Verfügbarkeit: Rang & Dale's pharmacology

Rang & Dale's pharmacology:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	London Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone 2016
Ausgabe:	8. ed.
Schlagworte:	pharmacology drugs pharmacokinetics hormones drug effects Pharmacology Pharmakologie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XV, 760 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780702053627 9780702053634

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Rang Dale s pharmacology Autor: Rang, Humphrey P Jahr: 2016 Contents Preface xv Acknowledgements xv plf Section 1: General principles 1. What is pharmacology? 1_ Overview 1 What is a drug? 1 Origins and antecedents 1 Pharmacology in the 20th and 21st centuries 2 Alternative therapeutic principles 2 The emergence of biotechnology 3 Pharmacology today 3 2. How drugs act: general principles 6_ Overview 6 Introduction 6 Protein targets for drug binding 6 Drug receptors 6 Drug specificity 7 Receptor classification 8 Drug-receptor interactions 8 Competitive antagonism 10 Partial agonists and the concept of efficacy 1 2 Other forms of drug antagonism 15 Desensitisation and tolerance 17 Change in receptors 17 Translocation of receptors 17 Exhaustion of mediators 1 7 Altered drug metabolism 1 8 Physiological adaptation 1 8 Quantitative aspects of drug-receptor interactions 18 The binding reaction 1 8 Binding when more than one drug is present 19 The nature of drug effects 20 3. How drugs act: molecular aspects 22_ Overview 22 Targets for drug action 22 Receptors 22 Ion channels 22 Enzymes 23 Transporters 23 Receptor proteins 24 Cloning of receptors 24 Types of receptor 24 Molecular structure of receptors 25 Type 1: ligand-gated ion channels 26 Type 2: G protein-coupled receptors 27 Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors 39 Type 4: Nuclear receptors 42 Ion channels as drug targets 45 Ion selectivity 45 Gating 45 Molecular architecture of ion channels 46 Pharmacology of ion channels 47 Control of receptor expression 47 Receptors and disease 48 4. How drugs act: cellular aspects - excitation, contraction and secretion 50_ Overview 50 Regulation of intracellular calcium 50 Calcium entry mechanisms 50 Calcium extrusion mechanisms 53 Calcium release mechanisms 53 Calmodulin 53 Excitation 54 The resting cell 55 Electrical and ionic events underlying the action potential 55 Channel function 56 Muscle contraction 60 Skeletal muscle 60 Cardiac muscle 60 Smooth muscle 61 Release of chemical mediators 63 Exocytosis 63 Non-vesicular release mechanisms 64 Epithelial ion transport 64 5. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, repair and regeneration 67_ Overview 67 Cell proliferation 67 The cell cycle 67 Interactions between cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix 69 Angiogenesis 70 Apoptosis and cell removal 71 Morphological changes in apoptosis 71 The major players in apoptosis 71 Pathways to apoptosis 72 Pathophysiological implications 73 Repair and healing 74 Hyperplasia 74 The growth, invasion and metastasis of tumours 74 Stem cells and regeneration 74 Therapeutic prospects 75 Apoptotic mechanisms 75 Angiogenesis and metalloproteinases 75 Cell cycle regulation 75 6. Cellular mechanisms: host defence 78 Overview 78 Introduction 78 The innate immune response 78 Pattern recognition 78 The adaptive immune response 83 The induction phase 84 The effector phase 85 Systemic responses in inflammation 88 The role of the nervous system in inflammation 88 Unwanted inflammatory and immune responses 88 The outcome of the inflammatory response 89 CONTENTS • SECTIONS 1 AND 2 7. Method and measurement in pharmacology 91 Overview 91 Bioassay 91 Biological test systems 91 General principles of bioassay 92 Animal models of disease 94 Genetic and transgenic animal models 95 Pharmacological studies in humans 96 Clinical trials 96 Avoidance of bias 97 The size of the sample 98 Clinical outcome measures 98 Placebos 99 Meta-analysis 99 Balancing benefit and risk 99 8. Absorption and distribution of drugs 101 Overview 101 Introduction 101 Physical processes underlying drug disposition 101 The movement of drug molecules across cell barriers 101 Binding of drugs to plasma proteins 106 Partition into body fat and other tissues 1 07 Drug absorption and routes of administration 108 Oral administration 109 Sublingual administration 1 10 Rectal administration 110 Application to epithelial surfaces 110 Distribution of drugs in the body 112 Body fluid compartments 112 Volume of distribution 113 Special drug delivery systems 114 9. Drug metabolism and elimination 116 Overview 116 Introduction 116 Drug metabolism 116 Phase 1 reactions 1 16 Phase 2 reactions 118 Stereoselectivity 118 Inhibition of P450 1 18 Induction of microsomal enzymes 119 First-pass (presystemic [ first-pass ] metabolism) 1 19 Pharmacologically active drug metabolites 1 1 9 Drug interactions due to enzyme induction or inhibition 120 Drug and metabolite excretion 122 Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation 122 Renal excretion of drugs and metabolites 122 Drug interactions due to altered drug excretion 123 10. Pharmacokinetics 125_ Overview 125 Introduction: definition and uses of pharmacokinetics 125 Uses of pharmacokinetics 125 Scope of this chapter 126 Drug elimination expressed as clearance 126 Single-compartment model 127 Effect of repeated dosing 127 Effect of variation in rate of absorption 128 More complicated kinetic models 128 Two-compartment model 129 Saturation kinetics 130 Population pharmacokinetics 131 Limitations of pharmacokinetics 131 11. Individual variation, pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine 133_ Overview 133 Introduction 133 Epidemiological factors and inter-individual variation of drug response 134 Ethnicity 134 Age 134 Pregnancy 1 35 Disease 136 Drug interactions 136 Genetic variation in drug responsiveness 137 Relevant elementary genetics 1 37 Single-gene pharmacokinetic disorders 138 Therapeutic drugs and clinically available pharmacogenomic tests 139 H LA gene tests 140 Drug metabolism-related gene tests 140 Drug target-related gene tests 141 Combined (metabolism and target) gene tests 141 Conclusions 141 11 Section 2: Chemical mediators 12. Chemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system 143_ Overview 143 Historical aspects 143 The autonomic nervous system 144 Basic anatomy and physiology 144 Transmitters in the autonomic neivous system 145 Some general principles of chemical transmission 147 Dale s principle 147 Denervation supersensitivity 147 Presynaptic modulation 148 Postsynaptic modulation 149 Transmitters other than acetylcholine and noradrenaline 149 Co-transmission 149 Termination of transmitter action 151 Basic steps in neurochemical transmission: sites of drug action 153 13. Cholinergic transmission 155_ Overview 155 Muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine 155 Acetylcholine receptors 155 Nicotinic receptors 155 Muscarinic receptors 157 SECTION 2 • CONTENTS Physiology of cholinergic transmission 158 Acetylcholine synthesis and release 158 Electrical events in transmission at fast cholinergic synapses 160 Effects of drugs on cholinergic transmission 161 Drugs affecting muscarinic receptors 161 Drugs affecting autonomic ganglia 165 Drugs that act presynaptically 170 Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission 171 Other drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission 176 14. Noradrenergic transmission 177_ Overview 177 Catecholamines 177 Classification of adrenoceptors 177 Physiology of noradrenergic transmission 178 The noradrenergic neuron 178 Uptake and degradation of catecholamines 181 Drugs acting on noradrenergic transmission 182 Drugs acting on adrenoceptors 182 Drugs that affect noradrenergic neurons 192 15. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and the pharmacology of migraine 197_ Overview 197 5-Hydroxytryptamine 197 Distribution, biosynthesis and degradation 1 97 Pharmacological effects 197 Drugs acting at 5-HT receptors 201 Migraine ana other clinical conditions in which 5-HT plays a role 203 Migraine and antimigraine drugs 203 Carcinoid syndrome 205 Pulmonary hypertension 206 16. Purines 207_ Overview 207 Introduction 207 Purinergic receptors 207 Adenosine as a mediator 207 Adenosine and the cardiovascular system 209 Adenosine and asthma 209 Adenosine in the CNS 210 ADP as a mediator 210 ADP and platelets 210 ATP as a mediator 210 ATP as a neurotransmitter 210 ATP in nociception 210 ATP in inflammation 210 Future prospects 211 17. Local hormones 1: histamine and the biologically active lipids 212_ Overview 212 Introduction 212 What is a mediator ? 212 Histamine 212 Synthesis and storage of histamine 212 Histamine release 213 Histamine receptors 213 Actions 213 Eicosanoids 214 General remarks 214 Structure and biosynthesis 214 Prostanoids 214 Leukotrienes 218 Leukotrienes receptors 219 Leukotrienes actions 219 Lipoxins and resolvins 220 Platelet-activating factor 220 Biosynthesis 220 Actions and role in inflammation 220 Concluding remarks 220 18. Local hormones 2: peptides and proteins 222 Overview 222 Introduction 222 General principles of protein and peptide pharmacology 222 Structure 222 Types of protein and peptide mediator 222 Biosynthesis and regulation of peptides 223 Peptide precursors 223 Diversity with in peptide families 224 Peptide trafficking and secretion 224 Braaykinin 224 Source and formation of bradykinin 224 Metabolism and inactivation of bradykinin 225 Bradykinin receptors 225 Actions and role in inflammation 225 Neuropeptides 226 Cytokines 226 Interleukins and related compounds 228 Chemokines 228 Interferons 228 The cytokine storm 228 Proteins and peptides that downregulate inflammation 229 Concluding remarks 229 19. Cannabinoids 231_ Overview 231 Plant-derived cannabinoids and their pharmacological effects 231 Pharmacological effects 231 Pharmacokinetic and analytical aspects 231 Adverse effects 231 Tolerance and dependence 232 Cannabinoid receptors 232 Endocannabinoids 233 Biosynthesis of endocannabinoids 233 Termination of the endocannabinoid signal 234 Physiological mechanisms 235 Pathological involvement 235 Synthetic cannabinoids 235 Clinical applications 235 20. Nitric oxide and related mediators 237 Overview 237 Introduction 237 Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its control 237 Degradation and carriage of nitric oxide 239 CONTENTS • SECTIONS 2 AND 3 Effects of nitric oxide 240 Biochemical and cellular aspects 240 Vascular effects 241 Neuronal effects 241 Host defence 241 Therapeutic aspects 242 Nitric oxide 242 Nitric oxide donors/precursors 242 Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis 242 Nitric oxide replacement or potentiation 243 Clinical conditions in which nitric oxide may play a part 243 Related mediators 244 Section 3: Drugs affecting major organ systems 21. The heart 247 Overview 247 Introduction 247 Physiology of cardiac function 247 Cardiac rate and rhythm 247 Cardiac contraction 250 Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow 251 Autonomic control of the heart 252 Sympathetic system 252 Parasympathetic system 253 Cardiac natriuretic peptides 254 Ischaemic heart disease 254 Angina 254 Myocardial infarction 255 Drugs that affect cardiac function 255 Antidysrhythmic drugs 255 Drugs that increase myocardial contraction 259 Antianginal drugs 260 22. The vascular system 265_ Overview 265 Introduction 265 Vascular structure and function 265 Control of vascular smooth muscle tone 266 The vascular endothelium 266 The renin-angiotensin system 269 Vasoactive drugs 271 Vasoconstrictor drugs 271 Vasodilator drugs 272 Clinical uses of vasoactive drugs 276 Systemic hypertension 276 Heart failure 279 Shock and hypotensive states 280 Peripheral vascular disease 282 Raynaud s disease 282 Pulmonary hypertension 282 23. Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism 285 Overview 285 Introduction 285 Atherogenesis 285 Lipoprotein transport 286 VIII Dyslipidaemia 286 Prevention of atheromatous disease 288 Lipid-lowering drugs 289 Statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 289 Fibrates 290 Drugs that inhibit cholesterol absorption 290 Nicotinic acid 291 Fish oil derivatives 291 24. Haemostasis and thrombosis 293 Overview 293 Introduction 293 Blood coagulation 293 Coagulation cascade 293 Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis 295 Drugs that act on the coagulation cascade 296 Coagulation defects 296 Thrombosis 297 Platelet adhesion and activation 301 Antiplatelet drugs 302 Fibrinolysis (thrombolysis) 304 Fibrinolytic drugs 304 Antifibrinolytic and haemostatic drugs 307 25. Haemopoietic system and treatment of anaemia 308_ Overview 308 Introduction 308 The haemopoietic system 308 Types of anaemia 308 Haematinic agents 309 Iron 309 Folic acid and vitamin B,2 31 1 Haemopoietic growth factors 312 Erythropoietin 313 Haemolytic anaemia 315 Drugs used to treat haemolytic anaemias 315 26. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs 317_ Overview 317 Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors 317 Mechanism of action 318 Pharmacological actions 320 Therapeutic actions 320 Some important NSAIDs and coxibs 322 Antirheumatoid drugs 325 Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs 326 Immunosuppressant drugs 327 Anticytokine drugs and other biopharmaceuticals 329 Drugs used in gout 330 Antagonists of histamine 331 Possible future developments 333 27. Skin 335_ Overview 335 Introduction 335 Structure of skin 335 Common diseases of the skin 337 Acne 337 Rosacea 338 SECTION 3 • CONTENTS Baldness and hirsutism 338 Eczema 338 Pruritus 338 Urticaria 338 Psoriasis 338 Warts 339 Other infections 339 Drugs acting on skin 339 Formulation 339 Principal drugs used in skin disorders 339 Antimicrobial agents 339 Glucocorticoids and other anti-inflammatory agents 340 Drugs used to control hair growth 340 Retinoids 341 Vitamin D analogues 341 Agents acting by other mechanisms 342 Concluding remarks 342 28. Respiratory system 344_ Overview 344 The physiology of respiration 344 Control of breathing 344 Regulation of musculature, blood vessels and glands of the airways 344 Pulmonary disease and its treatment 345 Bronchial asthma 345 Drugs used to treat and prevent asthma 348 Severe acute asthma (status asthmaticus) 351 Allergic emergencies 352 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 352 Surfactants 353 Cough 353 29. The kidney and urinary system 355_ Overview 355 Introduction 355 Outline of renal function 355 The structure and function of the nephron 355 Tubular function 356 Acid-base balance 360 Potassium balance 360 Excretion of organic molecules 360 Natriuretic peptides 361 Prostaglandins and renal function 361 Drugs acting on the kidney 361 Diuretics 361 Drugs that alter the pH of the urine 365 Drugs that alter the excretion of organic molecules 365 Drugs used in renal failure 365 Hyperphosphataemia 365 Hyperkalaemia 366 Drugs used in urinary tract disorders 366 30. The gastrointestinal tract 367_ Overview 367 The innervation and hormones of the gastrointestinal tract 367 Neuronal control 367 Hormonal control 367 Gastric secretion 367 The regulation of acid secretion by parietal cells 367 The coordination of factors regulating acid secretion 368 Drugs used to inhibit or neutralise gastric acid secretion 339 Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 371 Drugs that protect the mucosa 372 Vomiting 372 The reflex mechanism of vomiting 372 Antiemetic drugs 373 The motility of the gastrointestinal tract 375 Purgatives 376 Drugs that increase gastrointestinal motility 376 Antidiarrhoeal agents 376 Drugs for chronic bowel disease 378 Drugs affecting the biliary system 378 Future directions 378 31. The control of blood glucose and drug treatment of diabetes mellitus 380_ Overview 380 Introduction 380 Control of blood glucose 380 Pancreatic islet hormones 380 Insulin 380 Glucagon 384 Somatostatin 384 Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) 385 Incretins 385 Diabetes mellitus 385 Treatment of diabetes mellitus 386 Potential new antidiabetic drugs 391 32. Obesity 393 Overview 393 Introduction 393 Definition of obesity 393 Obesity as a health problem 393 Homeostatic mechanisms controlling energy balance 394 The role of gut and other hormones in body weight regulation 394 Neurological circuits that control body weight and eating behaviour 394 The pathophysiology of human obesity 397 Food inlake and obesity 397 Physical exercise and obesity 398 Obesity as a disorder of the homeostatic control of energy balance 398 Genetic factors and obesity 398 Pharmacological approaches to the problem of obesity 399 Centrally acting appetite suppressants 399 Orlisfat 399 New approaches to obesity therapy 400 33. The pituitary and the adrenal cortex 402 Overview 402 The pituitary gland 402 The anterior pituitary gland 402 Hypothalamic hormones 402 CONTENTS • SECTIONS 3 AND 4 Anterior pituitary hormones 403 Posterior pituitary gland 407 The adrenal cortex 408 Glucocorticoids 409 Mineiulocorticoids 414 New directions in glucocorticoid therapy 415 34. The thyroid 418 Overview 418 Synthesis, storage and secretion of thyroid hormones 418 Uptake of plasma iodide by the follicle cells 418 Oxidation of iodide and iodination of tyrosine residues 41 8 Secretion of thyroid hormone 418 Regulation of thyroid function 418 Actions of the thyroid hormones 420 Effects on metabolism 420 Effects on growth and development 420 Mechanism of action 420 Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones 420 Abnormalities of thyroid function 421 Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) 421 Simple, non-toxic goitre 421 Hypothyroidism 421 Drugs used in diseases of the thyroid 421 Hyperthyroidism 421 Hypothyroidism 423 35. The reproductive system 425 Overview 425 Introduction 425 Endocrine control of reproduction 425 Neurohormonal control of the female reproductive system 425 Neurohormonal control of the male reproductive system 426 Behavioural effects of sex hormones 427 Drugs affecting reproductive function 428 Oestrogens 428 Antioestrogens 429 Progestogens 429 Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy 430 Androgens 430 Anabolic steroids 431 Antiandrogens 431 Gonadotropinn-releasing hormone: agonists and antagonists 432 Gonadotrophins and analogues 432 Drugs used for contraception 433 Oral contraceptives 433 Other drug regimens used for contraception 434 The uterus 435 The motility of the uterus 435 Drugs that stimulate the uterus 435 Drugs that inhibit uterine contraction 436 Erectile dysfunction 436 36. Bone metabolism 439_ Overview 439 Introduction 439 Bone structure and composition 439 Bone remodelling 439 The action of cells and cytokines 439 The turnover of bone minera Is 441 Hormones involved in bone metabolism and remodelling 441 Disorders of bone 444 Drugs used in bone disorders 444 Bisphosphonates 444 Oestrogens and related compounds 445 Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide 446 Strontium 446 Vitamin D preparations 446 Biologicals 447 Calcitonin 447 Calcium salts 447 Calcimimetic compounds 447 Potential new therapies 447 Section 4: Nervous system 37. Chemical transmission and drug action in the central nervous system 449_ Overview 449 Introduction 449 Chemical signalling in the nervous system 449 Targets for drug action 450 Drug action in the central nervous system 451 Blood-brain barrier 452 The classification of psychotropic drugs 452 38. Amino acid transmitters 454_ Overview 454 Excitatory amino acids 454 Excitatory amino acids as CNS transmitters 454 Metabolism and release of excitatory amino acids 454 Glutamate 455 Glutamate receptor subtypes 455 Synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation 458 Drugs acting on glutamate receptors 459 y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) 462 Synthesis, storage and function 462 GABA receptors: structure and pharmacology 462 Drugs acting on GABA receptors 463 Glycine 465 Concluding remarks 465 39. Other transmitters and modulators 467 Overview 467 Introduction 467 Noradrenaline 467 Noradrenergic pathways in the CNS 467 Functional aspects 467 Dopamine 468 Dopaminergic pathways in the CNS 469 Dopamine receptors 470 Functional aspects 471 5-Hydroxytryptamine 472 5-HT pathways in the CNS 473 5-HT receptors in the CNS 473 Functional aspects 473 Clinically used drugs 474 SECTION 4 • CONTENTS Acetylcholine 474 Cholinergic pathways in the CNS 474 Acetylcholine receptors 475 Functional aspects 476 Purines 476 Histamine 477 Other CNS mediators 477 Melatonin 477 Nitric oxide 478 Lipid mediators 478 A final message 479 40. Neurodegenerative diseases 482_ Overview 482 Protein misfolding and aggregation in chronic neurodegenerative diseases 482 Mechanisms of neuronal death 482 Excitotoxicity 484 Apoptosis 484 Oxidative stress 485 Ischaemic brain damage 486 Pathophysiology 486 Therapeutic approaches 487 Alzheimer s disease 487 Pathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease 487 Therapeutic approaches 489 Parkinson s disease 491 Features of Parkinson s disease 491 Pathogenesis of Parkinson s disease 492 Drug treatment of Parkinson s disease 493 Huntington s disease 496 Neurodegenerative prion diseases 496 41. General anaesthetic agents 498_ Overview 498 Introduction 498 Mechanism of action of anaesthetic drugs 498 Lipid solubility 498 Effects on ion channels 499 Effects on the nervous system 500 Effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems 500 Intravenous anaesthetic agents 501 Propofol 501 Thiopental 501 Etomidate 502 Other intravenous agents 502 Inhalation anaesthetics 503 Pharmacokinetic aspects 503 Individual inhalation anaesthetics 506 Isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane and halothane 506 Nitrous oxide 507 Balanced anaesthesia 507 42. Analgesic drugs 509_ Overview 509 Neural mechanisms of pain 509 Nociceptive afferent neurons 509 Modulation in the nociceptive pathway 510 Neuropathic pain 511 Chemical signalling in the nociceptive pathway 512 Analgesic drugs 515 Opioid drugs 515 Paracetamol 526 Treatment of neuropathic pain 527 Other pain-relieving drugs 528 New approaches 529 43. Local anaesthetics and other drugs affecting sodium channels 530_ Overview 530 Local anaesthetics 530 Chemical aspects 530 Mechanism of action 530 Pharmacokinetic aspects 533 New approaches 533 Other drugs that affect sodium channels 534 Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin 534 Agents that affect sodium channel gating 535 44. Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs 536_ Overview 536 The nature of anxiety and its treatment 536 Measurement of anxiolytic activity 536 Animal models of anxiety 536 Tests on humans 537 Drugs used to treat anxiety 538 Benzodiazepines and related drugs 538 Buspirone 543 Other potential anxiolytic drugs 543 Drugs used to treat insomnia (hypnotic drugs) 544 45. Antiepileptic drugs 546_ Overview 546 Introduction 546 The nature of epilepsy 546 Types of epilepsy 546 Neural mechanisms and animal models of epilepsy 548 Antiepileptic drugs 549 Carbamazepine 552 Phenyfoin 553 Valproate 554 Elhosuximide 554 Phenobarbital 554 Benzodiazepines 555 Newer antiepileptic drugs 555 Development of new drugs 556 Other uses of antiepileptic drugs 557 Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy 557 Muscle spasm and muscle relaxants 557 46. Antipsychotic drugs 559_ Overview 559 Introduction 559 The nature of schizophrenia 559 Aetiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia 560 Antipsychotic drugs 562 Classification of antipsychotic drugs 562 Clinical efficacy 562 Pharmacological properties 565 Unwanted effects 566 Pharmacokinetic aspects 567 Future developments 568 CONTENTS • SECTIONS 4 AND 5 47. Antidepressant drugs 570_ Overview 570 The nature of depression 570 Theories of depression 570 The monoamine theory 570 Neuroendocrine mechanisms 571 Trophic effects and neuroplasticity 571 Antidepressant drugs 572 Types of antidepressant drug 572 Testing of antidepressant drugs 573 Mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs 577 Monoamine uptake inhibitors 577 Monoamine receptor antagonists 582 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 582 Melatonin agonist 584 Miscellaneous agents 584 Future antidepressant drugs 584 Brain stimulation therapies 585 Clinical effectiveness of antidepressant treatments 585 Other clinical uses of antidepressant drugs 586 Drug treatment of bipolar disorder 586 Lithium 586 Antiepileptic drugs 587 Atypical antipsychotic drugs 587 48. CNS stimulants and psychotomimetic drugs 589 Overview 589 Psychomotor stimulants 589 Amphetamines 589 Methylphenidafe 591 Modafinil 591 Cocaine 592 Methylxanthines 593 Cathinones 594 Other stimulants 594 Cognition-enhancing drugs 594 Psychotomimetic drugs 595 LSD, psilocybin and mescaline 595 MDMA (ecstasy) 596 Ketamine and phencyclidine 596 Other psychotomimetic drugs 597 49. Drug addiction, dependence ond abuse 598 Overview 598 Drug use and abuse 598 Drug administration 598 Drug harm 600 Drug dependence 600 Tolerance 601 Pharmacological approaches to treating drug addiction 603 Nicotine and tobacco 603 Pharmacological effects of smoking 603 Pharmacokinetic aspects 605 Tolerance and dependence 605 Harmful effects of smoking 606 Pharmacological approaches to treating nicotine dependence 607 Ethanol 608 Pharmacological effects of ethanol 608 Pharmacokinetic aspects 611 Tolerance and dependence 612 Pharmacological approaches to treating alcohol dependence 613 Section 5: Drugs used for the treatment of infections ana cancer 50. Basic principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy 615_ Overview 615 Background 615 The molecular basis of chemotherapy 615 Biochemical reactions cs potential targets 616 The formed structures of the cell as potential targets 620 Resistance to antibacterial drugs 621 Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance 622 Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics 623 Current status of antibiotic resistance in bacteria 624 51. Antibacterial drugs 626 Overview 626 Introduction 626 Antimicrobial agents that interfere with folate synthesis or action 626 Sulfonamides 626 Trimethoprim 629 p-Lactam antibiotics 630 Penicillins 630 Cephalosporins and cephamycins 631 Other p-lactam antibiotics 632 Glycopeptides 632 Antimicrobial agents affecting bacterial protein synthesis 632 Tetracyclines 632 Chloramphenicol 634 Aminoglycosides 634 Macrolides 635 Antimicrobial agents affecting topoisomerase 635 Quinolones 635 Miscellaneous and less common antibacterial agents 637 Antimycobacterial agents 638 Drugs used to treat tuberculosis 638 Drugs used to treat leprosy 639 Possible new antibacterial drugs 640 52. Antiviral drugs 642___ Overview 642 Background information about viruses 642 An outline of virus structure 642 Examples of pathogenic viruses 642 Virus function and life history 642 The host-virus interaction 643 Host defences against viruses 643 Viral ploys to circumvent host defences 644 HIV and AIDS 644 Antiviral drugs 645 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 645 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 647 Protease inhibitors 647 i SECTIONS 5 AND 6 • CONTENTS DNA polymerase inhibitors 648 Neuraminidase inhibitors and inhibitors of viral coat disassembly 649 Drugs acting through other mechanisms 649 Biopharmaceutical antiviral drugs 650 Other agents 650 Combination therapy for HIV 650 Prospects for new antiviral drugs 651 53. Antifungal drugs 653_ Overview 653 Fungi and fungal infections 653 Drugs used to treat fungal infections 654 Antifungal antibiotics 654 Synthetic antifungal drugs 655 Future developments 657 54. Antiprotozoal drugs 658_ Overview 658 Host-parasite interactions 658 Malaria and antimalarial drugs 658 The life cycle of the malaria parasite 659 Antimalarial drugs 661 Potential new antimalarial drugs 666 Amoebiasis and amoebicidal drugs 666 Trypanosomiasis and trypanocidal drugs 667 Other protozoal infections and drugs used to treat them 668 Leishmaniasis 668 Trichomoniasis 668 Giardiasis 669 Toxoplasmosis 669 Pneumocystis 669 Future developments 669 55. Anthelmintic drugs 671_ Overview 671 Helminth infections 671 Anthelmintic drugs 672 Resistance to anthelmintic drugs 674 Vaccines and other novel approaches 675 56. Anticancer drugs 676_ Overview 676 Introduction 676 The pathogenesis of cancer 676 The genesis of a cancer cell 676 The special characteristics of cancer cells 677 General principles of cytotoxic anticancer drugs 679 Anticancer drugs 679 Alkylating agents and related compounds 680 Antimetabolites 683 Cytotoxic antibiotics 685 Plant derivatives 685 Hormones 686 Hormone antagonists 686 Monoclonal antibodies 687 Protein kinase inhibitors 687 Miscellaneous agents 688 Resistance to anticancer drugs 689 Combination therapies 689 Control of emesis and myelosuppression 689 Future developments 690 Section 6: Special topics 57. Harmful effects of drugs 692 Overview 692 Introduction 692 Classification of adverse drug reactions 692 Adverse effects related to the known pharmacological action of the drug 692 Adverse effects unrelated to the known pharmacological action of the drug 693 Drug toxicity 693 Toxicity testing 693 General mechanisms of toxin-induced cell damage and cell death 693 Mutagenesis and assessment of genotoxic potential 696 Immunological reactions to drugs 700 Immunological mechanisms 700 Clinical types of allergic response to drugs 700 58. Lifestyle drugs and drugs in sport 703_ Overview 703 What are lifestyle drugs? 703 Classification of lifestyle drugs 703 Drugs in sport 703 Anabolic steroids 705 Human growth hormone 706 Stimulant drugs 706 Conclusion 706 59. Biopharmaceuticols and gene therapy 708 Overview 708 Introduction 708 Biopharmaceuticols 708 Proteins and polypeptides 709 Monoclonal antibodies 710 Gene therapy 711 Gene delivery 71 1 Controlling gene expression 713 Safety and societal issues 714 Therapeutic applications 714 Gene therapy for cancer 714 Single-gene defects 715 Gene therapy and infectious disease 716 Gene therapy and cardiovascular disease 716 Oligonucleotideapproaches 716 60. Drug discovery and development 718_ Overview 718 The stages of a project 718 The drug discovery phase 718 Preclinical development 720 Clinical development 720 Biopharmaceuticols 721 Commercial aspects 721 Future prospects 721 A final word 722 Appendix 723 Index 724
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id	DE-604.BV042333264
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T01:18:41Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780702053627 9780702053634
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027769954
oclc_num	903234097
open_access_boolean
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physical	XV, 760 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2016
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publisher	Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone
record_format	marc
spelling	Rang & Dale's pharmacology H. P. Rang ... Pharmacology 8. ed. London Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone 2016 XV, 760 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier pharmacology CABI drugs CABI pharmacokinetics CABI hormones CABI drug effects CABI Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd rswk-swf Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 s DE-604 Rang, Humphrey Peter Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027769954&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Rang & Dale's pharmacology pharmacology CABI drugs CABI pharmacokinetics CABI hormones CABI drug effects CABI Pharmacology Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4045687-0
title	Rang & Dale's pharmacology
title_alt	Pharmacology
title_auth	Rang & Dale's pharmacology
title_exact_search	Rang & Dale's pharmacology
title_full	Rang & Dale's pharmacology H. P. Rang ...
title_fullStr	Rang & Dale's pharmacology H. P. Rang ...
title_full_unstemmed	Rang & Dale's pharmacology H. P. Rang ...
title_short	Rang & Dale's pharmacology
title_sort	rang dale s pharmacology
topic	pharmacology CABI drugs CABI pharmacokinetics CABI hormones CABI drug effects CABI Pharmacology Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd
topic_facet	pharmacology drugs pharmacokinetics hormones drug effects Pharmacology Pharmakologie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027769954&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT ranghumphreypeter rangdalespharmacology AT ranghumphreypeter pharmacology

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