practiced the
cremation of corpse or buried their dead in the graves
in a crouched position, lying on side.
Other features of the burial rituals practiced by
people associated with the Odino culture reflect sig¬
nificant characteristics of cultures existed during
the developed Early Bronze Age in West Siberia (first
of all, the Krotovo culture) and may be considered cul¬
turally diagnostic, provided that the materials obtained
are quite representative and revealed more attributes.
Such elements of burial construction as an undercut
pit and the steps, which may suggest the imperfec¬
tion of implements used for digging the grave pits,
particularly during the cold season, are of primary
interest.
Summary
An analysis of burial rites practiced by people
associated with the Odino culture has revealed one
more specific feature, which has been recognized
by A.E. Grishin and reported in his research paper
(Гришин,
2002).
It was noted that a bone borer (rare¬
ly, an awl made of bronze) was quite frequently placed
near to the right or left hand of the deceased. In some
cases these objects were gripped by his hand. Though
this practice has been observed in burial rites of other
Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, however, perhaps
no other sites have provided such a stable frequency
ofthat
feature, implying that it may be considered cul¬
turally diagnostic. Moreover, burial sites associated
with the Odino culture,
Tartas-
1
and Preobrazhenka-6,
have revealed a rather frequent occurrence of the ritual
in question.
In summary, it may be suggested that the burial
site at issue refers to the Odino culture, which dif¬
fers in general both from the earlier Ust-Tartas cul¬
ture and the succeeding Krotovo culture. Moreover,
an anthropological analysis carried out recently by
T.A. Chikisheva
(Чикишева,
2010)
showed the
uniqueness of the Odino complexes identified at
the burial site of Sopka^AtA. It follows from their
comparison to many other cultures emerged during
the Neolithic period, as well as Early, developed
and Late Bronze Age, in the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe,
at the larger part of the forest-steppe area of West
Siberia and the plain part of Altai. It is tremendously
important that results derived from the paleogenetic
analysis (at least data obtained on mtDNA), which
has been carried out by A.S. Pilipenko on the record
provided by burial complexes excavated in the
Baraba
forest-steppe and attributed to the Neolithic period
and Bronze Age, and, first of all, the site of Sopka-2
(Пилипенко,
2010),
have supported the anthropologi¬
cal data.
Not only chronology of the Sopka-2/4A site is one
of the important issues, along with its cultural attribu¬
tion, but also the general chronology and periodization
of the Odino culture. It should be mentioned that chro¬
nology of Odino sites was based on data resulted from
the typological analysis of the archaeological record,
first of all ceramics
(Косарев,
1981;
Крижевская,
1977),
discovered in West Siberia and attributed to the
Bronze Age. Discovery of several rather well-studied
Odino-type burial sites in the
Baraba
forest-steppe, as
well as a set of radiocarbon dates obtained for them,
has enabled a qualitatively new approach in resolving
this issue.
The objects made of bronze, gold, stone and bone,
which have been found among the associated grave
goods yielded from the burial site of Sopka^AtA,
allow establishing the chronology of complex attrib¬
uted to the developed Early Bronze Age. In addition,
among a rather representative collection of the grave
goods, only cross-shaped beads found in the burial
№ 588
(Fig.
228)
along with the other beads made of
other stones, including the semiprecious enstatite, car-
nelian, chalcedony, jaspilite, crystal, etc., suggest their
more narrow time span, as well as chronology of all
complex at issue and the Odino culture in general.
Stone beads yielded from the analyzed burial at¬
tributed to the Odino culture have been found ab¬
solutely similar to those identified at the Copper
Age and Bronze Age sites in Central Asia
(Массой,
1967, 1981;
Кирчо,
2005).
It is particularly impor¬
tant to note that, according to
V.l.
Vasiliev, the de¬
posits of pseudo-spilite are located in Central Asia.
It is the area that has been known for concentrations
of the minerals mentioned above. The origin of cross-
shaped beads can be undoubtedly linked to the same
region
(Хлопин,
1966).
A tradition to use the golden
beads for necklace is characteristic of cultures existed
in Central Asia during the Copper and Bronze Ages
(Хлопин,
1966: 122;
Массой,
1966: 210).
Cross-shaped beads, which are analogous to
those found in the complexes of
Gissar PV-IIIV,
found to be coeval to the complexes of Namazga IV
(Хлопин,
1962: 19,
Fig.
4, 12-15, 21),
dating back
to the mid
-
second half of the third millennium
ВС
(Массон,
1966: 181).
Atthe same time, atraditionof
depicting the cross on the ceramics and small figurines
can be traced to the Copper Age (at least, it can be ob¬
served at the complexes of Namazga II, III)
(Массон,
1963: 15-23),
this is the forth
-
the first half of the
third millennium
ВС.
It should be also noted that the
depiction of the cross, which has been widely used
in ornamentation of ceramics
(Кирчо,
2005:
Fig.
3,
20, 21, 27, 29
et al.;
4, 32, 33; 5, 23, 28, 30
et al.;
6, 34, 35-42
et al.),
is the
basic
motif identified in
the complexes of Altyn-Depe, varying in age from
Namazga III to Namazga V, this is from the Copper
Age through the Bronze Age inclusively. The same is
applicable to the cross-shaped seals (Ibid,
408-409,
Fig.
24)
and the depictions of the cross on objects.
It has been convincingly suggested by L.B. Kir-
cho and S.G. Popov
(Кирчо,
Попов,
2005: 528-538),
who recently obtained a series of calibrated radiocar¬
bon dates for the Late Copper
-
Middle Bronze Ages
in Central Asia, that these dates «are close, in fact,
to a generally accepted chronology» (Ibid,
530).
Data resulted from a pooled analysis of radiocarbon
dates obtained for the Copper Age and Bronze Age site
of Altyn-Depe suggest that complexes like Namaz¬
ga IV are dated to be between
28 000-27 000
years
ВС
and
25 000-24 000
years
ВС,
Namazga V
-
ear¬
lier than the end (this is the second half,
-V.M.)
203
В.И. Молодин. Памятник
Сопка-І:
культурно-хронологический анализ
of the III millennium
ВС;
24-22
century
ВС,
the turn
of the III-II millennium
ВС
(Ibid,
539,
Table
4)*.
Therefore, it may now be definitely concluded that
the necklace from the burial
№ 588
(Fig.
228)
has
been imported and the most similar articles can be
found in Central Asia at sites referred to the periods
of Namagza IV, V, according to the chronology gener¬
ally accepted for this region. For neither anthropologi¬
cal, nor paleogenetic research of the sites associated
with the Odino culture has not provided data to con¬
firm any migration processes from the south during
that period
(Чикишева,
2010; Molodin, Pilipenko
et al.,
2010: 15; 2012;
Пилипенко,
2010),
it is obvi¬
ous that the necklace was brought to the West Siberian
forest-steppe from elsewhere in south-west as a result
of transit trade. However, these beads within the con¬
text of Central Asia has been traditionally dated to the
period ofNamazga IV
(Хлопин,
1962: 19, 21),
this is
the mid
-
the second half of the III millennium
ВС,
and according to the summarized radiocarbon dates
28 000-24 000
years
ВС (Кирчо,
Попов,
2005: 539,
Table
4) -
the turn of the III-II millennium
ВС
(Ibid),
taking into consideration that such kind of beads ex¬
isted in the mid Bronze Age, this is Namazga V
-
the second half of the III millennium
ВС
- 24-22
cen¬
tury
ВС.
It allows both the beads and the whole burial
site of Sopka-2/4A to be dated to the same period of
time. It is still not obvious how this necklace was
brought to
Baraba,
an area inhabited by the bearers
of the Odino culture. However, it may be suggested
that there was an interconnect space existed within
the forest-steppe and steppe areas of Eurasia in the
III millennium
ВС,
where the farmers from the south
have been engaged into active contacts with the cattle-
breeders from the northern steppes stretching up to
the headwaters of the large Siberian rivers
(Кожин,
2010: 138).
This hypothesis is convincingly supported
by the necklace in question and beads from the other
burials identified at the site of Sopka^MA. Moreover,
a rod made of horn with the motif depicting a serpent
or dragon devouring an herbivorous animal
-
a ram
(after G.A. Maksimenkov
(Максименков,
1980: 24)),
which has been found at the burial site of Chernova-
ya
VIII
(Вадецкая, Леонтьев, Максименков,
1980:
Table
XXIII,
1)
and described in research reports, also
additionally argues for such a manifestation recog¬
nized at the burial sites associated with the Okunevo
culture discovered in the Minusinsk basin
(Кожин.
2004: 90, 91).
It is interesting to note that seman-
tically analogous motif with a serpent eating a ram
is known by the mosaic depiction in Turkmenistan,
dating to the Bronze Age (Sarianidi,
2008: 212,
Fig.
125).
As reported in a special research by S. Kuehn
(2010: 43-67),
in general, an image of a serpent or
dragon was typical for the Bronze Age cultures of
Central Asia. In addition, the depictions of a dragon
with open mouth have been recognized on two cross-
shaped embossing stamps analogous to the Bronze
Age pendants made in the same form, which have
been found in Margiana (Sarianidi,
1986: 231).
These
motifs identified in Southern Siberia and Central Asia
are thought to argue for the existence of interconnect
space, where different cultures shared their ideas of
spiritual life. The burial sites discovered at
Sopka
and attributed to the Ust-Tartas, Odino, Krotovo and
Late Krotovo cultures were found to be rather isolated
from each other, thus making impossible the further
stratigraphie
observations with regards to the relation
between these two cultural complexes (Fig.
7)**.
However, excavations carried out at the burial
site of
Tartas-
1
located near to
Sopka
and provided
tombs of different ages have revealed a multilayer
stratigraphie
sequence of burials attributed to various
archaeological cultures dated back to the Bronze Age.
The older Early Bornze Age burials
(№ 422)
associ¬
ated with the Ust-Tartas culture have been overlapped
by the Odino burials
№ 379,
and the Odino burials
(№ 382-384,410)
have been found disturbed by those
associated with the Krotovo culture
(№ 381,409),
and
later by the Late Krotovo graves. Such disturbances
were recorded repeatedly and suggest no other inter¬
pretation
(Молодин, Хансен, Мыльникова и др.,
2010;
Молодин, Мыльникова, Новикова и др.,
2011).
In addition, the burials of various ages and
cultures are perfectly recognized due to specifi
с
grave
goods characteristic for each culture (Ibid).
Thus, it seems as if
stratigraphie data
clearly point
to a relative chronological position of the Odino cul¬
ture taken between the Ust-Tartas and Krotovo cul¬
tures. The Odino burial site overlapped with an occu¬
pation sequence of the Krotovo settlement
(Соболев,
Панфилов, Молодин,
1989),
which have been
*
However, it should be taking into consideration that there is an attempt to provide older dates in comparison to a generally
accepted chronology,
300-400
years old, for the Copper
-
Middle Bronze Ages in Central Asia (Kohl,
1984, 1992).
Due to that
fact, L.V. Kircho and S.G. Popov claimed that «it would take considerable efforts to be made both by the experts in archaeol¬
ogy and the researchers in natural sciences in order to provide a systematic radiocarbon chronology of Central Asia»
(Кирчо,
Попов,
2005:530).
*
It should be noted, nevertheless, that in north-east section of the Odino burial site there was a small group of burials which,
in fact, was spatially contiguous with south-east ending of the Krotovo funerary complex. It is understood that such phenomenon
may be interpreted arbitrarily.
204
Summary
identified at the site of Abramovo-
11,
may suggest
that the Odino sites are, on the one hand, definitely
younger than the Ust-Tartas complexes, and, on the
other hand, older than those associated with the Kro-
tovo culture. In fact, it was the chronology of Bronze
Age cultures existed in the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe
that researchers interpreted in the eighties of the last
century
(Молодин,
1983, 1985).
It is quite another
matter that the suggested concept has been supported
stratigraphically. In addition, it should be remembered
that the Odino culture, at some period of its devel¬
opment, came into contact with the Krotovo culture
despite the ways of development of the latter (or in
case of the autochthonous transformation of the for¬
mer into the latter, and in case of their simultaneous
development at some stage in the III millennium
ВС)
(Молодин,
20106).
In case of the simultaneous development of these
two cultural formations within the same area, a back¬
wards stratigraphy may be observed, showing the Odi¬
no culture being younger than that associated with
Krotovo. It is appropriate to mention the words said by
M.F. Kosarev that «different variants of
stratigraph¬
ie
correlation between the same cultural complexes
are observed particularly often in contact zones of
close interaction between two or more cultural areas»
(Косарев,
2004: 79).
Finally, the series of radiocarbon dates have been
recently obtained for hundreds of Bronze Age sites
located in Northern Asia, from Trans Urals in the
west to the Minusinsk basin in the east, onwards to
East Siberia, as well as Europe and Central Asia,
enabling to approach the issue of chronology of the
Bronze Age cultures in Eurasian on a qualitatively
new level. Moreover, the research on chronology car¬
ried out without using calibrated radiocarbon dates
is «now considered a drastic anachronism», as aptly
expressed by
A.N.
Gey
(Гей,
2011: 7).
Despite a broad
range of problems entailed by the transition to cali¬
brated radiocarbon dates which requires more detailed
discussion, it is obvious that radiocarbon chronol¬
ogy has a whole array of advantages in comparison
to traditional approaches of dating archaeological
complexes (see
Вагнер,
2006).
To date, radiocarbon
dates of all known Earl Bronze Age cultures existed
in the region are actively compiled into a database.
The works undertaken by E.N. Chernykh and his col¬
leagues (see
Черных, Авилова, Орловская,
2000;
Черных,
2008;
Chernykh,
2011),
including those car¬
ried out for the Siberian regions, can be taken as an
example of the broad array of correlations.
The site of
Sopka-2/4A
figures prominently
among the Odino burial sites. To date, there have
been
16
radiocarbon dates obtained on the base of
materials yielded from the Odino burials,
8
of these
have been produced earlier
(Орлова,
1990, 1995).
There is a discrepancy between the series of dates
yielded in 1980-90S and recent data. This issue will be
analyzed in a special method paper in order to compe¬
tently explain the situation. Over the last years, there
have been
8
new radiocarbon dates obtained on human
bones to be taken as a basis
(Молодин, Марченко,
Гришин, Орлова,
2010).
Recent selection of samples for dating was in¬
tended to accomplish the following objectives: to
establish the age of complexes located at the burial
site of Sopka^AtA (radiocarbon dating of the burials
arranged in rows and located at different sections of
the Odino cemetery), as well as grave goods. Radio¬
carbon dating has been performed as follows: dating
of different skeletons buried in the same grave (burial
№ 208:
burial mound
22,
tomb
62),
dating of buri¬
als from one row (burial
№ 180:
burial mound
22,
tomb
34;
burial
№ 190:
burial mound
22,
tomb
44)
(Table
3).
Six radiocarbon dates were produced in the
Laboratory of Geology and Paleoclimatology of the
Cainozoic in the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
SB
RAS
(Novosibirsk, the laboratory code SOAN-),
and two in the Radiocarbon laboratory of the Institute
for the History of Material Culture (Saint-Petersburg,
the laboratory code
Le-)
(Table
3,
Fig.
237).
New dates reveal high correlations between each
other and comprise one chronological group basi¬
cally referred to the
fi rst
half of the III millennium
ВС.
A burial
№ 237
(burial mound
25,
tomb
19)
(SOAN-7719) dated back to the turn of the II—III mil¬
lennium
ВС
(Fig.
237)
is the only exception to date.
Its date is likely to be a chance error
(Фирсов,
1976:
24-36;
Вагнер,
2006: 28-29).
This grave is undoubt¬
edly pertained to the Odino culture due to its spatial
location (in the row of the Odino burials), as well
as details of funerary practice (shallow grave pit,
a position of the skeleton stretched out «on back»,
a bone awl as the associated grave good). Again,
this case demonstrates the advantages of serial dat¬
ing of the homogeneous cultural-chronological com¬
plexes for such an approach allows the chance errors
to be identified.
In addition, the samples of various skeletons
yielded from a multi-tier burial
№ 208
(burial mound
22,
tomb
62)
(SOAN-7714,
7715)
have been dated,
providing compatible results (Table
3,
Fig.
237).
Data on the Odino complexes from the burial site
of
Ѕорка-гМА
obtained from different laboratories
(in Novosibirsk and Saint-Petersburg) appeared to be
similar as well (Table
3,
Fig.
237).
In addition, results
obtained from radiocarbon dating of sites attributed to
the ensuing Anadronovo cultures existed in the
Baraba
205
В.И. Молодин.
Памятник
CoriKa-Z:
культурно-хронологический анализ
forest-steppe, which has been performed in several
laboratories (including those located overseas) on dif¬
ferent materials, have proven to be very compatible
(Молодин, Парцингер, Марченко и др.,
2008;
Molodin, Marchenko, Grishin et
al,
2011, 2012).
Thus, new data suggest that the average age of
the Odino burials
identifi ed
at the site of
Sopka-2/4A
refers to 29th
-
27th century
ВС*
(Fig.
238).
However,
recent data obtained during the last years for the sites
found in the
Baraba
forest-steppe may have indicat¬
ed a long existence of the Odino culture, including
the mid and second half of the III millennium
ВС.
The data have been provided by
stratigraphie
obser¬
vations of the chronologically diverse burial site of
Tartas-
1,
where Krotovo burials were found undoubt¬
edly younger than those associated with the Odino
culture
(Молодин, Мыльникова, Новикова и др.,
2011),
as well as the analysis of the Seima-Turbino
bronze articles identifi
ed
at the Odino complexes
of Preobrazhenka-6 cemetery
(Молодин, Чемякина,
Позднякова,
2007)
and
Tartas-
1
(Молодин, Мыль¬
никова, Новикова и др.,
2011).
A series
of radio¬
carbon dates produced recently for the classical Kro¬
tovo culture of the burial site of
Sopka-
2/4A and Sop-
ka-2/4B demonstrate that the age of the first group is
traced to the
fi
rst half of the III millennium
ВС,
though
the second group is dated to the second half of the same
period
(Молодин, Марченко, Гришин, Орлова,
2010: 240-245).
In general, it was found out that the
first series of dates coincide with those obtained for
the Odino burial site of
Sopka-2/4A
(Ibid). It reveals
one more inconsistency as not only identical Krotovo
pottery, but also Seima-Turbino type articles have
been identifi
ed
at Krotovo complexes of
Sopka-ŽMA
and
Sopka-Ž^B.
To date, the series of calibrated radiocarbon dates
have been obtained for Bronze Age sites in East¬
ern Europe
(Черных, Авилова, Орловская,
2000;
Черных,
2008), Trans Urals
(Епимахов, Хэнке,
Ренфрю,
2005), Southern
Siberia
(Goersdorf et
al.,
2004;
Лазаретов,
1997;
Svyatko et al,
2009),
south of
West Siberia
(Кирюшин, Грушин, Орлова,
Папин,
2007;
Молодин, Парцингер, Марченко и др.,
2008;
Кирюшин,
Грушин,
Папин,
2009)
indicate that
a considerable part of the complexes are older than it
was thought before. It should be recognized that there
is a hiatus between the results provided by traditional
and radiocarbon (calibrated) chronology, which has
been figured out by E.N. Chernykh even in the seven¬
ties of the last century
(Черных,
1970: 105).
Radiocarbon chronology of the Odino and Krotovo
cultures available to date suggests that they existed
within a wide range of time during the III millennium
ВС.
In fact, such situation seems rather similar to that
which took place in the Catacomb culture (Chernykh,
2011: 160,
Fig.
14).
There is no doubt that «results
of radiocarbon analysis should be treated not only
critically and cautiously but also correlated with other
archaeological record. Only correlations between ar¬
chaeological context and absolute dating may provide
in the future a reliable chronology of the Bronze Age
steppe cultures»
(Кайзер,
2011: 27).
It is necessary to extend the range of radiocarbon
dates in order to have subsequently refined the chro¬
nology of the Odino culture (and Krotovo as well),
including settlements and ritual complexes, and reach
at least the minimal threshold of statistical correct¬
ness in identification of the age of that culture (see
Черных
E.H.,
Черных Н.Б.,
2005: 37).
Therefore, it may be suggested to date, taking into
consideration a general historical-cultural context
of the forest-steppe part of West and Southern Sibe¬
ria and the series of radiocarbon dates (this is an ap¬
proach which is claimed for the experts in Bronze Age
of Eurasia
(Епимахов,
1997;
Kouznetsov,
1999: 239
еЇа1.;Беседин,
1999: 191,194
et al.;
Гей,
2011: 8-9;
Кайзер,
2011: 26;
Мимоход,
2011: 49-50),
that two
stages can be recognized in the chronology of sites as¬
sociated with the Odino culture. The site of
Sopka-2/4A
should be referred to the first stage, the older one,
dating between the end of the first quarter
-
the end
of the second quarter
-
the beginning of the third
quarter of the III millennium
ВС.
The second stage
of the culture can be recognized by the appearance of
the Seima-Turbino type bronze articles at the Odino
complexes, which apparently occurred in the end of
the second quarter
-
the end of the last quarter of the
III millennium
ВС.
Within the cultural-chronological
frame defined for Bronze Age sites which occupied
the
Baraba
region, it is suggested that there was a si¬
multaneous development of the Odino and Krotovo
cultures referred to Early and developed Bronze Ages,
coexisting at some stage in the region in question. It is
appropriate to mention that such a scenario of their
interaction was suggested by M.F. Kosarev
(Косарев,
1981:
Fig.
77).
*
The above described dates, SOAN-7719 and Le-9072, have been excluded from the statistics. The latter agrees with the spec¬
ified chronological boundaries, but it has a large mean root square deviation
(±450),
which blurs the age limits when measuring
the average value. However, it should be remembered than Le-9072 demonstrates a wider range of younger dates.
206
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142261866 |
| author_facet | Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042336795 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)907823569 (DE-599)BVBBV042336795 |
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| id | DE-604.BV042336795 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:18:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785780302278 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027773412 |
| oclc_num | 907823569 |
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| physical | 218 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| psigel | gbd_0 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Rossijskaja Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)142261866 aut Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi 3 Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury V. I. Molodin ; A. I. Solovʹev ; A.E. Grišin Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture Novosibirsk Rossijskaja Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Archeologii i Ėtnografii 2012 218 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PT: Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture (DE-604)BV013348277 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027773412&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027773412&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |
| title | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |
| title_alt | Cultural and chronological analyses of burial complexes of the Odino culture |
| title_auth | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |
| title_exact_search | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |
| title_full | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi 3 Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury V. I. Molodin ; A. I. Solovʹev ; A.E. Grišin |
| title_fullStr | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi 3 Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury V. I. Molodin ; A. I. Solovʹev ; A.E. Grišin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi 3 Kulʹturno-chronologičeskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury V. I. Molodin ; A. I. Solovʹev ; A.E. Grišin |
| title_short | Pamjatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi |
| title_sort | pamjatnik sopka 2 na reke omi kulʹturno chronologiceskij analiz pogrebalʹnych kompleksov odinovskoj kulʹtury |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027773412&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027773412&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013348277 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT molodinvjaceslavivanovic pamjatniksopka2narekeomi3 AT molodinvjaceslavivanovic culturalandchronologicalanalysesofburialcomplexesoftheodinoculture |