Wielka Wojna profesorów: nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Historii PAN
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | rezensiert in: Český časopis historický, 2018, 1, S. 250-254 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The professors' Great War Bibliogr. s. [296]-366. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 384 s., [13] s. tabl. il. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363352332 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152943531786240 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Maciej Górny
Wielka Wojna profesorów
Nauki o człowieku
(1912-1923)
Instytut Historii PAN
Warszawa 2014
Spis treści
Wstęp 7
ROZDZIAŁ PIERWSZY: KU nauce o charakterze narodowym 15
ROZDZIAŁ DRUGI: „Wojna europejska jako walka ducha 44
ROZDZIAŁ TRZECI: Przestrzeń (geografia) 126
ROZDZIAŁ CZWARTY: Ciało (antropologia) 171
ROZDZIAŁ PIĄTY: Umysł (psychologia i psychiatria) 220
ROZDZIAŁ SZÓSTY: Spojrzenie wstecz: kto zaczął „wojnę ducha? 255
Zakończenie 288
Bibliografia 296
Abstract 367
Indeks osób 370
The Professors’ Great War.
Human Sciences, 1912-1923
Abstract
The national characterology has always been the most popular of intellectual endeavors.
The search for hidden traces of ones own and other human groups heritage seems to
respond to the vital needs of any social group, as shown by sociological and psycho-
logical research from the 1960s onwards. Nevertheless, attempts to place the national
characterology in the frame of scientific methodology were made as early as the 18th
century. In the mid-19th century, a group of German scientists attempted to regulate
the methodology of Völkerpsychologie - as the science had been baptized - announcing
it to be the new, more ‘humanistic division of psychology. It absorbed findings of the
human sciences and searched for general answers to the question of the psychological
profile of entire ethnic groups. Further, notwithstanding the optimistic visions of Moritz
Lazarus and Hajim Steinthal, the scientific discourse devoted to the national character
went through an evolution analogous to other human sciences, paying tribute to the
developing nation-state and adapting to the new scientific disciplines such as physical
anthropology and psychology. This was especially visible in the enthusiastic atmosphere
of the 1870s in Germany and afterwards. But the mobilization of national science in
service of state and nation was a general phenomenon, with powerful representations
in East-Central Europe.
The Great War was a period of profound mobilization in each of the participating
countries - not only social, but also scientific. Maciej Górny s book deals with the
heterogeneous phenomenon known as “Krieg der Geister” (spiritual war). Its basic
battlefield was the publishing market - journals and booklets written by prominent
European intellectuals, such as Thomas Mann or Emile Dürkheim. While analyzing the
evolution of this genre in East-Central Europe and the Balkans, Górny comes to the
conclusion that its influence in the region was just as powerful as in Western Europe.
Furthermore, the intellectual and elitist variety of the war propaganda in the East pro-
duced much more complicated frontlines: Polish and Ukrainian Austro-Hungarian
subjects, though formally allied, were in fact combatting each other as early as 1914,
an experience familiar to similar unwilling collaborators from Italy and Serbia or to
Czech and German political formations in Bohemia.
The three chapters that follow analyze scientific discourses as media of this intel-
lectual conflict. Geography, though initially serving the German conceptions of
368
The Professors’ Great War. Human Sciences, 1912-1923
Mitteleuropa and Lebensraum (often sharing the same idea of Eastern expansion), soon
became a tool for the nationalities of East-Central Europe and the Balkans. Through
a combination of ethnic statistics and anthropogeography, scholars such as the Pole
Eugeniusz Romer, the Ukrainian Stepan Rudnyc kyj and the Serb Jovan Cvijič set a new
standard of politically inspired geography. This standard has been appropriated in the
subsequent decades by German and Hungarian revisionism. The scientific discourse of
racial anthropology, discussed in the following chapter, served as a tool of ethnic defi-
nitions of ones own and the enemy nations. In the Austrian and German racial anthro-
pology, the notion of Mongolisation was popularly used to represent the Russian enemy
as an alien race. This way of thought found its main empirical expression in German
and Austro-Hungarian anthropological research on POWs. Górny shows how active
the anthropologists in East-Central Europe have been, not only reacting to the German
intellectual currents but also influencing anthropologists of the Central Powers with
their own racial theories. This racial discourse found its continuation in post-war
East-Central Europe and the Balkans, legitimizing the newly created states. Finally, the
following chapter analyses the political mobilization of medical societies throughout
Europe and especially of psychiatrists and psychologists. During the war, the fighting
powers, especially France, Italy and Germany, were not unfamiliar to medical theories
of group psychosis of enemy nations as well as attempts at psychoanalysis of enemy
political leaders. The famous psychoanalytic diagnosis of Woodrow Wilson, co-authored
by Sigmund Freud, is the latest representative of this genre.
The last chapter of Górny s book throws light on intellectual sources of the „Krieg
der Geister’. Surely, the nationalist mobilization of intellectuals was nothing new in
1914, but when did it infiltrate the discourse of‘modern’ human sciences? Górny goes
back to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 to discover similar patterns and mech-
anisms in psychological and anthropological theories of Carl Stark and especially
Armand de Quatrefages who maintained that Prussians are of Finnish racial origin.
But even these theories prove to be partly borrowed from an eccentric Polish-Ukrain-
ian anthropologist, publishing in the mid-19th century. Apparently the nationalist use
of the human sciences has an equally long history as the human sciences themselves.
It would be presumptuous to equate this phenomenon with mass political manipulation.
In many cases, as in the Great War, emotions prevailed over intellectuals as they did
over whole societies.
Maciej Górny s book offers a new perspective on the intellectual history of the First
World War. It addresses the old and already unfashionable topic of intellectual mobi-
lization lending it a dimension that has been almost totally absent before - the role of
intellectuals in East-Central Europe and the Balkans. The wide geographical and lin-
guistic range of this study makes it possible to reinterpret some of the popular histo-
riographical theses, complicating the frontlines of the intellectual “Krieg der Geister”.
Furthermore, it analyses little known aspects of the history of geography, anthropology,
psychiatry and psychology in European perspective. Górny traces the surprising and
unorthodox cultural transfers in each of those relatively recently institutionalized dis-
ciplines. Of note is the fact that, instead of following the developments of racial anthro-
pology and other sciences up to their nationalist and eugenic engagement in the 1930s
and 1940s, the author looks backward to the discipline of‘national characterology’ of
The Professors Great War. Human Sciences, 1912-1923
369
the 19th century. Thus, the history of the nationalist mobilization of human sciences
that this book offers rejects the idea of a distinct break from a ‘humanistic՛ to a ‘total-
itarian science, which has typically been located short before the outbreak of the Great
War. Instead of acceding to Zygmunt Baumans notion of Modernity, it points at the
continuities and longue duree of intellectual positions throughout Europe.
|
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| era | Geschichte 1912-1923 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1912-1923 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Górny, Maciej 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)124276962 aut Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) Maciej Górny Warszawa Instytut Historii PAN 2014 384 s., [13] s. tabl. il. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The professors' Great War Bibliogr. s. [296]-366. Indeks Geschichte 1912-1923 gnd rswk-swf Antropologia fizyczna / 20 w jhpk Etnologia / 20 w jhpk Antropologia / 20 w jhpk Wojna światowa (1914-1918) / wpływ jhpk Nauka / aspekt polityczny / Europa / 1900-1945 jhpk Intelektualiści / Europa / 1914-1918 r Nauka / polityka / 1914-1918 r Propaganda / 1914-1918 r Wojna 1914-1918 r / a nauka Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 gnd rswk-swf Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 s Geschichte 1912-1923 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/90c42eaffa9a42fdab3b4820bc960d47 rezensiert in: Český časopis historický, 2018, 1, S. 250-254 Rezension HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027772368&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027772368&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Górny, Maciej 1976- Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) Antropologia fizyczna / 20 w jhpk Etnologia / 20 w jhpk Antropologia / 20 w jhpk Wojna światowa (1914-1918) / wpływ jhpk Nauka / aspekt polityczny / Europa / 1900-1945 jhpk Intelektualiści / Europa / 1914-1918 r Nauka / polityka / 1914-1918 r Propaganda / 1914-1918 r Wojna 1914-1918 r / a nauka Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002230-4 |
| title | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) |
| title_auth | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) |
| title_exact_search | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) |
| title_full | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) Maciej Górny |
| title_fullStr | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) Maciej Górny |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wielka Wojna profesorów nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) Maciej Górny |
| title_short | Wielka Wojna profesorów |
| title_sort | wielka wojna profesorow nauki o czlowieku 1912 1923 |
| title_sub | nauki o człowieku (1912 - 1923) |
| topic | Antropologia fizyczna / 20 w jhpk Etnologia / 20 w jhpk Antropologia / 20 w jhpk Wojna światowa (1914-1918) / wpływ jhpk Nauka / aspekt polityczny / Europa / 1900-1945 jhpk Intelektualiści / Europa / 1914-1918 r Nauka / polityka / 1914-1918 r Propaganda / 1914-1918 r Wojna 1914-1918 r / a nauka Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antropologia fizyczna / 20 w Etnologia / 20 w Antropologia / 20 w Wojna światowa (1914-1918) / wpływ Nauka / aspekt polityczny / Europa / 1900-1945 Intelektualiści / Europa / 1914-1918 r Nauka / polityka / 1914-1918 r Propaganda / 1914-1918 r Wojna 1914-1918 r / a nauka Anthropologie |
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