Political justice in Budapest after World War II:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Budapest ; New York
Central European University Press
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | vii, 127 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9789633860526 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures vii
Foreword 1
Political Justice in Europe: The State of Research 7
Legal Background to the People’s Tribunals and Their
Operation in Hungary 13
The System of People’s Tribunals and the Actors in the Process 17
The Crimes and the Range of Punishments 21
Controversies Surrounding the Law on People’s Tribunals 23
Research Methodology 27
Method of Approach 27
Preparation Phase 29
Pilot research 29
Expert roundtable 30
Training of the Encoders 32
The Final Questionnaire 32
Research Phase 33
Sampling procedure 34
From filling in the questionnaires to the data files 34
Preparing the data files for analysis 37
Several Notes on the Methodology and the Findings 41
Analysis of the People’s Tribunal Cases 45
Types of Cases 45
Distribution of the types of cases over time 47
Characteristics of the Case Files 49
Analysis of the Various Actors in the People’s Tribunals 50
Defendants 50
Gender Ratios 51
Age distribution 52
Place of bidh 53
Level of education 55
V
Social status 56
Membership in the Arrow Cross 58
Witnesses 60
Gender ratios 61
Age distribution 62
Place of birth 63
Social status 64
Summary of the Demographics of Defendants and Witnesses
in the Various Types of Cases 65
Lawyers 69
Characteristics of the People’s Tribunal Cases 71
The length of trials and the number of hearings 71
The role of witnesses at the people’s tribunals 72
Judgments 77
Effect of the composition of witnesses on judgments 82
A Gendered Analysis of Political Justice in Hungary
in the Aftermath of World War II 85
Women in Political Justice: Stereotypes and Reality
about Women Perpetrators 86
Witnesses 90
Court Judgments 92
Women People’s Judges 93
Summary: Gender in Political Justice 96
Jewish Identity and the People’s Tribunals 97
Characteristics of the People’s Tribunal Cases 98
Defendants and Their Characteristics 101
Witnesses and Their Characteristics 102
Court Judgments 104
Jewish Identity and the Practice of Political Justice 104
Summary 111
Bibliography 115
Index 121
VI
Summary
In this volume we have reviewed the people’s justice process in Buda-
pest in the aftermath of World War II. Our systematic quantitative
analysis has revealed some surprising facts that were ignored in earlier
works.
The first is the characterization of the era. We cannot speak of a sin-
gle era; rather, it seems that two periods “slipped together” like tectonic
plates. First was an immediate postwar period of restoring accountabil-
ity, and afterwards was a period of abusing the justice system for the
purposes of the communist takeover and the replacement of the coun-
try’s political elite. These two periods have different legal and sociolog-
ical characteristics. The legal cases related to wartime criminal acts
lasted as long as two years, whereas the ideological trials tended to be
concluded much more quickly.
The findings of our research will be of interest to future researchers.
A particularly important finding was the high proportion of women
defendants. We also found that the women often came from established
middle-class backgrounds; in other words, the perpetrators were not
young and inexperienced. Here we return to the people’s tribunals as a
device to replace the political elite. We showed that cases of the third
type characteristically featured a higher percentage of people belonging
to the elite and that these cases often related to collaboration with the
Germans. The elite share in the other types of cases was significantly
smaller, and so—to use Christopher Browning’s expression—it was of-
ten the “simple” people who were put on trial (Browning 1992). We
found that people from rural areas were overrepresented among defen-
dants found guilty of membership in the Arrow Cross or an associated
organization. Lacking other networks, they seem to have been attracted
to the Arrow Cross by the opportunities for enriching themselves and
Politica! Justice in Budapest after World War II
for self-realization. Ethnic cleansing is often accompanied by crimes
against property, as under such circumstances people can rob and steal
with impunity. It is a favorable milieu for those who seek the redistribu-
tion of goods (Naimark 2001, 8). An important finding was the high
participation rate in this process of established middle-aged people from
middle-class and upper-middle-class backgrounds, many of whom had
been born outside Hungary’s Trianon borders. These were people who
had begun new lives in Horthy s Hungary and whose success was de-
rived from their receptiveness to radical right-wing extremism.
The witnesses in the trials were the invisible ones in the justice pro-
cess. Previous research had ignored them, and yet they clearly influ-
enced the course of justice. Here too the middle-aged were the most nu-
merous: the average age of the witnesses was 41 years. In cases related to
membership in the Arrow Cross, we found that a higher proportion of
witnesses were rejected by the judges, and this illustrates an underex-
plored dimension of the transitional justice system: To what extent did it
reflect individual circumstances, thereby violating the principle of equal-
ity before the law? Defendants of higher social status could often exploit
their social contacts and capital to obtain more moderate sentences.
Meanwhile, female defendants were more likely than male ones to re-
ceive lenient sentences.
A characteristic feature of the political justice system in Hungary
was that it was established very early on; when the first trials were held,
military conflict was still raging in the western part of the country.
This was the pre-Nuremberg period, and the accused were Hungarians.
As a result of the history of the Holocaust in Hungary, many Jewish
survivors sought justice in the aftermath of liberation. It is this process
that researchers have long avoided, perhaps put off by the taboos sur-
rounding the subject. However, our quantitative research has revealed
the contradictory experiences of Jews who—as witnesses or aggrieved
parties—placed their hopes in the proper and just operation of the peo-
ple’s tribunals. We have also revealed the consequences for Jewish iden-
tity of the failures of the transitional justice system.
Another critical element of the post-World War II justice system is
the high acquittal rate: 43 percent of all cases ended with acquittals.
This means either that innocent people were put on trial (which also
means that the real perpetrators went unpunished) or that the trials
were inadequately prepared. In the introduction to the volume, we
112
Summary
touched upon the extent to which opinion is divided on the effective-
ness of the people’s tribunals. The data clearly show that around half of
all cases ended in acquittal; thus one cannot claim that the tribunals
were too strict or severe. Of course, we should also nuance this conclu-
sion by recognizing that there were differences in the rate of acquittal
according to the type of trial. Acquittals were far less likely in cases in-
volving well-known politicians, as the political authorities wished to
make an example of them. This was not so in the thousands of “minor
cases.” Many people took part in such cases. An important consequence
of the people’s justice process was that—as all the various data show (see
Pet 6 2006)—1 in 10 Hungarians came into direct contact with the peo-
ple’s tribunals as defendants or as witnesses. Tens of thousands experi-
enced the arbitrary, inconsistent, and sloppy approach of the people’s
tribunals at a time when the country was still living under the spell of a
fresh start in the aftermath of war. Such experiences—crimes that went
unpunished and the relativization of rules and regulations—formed a
basic element of these people’s political socialization. And although that
generation is slowly disappearing from our midst, the long-term conse-
quences of the stories remain with us. We have attempted in this book
to map out the post-World War II justice process in Hungary, to under-
stand how memory develops and evolves, and to face up to the conse-
quences.
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Index
acquittal, 16,16117, 33, 77-78, 80-83, 92»
104, 112—113
Act II of 1930 (Military Criminal
Code), 15, 15ns
Act V of 1878 (Criminal Code — Cse-
megi Codex), Ι4Π3, 15, 15ns
Act VII of 1945, i6n8,n, 17, 251134
Act VII of 1946, 16-17, 19, 22-23»
47-48, 52, 79, 79Π75» 80, 100, 108
Act VIII of 1945» 58֊59
Act XXXIII of 1896 (Code of Crimi-
nal Procedure), 15, I5n5
Act XXXIII of 1912, 15
Act XXXIV of 1947, 17, 19, 25n34» 95»
Ι05Π95
acts committed against Jews, 47—51,
5in53, 52, 60, 63, 66, 68, 70, 72» 83,
98, 99-101, I03n92
acts committed against non-Jews, 46,
48, 50, 5ΙΠ53» 54-57» 61-62, 64,
68-69, 73, 76-78, 83
Allied Powers, 14
anti-fascism, 7
anti-fascist discourse, 2—3
anti-Jewish acts, 46
anti-Jewish law, 106
anti-Jews wartime atrocities, 88
anti-Semitic, 100—101, ioin89, 107
anti-Semitic hate speech, 100
anti-Semitism, 46n5i, 48, 52, 107—108
appeal, 8, 10, Ι4Π2, i8, 20, 24—25» 33» 38,
41» 77» 79» 92» 104-105
Armistice Agreement, 14—15, i5n4
Arrow Cross membership/membership
in the Arrow Cross (Nytlaskeresztes
Part) 42, 46, 48-50, 51» 5In53, 54“55»
58-62, 65, 68, 70-73» 75-77» 771171,
78, 82, 90, 102, in-112
Arrow Cross Party (Nyilaskeresztes
Part), 9, 42» 42n49» 59-60, 71, 77,
101—102
Austria/Austrian, 8—9
average age, 52, 62, 87, 112
ban on exercising ones profession, 21,
24» 40
Bar Association, 85
Bard, Karoly, 3on37
Belgian Commission for War Crimes, 9
Belgium, 9
Bibo, Istvan, 107
Browning, Christopher R., m
Budapest, 14, 31» 33-34» 53» 531*55, 54»
63-64, 68, 85, 89, 91, 95, 97, 101,
104, 106, III
Budapest National Committee, 14,
14m—2
Budapest People’s Tribunal/People’s
Tribunal of Budapest, 17, I7ni2,
33-34» 42-43, 53, 53055, 63, 95, 98,
103
Bulgaria, 2
Chapter V of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 19
chief public prosecutor, 20
121
Political Justice in Budapest alter World War II
Christenson, Ron, 25
Civil Democratic Party (Polgári
Demokrata Part), 19
classification of people’s tribunals, 46
closed question, 29
Criminal Code, I4n3, 15, 16, 2in23
Code of Criminal Procedure, 15—16,
19, 2oni9
Chapter V of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 19
Section 326 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 16
Cold War, 97, 100, 108
collaborator, 2, 9—n
collective memory, 86, 106, 109
commerce, 57
communist dictatorship, 48—49
communist takeover, 46, 48, 99, 105,
III
company manager, 57
company owner, 57
compensation, 106, 108
concentration camp, 11, 85
confirmative research, 27
confiscation of assets, 21—22, 22n27,
23-24, 24n 32, 79, 93
control figures, 80
conviction, II, 41, 78, 82—83, 85, 92, 104
Conway, Martin, 9
corroborative witness, 82
Council of the People’s Judge, 14
court, 7-12, 14, 14112-3, 15, 15114, 17,
20, 22n28, 25, 32-33, 37, 40-4-1, 46,
531155, 77, 77n7i. 85-86, 92, 96-97,
100—102, 104, 108—109
court hearing/hearing, 7—10, 33, 40,
71-72, 75, 77, 93-94, 105
court-paid lawyer/ appointed public
defender, 4, 69, 6gn6y, 70, 701x67,
71, 74-76
courts of law, 37
Criminal Code (Csemegi Codex),
14113, 15
Section 92 of the Criminal Code, 15
Section 105 of the Criminal Code, 16
criminal liability (and punishability) of
minors, 24
Csősz, László, 3on37
Czechoslovakia, 9
data sheet, 3^—33, 36, 38, 40-41
database, 36-39, 39H47, 40-41
database relating to the court hearings,
40
database relating to the defendants, 39
database relating to the witnesses, 40
Deák, István, 8
Decree no. 5900/1945 ME9 and Decree
no. 6750/1945 ME, 16
Prime Ministerial Decree no.
1440/1945 ME, 16
Prime Ministerial Decree no. 15 of
1945, 2in22
Prime Ministerial Decree no. 81/1945,
14
defendant, 1,4, 11, i6n7, 18, i8ni4,
19-20, 2oni7, 22-24, 28-30, 33,
35-36, 37H45, 38-39, 39n47, 40-43,
46, 50-54, 541156, 55-6o, 65-66,
66n65, 67—68, 68n66, 69—70, 70x177,
71-77, 77x171, 78-81, 8in76, 83,
86—88, 88n8i, 89—93, 96, ioon87,
101—102, 105, 109, hi—113
male defendant, 60, 88—90, 92
multiple defendants, 38, 50, 71—72
only one defendant/single defen-
dant, 36, 38, 50, 771171
women/female defendant, 42,
86—87, 88, 88n8i, 89-93, 101-102,
hi—112
defense, 16, 19, 2oni7, 22n28, 24, 77, 83,
100, 108
defense lawyer, 24, 83
demographic characteristics, 77, 103
denunciation, 9, 49—51
deportation, 10, 97, 106
disability, 57
disciplinary sanctions, 21
discrepancy in data, 43, 59, 65, 89
domestic servants, 57
122
Index
dynamic data, 35
Eastern Europe, 8, 10
education, 40, 55, 551158, 56, 64, 70-71,
74, 77, 81, 89-90, 101
educational qualification, 55n58, 64,
77, 81
eighth—grade education/elemen-
tary, 55, 55n58, 89
less than eight grades education/ele-
mentary 55, 55^8
level of education/educational level,
4-0, S5“S6, 70, 74, 81, 89-90, 101
no education/schooling, 55, 74
Elster, Jon, 2
encoder, 28n36, 29—32, 36, 36n42, 38,
4i, 45, 5 5
encoding method, 29, 36
Europe/ European, 7, 9, 23, 97, 109
execution, 14
expert roundtable/roundtable discus-
sion, 30, 30n37, 31
explorative research, 27
Extraordinary State Commission on
Reporting, 11
Eyal, Gil, 108
fascism, 106
Fedak, Sari, 87
Feferman, Kiril, 11
female war criminal, 86—87
female/woman lawyer, 7in68, 85—86
female/women, 2, 38—39, 42, 51—52, 57,
61, 65—66, 74, 81, 85—86, 87n78, 88,
88n79, 88n8i, 89—96,101—104,111—112
female/women people’s judge, 93—95
First Amendment to the PMDPJ,
16—18, 20—22, 24, 79n75, i©5n95
forced labor, 10, 13, 22, 22n26, 40, 79,
99
France, 2, 9—10
Gaspar, Lili, 86
gender, 4, 36, 38-40, 51-52, 61-62, 65,
66, 71, 81, 85-88, 88n79, 90-91, 96,
101
generalization/generalized, 27, 28, 34,
38, 85
genocide, lí, 46
Germany/German, 8—11, 42n49, 46, 58,
58n63, 591164, 90, hi
ghettoization, 106
Greece/Greek, 10
hatred (ethnical, racial or religious),
100,108
head judge, 18, i8ni4, 19, I9m6
historical canon, 87
historical memory, 87
historical trauma, 108
history of the people’s tribunal, 1, 3, 85
Holocaust, 4, 7, 46, 63, 97-98, 103, 105,
107—109, 112
Horthy regime, 13, 86, 105
Hungarian, 1, 4, 7-8, 15, I5n4, i6n8, 17,
I7ni3, 19—20, 2oni8-i9, 22, 25, 31,
37, 46, 551158, 59n64, 85-86, 95, 97,
101, 105—109, 112—113
Hungarian Communist Party (Magyar
Kommunista Part), 4, 17, i7ni3,
2oni8, 95
Hungarian National Independence
Front (Nemzeti Függetlenségi Front),
17, 20
Hungarian Workers’ Party (Magyar
Dolgozók Pártja), 95
Hungary, I, 2, 8-9, lí, 13-15, 15114, *7,
25, 25n33, 371144, 42-43» 47, 521154,
54, 541157, 55, 58n63, 85, 87, 96-100,
102, 105—107, 109, 112—113
hypotheses, 27, 34
ideological collaboration, 9
ideological trial, 47—51, 57, 62, 67—68,
70-72, 83, 94, 100, 103, hi
imprisoned, 8—10
imprisonment, 9—10, 79
inaccuracy of estimation (statistical
error), 42
Independent Smallholders Party
(Független Kisgazdapárt), 17, 20, 95
123
Political Justice in Budapest after World War II
indictment, i6n7֊8, 19, 22, 33, 35, 37,
41, 45, 45050, 46nsi, 49, 51, 80-81
institutionalist approach, 2
internment, 11, 21—22, 40
interwar (Hungarian) society, 56—57
investigation, 2—4, 11, 15, 22n28, 25, 34,
35, 43, 45-46, 52, 71, 80-81, 93, 99,
102,107
Italy/Italian, 2, 10
Jewish, 4, 8, 10, 271135, 46”47, 52, 63,
70, 75, 88, 97-103, Ι03Π9Ι-92, 104-
109.112
Jewish identity, 4, 271135, 97, 99, 101,
103—105, 107, 109, 112
Jewish survivor, 8, 97—98, 104—106,
108.112
Jews, 9-11, 28, 33, 45-46, 46051, 47,
47n52, 48-50, 511153, 52, 54-57,
60-73, 75-78, 82-83, 94, 97-100,
ioon88, 101, ioin89, 102—103,
103092—93, 104-109, 112
JOINT, 107
judgment, 2, 13-14, 1402-5, 15, i6n7~
8, 17-18, 20-21, 23-24, 35, 37,
40-41, 49, 77-82, 82077, 83, 92, 104
court judgment, 92, 104
final judgment, 78—79, 82—83
judiciary process, 7
jurisdiction, 15, i6n8, 21—22, 22025,
22n28, 25, 53
Justice Minister, 105
justice system, 1—2, 4, 13, 25, 28, 85—86,
96—97, 105, 107—109, III—112
Kádár, Gábor, 30037
Karsai, László, 27035, 35040, 98—100
Kecskemet, 86
Koncz, Erzsébet, 86
Kovács, Aodrás, 30037
labor camp, 99
law on people’s tribunals, 14—15, 23, 25
lawmaker, 13, 22
lawsuit, 13, 22
lawyer, 4, 15, 19, 24, 30, 33, 69-70,
70067, 71, 7in68, 74-76, 83, 85-86,
105, 108
Legal Prosecution of Collaborators, 10
liberation, 2, 8—10, 112
loss of job, 21—22, 40, 79
loss of public office, 23
Lukács, Tibor, 14—15, i6n8, 20
Lüdtke, Alf, 2
Main Commission for Investigation of
German Crimes, 11
Major, Ákos, 13m, 14, 1403, 1504, 105
male/men, 13-14, 38-39, 5L 60, 71, 81,
85-87, 87078, 88, 88079, 89-93,
96—97, 102, 112
Markovits, Inga, 2
maximum-security prison, 21, 79, 93, 96
measurement, 30
membership in the Arrow Cross
(Nyilaskeresztes Párt) or an associ-
ated organization, 46, 49—51, 51053,
54-55, 57, 61-62, 65-66, 68, 73, 82,
III
memory, 1—3, 7, 86—87, 97~98, 101, 106,
108—109, 113
Military Criminal Code, 15, 1505
military guard, 86
military officer, 86
minimum-security prison, 15, I5n6,
2in24, 40, 79, 93, 96
Ministry of Justice, 8, 10
monetary fine, 15, 21—22, 24, 40, 79
Moscow, 14—15
multi-dimensional analyses, 41, 43
murder, 10, 13, 52, 89, 100
National Council of People’s Tribunals/
National Council (Népbíróságok
Országos Tanácsa), 18,19015, 20—21, 24
National Peasants Party (Nemzeti Para-
sztpárt), I7ni3, 2om8, 95-96
National Trade Union Council
(Országos Szakszervezeti Tanács), 18,
20, 95, I05n95
124
Index
Nazi, 8-9, ii
Netherlands, 10
non-commissioned officer, 57
not valuable statement/worthless state-
ment, 74, 76
Nozick, Robert, 106
nulla poena sine lege, 23
nullum crimen sine lege, 23
occupation, 8, 10-11, 30, 37, 37^45»
56-57 57n6o, 64, 86
Örkény, Antal 3on37
over representation, 52—53, 55, 58, 62,
64-68, 70, 72-73» 76, 81, 89-90, 101,
104
paid lawyer, 4, 69, 69^7, 70, 70x167, 71,
74-76
Papp, Attila, 14, 15
pardon, 10, 16, 33
penitentiary, I5n6, 21—22, 22n26, 40,
79-80, 93, 93n83
people’s justice, 13—15, III, 113
people’s judge, 14, 17—18, i8ni4, I9ni6,
86, 93-94» 941184, 95, 105, I05n95
people’s tribunal, 1, 3—4, 12—14, 14113,
15—16, i6n8, 17, I7ni2, 18—19, 191115,
20—21, 2in22, 22—25, 25n34, 27,
27n35» 28, 31, 33-35» 38, 40, 42-43,
45-47, 50-53, 53H55, 60, 63, 71-72,
77, 79n75, 80-81, 85-86, 92, 94-100,
103, I03n92, 104—106, 108, hi—113
people’s tribunal case file, 28, 38
people’s tribunal council, 18—20
perpetrator, 11, 50—51, 58, 85—88,
96—98, 109, hi—112
female/women perpetrator, 51, 86—87,
96
male perpetrator, 85
persecuted person, 46
Pest County, 53n55
petition, 18—19, 49—50
PMDPJ (Prime Ministerial Decree on
People’s Justice), 14—15, isn5, 16-18,
i8ni4, 19, I9m6, 20—21, 2in22,
22-25, 37, 59n64, 791175, 8°, 95,
I05n95
First Amendment to the PMDPJ,
16—18, 20-22, 24, 79075, io5
preamble to the PMDPJ, 17
Second Amendment to the PMDPJ, 19,
I9ni6, 20, 24-25, 80, 95
Section 1 of the PMDPJ, 23
Section 3 of the PMDPJ, 21, 2in22
Section 3 of the First Amendment to
the PMDPJ, 21
Section 6 of the PMDPJ, 22
Section 11 of the PMDPJ, 37
Sections ii—18 of the PMDPJ, 22
Section 13(4) of the PMDPJ, 59064
Section 15 of the First Amendment to
the PMDPJ, 24
Section 19 of the First Amendment to
the PMDPJ, 18
Section 19 of the PMDPJ, 22
Section 20 of the PMDPJ, 22
Section 21 of the First Amendment to
the PMDPJ, 24
Section 21 of the PMDPJ, 21
Section 22 of the PMDPJ, 24
Section 24 of the PMDPJ, 19
Section 36 of the PMDPJ, 19
Section 37 of the PMDPJ, 17
Section 39 of the PMDPJ, 17
Section 42 of the PMDPJ, 18
Section 49 of the PMDPJ, 18, i8ni4
Section 50 of the PMDPJ, 18—19, i9ni6
Section 53 of the PMDPJ, 24
Section 54 of the PMDPJ, 20
Section 56 of the PMDPJ, 20
Section 57 of the PMDPJ, 20
Poland/Polish, 11
police, 22, 22n25, 57, 104
Polish Supreme National Tribunal
(NTN), 11
political administration, 10, 12
political criminal act, 21
political elite, 9, 13, 85, in
political justice, 1-3, 7, 11, 46, 85-86,
96, 98, 104, 106-109, 112
125
Political Justice in Budapest after World War II
political prosecutor/lay prosecutor, 19
political trial, 25
post—Shoah, 105
postwar acts, 49“50, 52~53, 56, 59,
61-62, 70-71, 73, 75-80, 83, 88,
88n8o, 92, 94, 101, 103
post-World War II, 1, 7, 13, 31, 47, 51,
85, 106, 108—109, 112—113
pre-1945 regime, 95
pre-Nuremberg period, 112
Prime Ministerial Decree (ME), 14, 16,
i6n9֊10, 17
Prime Ministerial Decree on People’s
Justice (PMDPJ), 14
pro-German, 46
provision of law, 37, 80
public discourse, 1, 87
public history, I
public life, i, 86—87
public prosecutor, i6n9, 19—20, 24, 86
public servant (public official), i6nio,
57
public service, 57
punishment, 2, 4, I5n6, i6n8, 21, 2in22,
22, 22025, 23, 23030, 24, 33, 48,
79-80, 93, 93082, 96, 101, 109
primary punishment, 21
secondary punishment, 21—23
qualitative, 31, 35, 96
quality of the data, 34
quantification, 28
questionnaire, 28—32, 34—36
Rajk, Laszlo, 25, 25033
random number generator, 34
random sampling, 34
reliability, i6n7, 30—32
religious denomination/affiliation, 102,
103n93
research description, 1, 3—5, 7—9, 11—12,
27, 270135, 28-32, 32n38, 33—35,
35n4°, 4L 43» 4 5, 53» 77» 81, 85, 96,
98—100, 102, hi—112
pilot research, 29, 32, 34
quantitative research, 9, 28, 31,
34-35, 43, 81, 96, 112
research phase, 32—33
research project, 27—28, 31, 33
Ries, István, 105
Romania, 12
Romijn, Peter, ii
Rotyits, Péter, 13, 13 m
Rousso, Henry, 9
sample, i6n8, 28-29, 33-34» 39~40,
42-43, 48, 50-51, 53-54, 54n56,
56-58, 60-65, 70, 72-74, 76-78, 81,
86, 88, 90-91, 93-94, 99086, 101
sampling method/procedure, 29, 34,
42-43
screening, 2, ii, 34
Second Amendment to the PMDPJ, 19,
19η 16, 20, 24—25, 8o, 95
sectoral level, 57
sentence, 2, 8—ii, 14, I4n2, I5n6, 18, 22,
24, 24032, 30, 33, 35, 40-41, 49,
78-79» 79075, 80-81, 92, 93, 93083,
96, 112
sexual crime, 96
Shoah,98, 105
show trial, 25, 71, 80
Social Democratic Party (Szociálde-
mokrata Part), 17η 13, 2oni8, 95
social hierarchy, 57
social status, 4, 55—57, 57n6o, 58, 64—65,
68-69, 71, 73-75, 77, 80-81, 101,
112
sound file, 31, 45
Sovietization, ii
Soviet Union/Soviet, 8—ii, 42Π49, 46,
99, 105, 107
special councils (at the people’s tribu-
nals), 17, 22
SS, 59, 59n64
SS „Hunyadi” Division, 59
Stalinist political regime, 109
statement, 4, 12, 31, 34, 39, 74“76, 83,
102, 104—105
static data, 35
126
Index
structural trauma, 108
survivor, 7—8, 97—98, 104—106, 108, 112
suspension of political rights, 21, 22,
22n27, 23, 40, 79
system of people’s tribunals, 14, 16—17,
27, 98
Szaidel, Natan, 108
Szálasi, Ferenc, 42n49, 87
Szívós, Sándor, 13
test-run, 32
trauma, 108—109
Trianon Peace Treaty, 52
Trianon borders, 42, 54—55, 112
types of cases, 38, 49-50, 59* 69, 72“73,
82—83, 100
types of sentence, 40, 79
types of trial/trial types, 45, 47—48,
51-58, 60-74, 76, 78, 94
unarmed labor battalion, 97
underrepresentation, 52, 63—64, 94, 104
Ungár, Margit, 85
valuable statement/applicable state-
ment, 12, 74, 76
value, 43, 99n86, 100, 103
verbal anti-Semitism, 48, 52
Vichy regime, 9
victims of Stalinism, 109
victims’ stories, 3
violence, 51, 85, 90, 98
Volksbund, 58, 58n63, 59, 77n73* 90
vote, 18, i8ni4, I9ni6
war crimes and crimes against the peo-
ple, 21—22,22n28
war criminal, 9, 11, 13, 15, I5n4, 2in20,
42n49, 59n64, 86—87, 109
wartime acts, 45, 47, 49~50, 5in53 52*
54-55,57,59-62,64-73,75,77-80,82,
88n8o, 92, 94, 100—103, I03n92, 104
wartime acts against Jews, 45, 47, 50*
5in53, 52, 54-55* 57* 60-62, 64-65,
67-69, 71-73* 75* 77-78, 82, 94*
100—103, I03n92, 104
Wehrmacht, 59
witness, 1, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45-46,
57n6o, 60—66, 66n65, 67—69, 72—75,
75n69, 76-7* 77n7I* 82, 82n77, 83,
90-91, 97, 102, I02n90, 103,
I03n9i—92, 104, 108, 112—113
incriminating witness, 73, 82,
82n77, 83
Jewish witness, 63, 103, I03n9i—92,
104
neutral witness, 73
non-Jewish witness, 103—104
number of witness, 33, 60, 61, 77,
82,io3n92
supporting witness, 73~75, 82,
82n77, 83
witness statements/statements of wit-
ness, 75—76, 83, 102
Woller, Hans, 10
working-class/working class, 57—58,
65, 68-69, 73-74, 86, 104
World War II, 1-4, 7, 13, 25, 27, 31, 45,
47, 51, 71, 85, 87, 98, 105-106, 108-
109, hi—113
Wouters, Nico, 9
Zionist movement, 107
127
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Barna, Ildikó 1973- Pető, Andrea 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1109766181 (DE-588)133180565 |
| author_facet | Barna, Ildikó 1973- Pető, Andrea 1964- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Barna, Ildikó 1973- |
| author_variant | i b ib a p ap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042321917 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KKF1593 |
| callnumber-raw | KKF1593.C65 |
| callnumber-search | KKF1593.C65 |
| callnumber-sort | KKF 41593 C65 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)915563306 (DE-599)BVBBV042321917 |
| dewey-full | 345.439/0231094391209044 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 345 - Criminal law |
| dewey-raw | 345.439/0231094391209044 |
| dewey-search | 345.439/0231094391209044 |
| dewey-sort | 3345.439 15231094391209044 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1955 gnd Geschichte 1945-1949 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1955 Geschichte 1945-1949 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ungarn Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd Budapest (DE-588)4008684-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ungarn Budapest |
| id | DE-604.BV042321917 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:18:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789633860526 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 014016285 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027758830 |
| oclc_num | 915563306 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | vii, 127 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Central European University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Barna, Ildikó 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1109766181 aut Politikai igazságszolgáltatás a II. világháború utáni Budapesten Political justice in Budapest after World War II Ildikó Barna and Andrea Pető Budapest ; New York Central European University Press 2015 vii, 127 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Hungary. Népbíróság Deutsches Reich Volksgerichtshof (DE-588)2054294-X gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-1955 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-1949 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Juden Justice, Administration of Hungary History Trials (Political crimes and offenses) Hungary History Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Hungary Straftat (DE-588)4057799-5 gnd rswk-swf Politische Justiz (DE-588)4121487-0 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Prozess (DE-588)4047577-3 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Budapest (DE-588)4008684-7 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Politische Justiz (DE-588)4121487-0 s Geschichte 1945-1949 z DE-604 Budapest (DE-588)4008684-7 g Deutsches Reich Volksgerichtshof (DE-588)2054294-X b Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Straftat (DE-588)4057799-5 s Prozess (DE-588)4047577-3 s Geschichte 1945-1955 z 1\p DE-604 Pető, Andrea 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)133180565 aut https://www.recensio.net/r/aeed039d8ec44addb944e0b84bcdb2b8 rezensiert in: Hungarian Historical Review, 2015, 3, S. 790-795 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 24 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758830&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 24 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758830&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 24 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758830&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 24 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027758830&sequence=000004&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Barna, Ildikó 1973- Pető, Andrea 1964- Political justice in Budapest after World War II Hungary. Népbíróság Deutsches Reich Volksgerichtshof (DE-588)2054294-X gnd Geschichte Juden Justice, Administration of Hungary History Trials (Political crimes and offenses) Hungary History Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Hungary Straftat (DE-588)4057799-5 gnd Politische Justiz (DE-588)4121487-0 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Prozess (DE-588)4047577-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2054294-X (DE-588)4057799-5 (DE-588)4121487-0 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4047577-3 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4008684-7 |
| title | Political justice in Budapest after World War II |
| title_alt | Politikai igazságszolgáltatás a II. világháború utáni Budapesten |
| title_auth | Political justice in Budapest after World War II |
| title_exact_search | Political justice in Budapest after World War II |
| title_full | Political justice in Budapest after World War II Ildikó Barna and Andrea Pető |
| title_fullStr | Political justice in Budapest after World War II Ildikó Barna and Andrea Pető |
| title_full_unstemmed | Political justice in Budapest after World War II Ildikó Barna and Andrea Pető |
| title_short | Political justice in Budapest after World War II |
| title_sort | political justice in budapest after world war ii |
| topic | Hungary. Népbíróság Deutsches Reich Volksgerichtshof (DE-588)2054294-X gnd Geschichte Juden Justice, Administration of Hungary History Trials (Political crimes and offenses) Hungary History Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Hungary Straftat (DE-588)4057799-5 gnd Politische Justiz (DE-588)4121487-0 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Prozess (DE-588)4047577-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hungary. Népbíróság Deutsches Reich Volksgerichtshof Geschichte Juden Justice, Administration of Hungary History Trials (Political crimes and offenses) Hungary History Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Hungary Straftat Politische Justiz Prozess Ungarn Budapest |
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