Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Ed. Mega
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare
14 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache S. 177 - 184 Bibliogr. S. 185 - 200 |
| Beschreibung: | 214 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786065435056 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Cluj-Napoca |b Ed. Mega |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 214 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare |v 14 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache S. 177 - 184 | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. S. 185 - 200 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276345629671424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CUPRINS
PREFAŢA
.7
INTRODUCERE
.9
CAPITOLUL
I.
CADRUL GEOGRAFIC ŞI CULTURAL-ISTORIC AL
STUDIULUI
.13
1.1.
Cadrul geografic.
.13
1.2.
Cadrul cultural.
.16
1.2.1.
Neolitic timpuriu (circa
6.600-5.500 a.Chr.).17
1.2.2.
Neolitic dezvoltat (circa
5.500-5.000 a.Chr.).2.0
1.2.3.
Eneolitic timpuriu (circa
5.000 - 4.500 a.Chr.).20
1.2.4.
Eneolitic dezvoltat (circa
4.600/4.500 - 3.800/3.700
a.Chr)
.53
CAPITOLUL
II.
METODOLOGIE ARHEOZOOLOGICA
.25
II.
/.
Prelevare si eşantionare.
.2.6
11.
1.1.
Modul de prelevare.
.21
11.
1.2.
Eşantionarea.
.21
11.2. Determinarea taxonomică a resturilor.
.,.21
11.2.1. Colecţia de referinţă.
.21
11.2.2. Bibliografia.
.'.28
11.
2.3.
Probleme de discriminare taxonomică.
.28
11.
3.
Reconstituirea dimensiunilor.
.29
11.
4.
Estimarea vârstei.
.30
Dentiţia.
.31
Scheletul.
.32
11.
5.
Determinarea sexului.
.32
II.
6.
Tafonomie.
.32
//. 7.
Metode de cuantificare.
.33
//. 8.
Conservarea resturilor
faunistice.
.34
CAPITOLUL III. PREZENTAREA EŞANTIOANELOR
FAUNISTICE DE
PE VALEA TELEORMANULUI
.37
III.
1.
Cultura Precris /grupul cultural Gura Baciului-Cârcea
.40
Exploatarea mamiferelor domestice din cultura Precriş
.48
Sezonul de abataj
al ovicaprinelor.
.53
Studiul izotopilor stabili din oase
.56
111.
2.
Cultura Starcevo-Criş.
.64
111.3. Cultura Dudeşti
.80
Exploatarea animalelor domestice.
.84
IHA. Cultura Vădastra.
.90
Exploatarea animalelor domestice
._.93
111.5.
Cultura Boian.
.95
Exploatarea animalelor domestice.
.102
III.
6.
Cultura Gumelniţa.
.115
Exploatarea mamiferelor domestice.
.122
Studiul izotopilor stabili din oase.
.127
CAPITOLUL
IV.
EVOLUŢIA PALEOECONOMIEI ANIMALIERE
A COMUNITĂŢILOR
NEO-ENEOLITICE DE
PE VALEA
TELEORMANULUI
.147
IVI. Evoluţia paleoeconomiei animaliere.
.147
IV.2. Utilizarea animalelor.
.153
IV.2.1.
Produsele animalelor vii.
.153
Laptele.
.153
Lâna şi părul
.158
Utilizarea forţei de muncă a bovinelor.
.159
Alte utilizări ale animalului viu.
.160
IV.2.2. Produsele animalelor
sacrifícate
.160
Carnea, grăsimea şi alte produse alimentare.
.160
Urme legate de activitatea alimentară a omului.
.162
Industria materiilor dure de origine animală.
.165
Piei şi blănuri
.170
Utilizarea altor materii prime.
.170
CONCLUZII
.171
ABSTRACT
.177
ABREVIERI
.183
BIBLIOGRAFIE
.185
ANEXĂ FOTO
.201
ABSTRACT
he archaeozoological study included within the framework of this
volume, allowed the observation of the evolution of the animal
palaeoeconomy along the small,
8.7
km long
Teleorman
Valley,
during
2500
years
(6200-3700
B.C.
-
the
Precriş, Starcevo-Criş, Dudeşti,
Vădastra, Boian and Gumelniţa).
The studied
fauna
originates in various archaeological contexts from
the
Teleorman
Valley and, with over
41,000
remains, is in a great quantity.
Out of these, the mammals are represented by the most numerous remains
(93%).
Mollusks, reptiles, birds and fishes present lower percentages.
Unfortunately, the informations regarding other animal classes, and
here we include mollusks -shellfish and snails-fishes, reptiles and birds,
are extremely few, and thus we have avoided discussing their evolu¬
tion within the studied cultures. Although, it is certain that these
taxa
were known and exploited by the prehistoric populations from this
area, especially the mollusks, due to their presence in the
Teleorman
River. However, fishing and harvesting have a relatively low impor¬
tance within the animal palaeoeconomy, as they are only seasonal ac¬
tivities showing the interest of the Neo-Eneolithic communities for this
food sources.
The mammals (NR
=
number of remains), which predominate all ana¬
lyzed samples from the
Teleorman
Valley, are the main topic of our con¬
clusions. Thus, along the studied chronocul
turai
sequence, the remains of
domestic mammals predominate (with percentages, generally, over
70%),
up to the level of the
Gumelniţa A2
culture, when a „dramatic" change
takes place: suddenly, the remains of wild animals exceed
65%
(fig.
102).
This new exploitation of the surrounding environment, and especially the
wild one, by hunting, is all the more surprising as there is an increase of
over
50%
of the hunting in comparison with the preceding period (Boian,
Spanţov
phase). Toward the end of the
Gumelniţa
culture, in phase Bl,
there is a slight decrease of the percentages of the wild mammals, reach¬
ing approximately
46%.
The causes are difficult to identify, varying from
climatic to cultural (new ideas, new communities etc.).
177
Adrian Bălăşescu
The differences noticed in the animal exploitation, through two ex¬
tremely important activities, namely hunting and animal husbandry, do
not stop here. Comparisons of the percentages of the domestic mam¬
mals from various cultural samples from the
Teleorman
Valley underline
other extremely interesting differences (fig.
103).
The beginning of the
Neolithic (the
Precriş
culture) is characterized by an extremely high per¬
centage of the ovicaprines
(67%),
which during the chronocultural evo¬
lution, decrease to
13-15%
in the
Dudeşti
culture, respectively
Vădastra,
subsequently, in the Boian culture,
Giuleşti
phase, it increases again to
36%
and then decreases to
4%
at the end of the
Gumelniţa
culture.
Generally,
bovines
have an inverse evolution in comparison with the
ovicaprines, suggesting the husbandry of the two types of horned animals
(big or small) took place in parallel, but by exploiting one type at a time,
not both in the same time, at least for the first part of the Neolithic (fig.
103).
In the
Precriş
culture, the domestic
bovines
represent approx.
25%
increasing continuously up to approx.
70%
in the
Dudeşti
and
Vădastra
cultures. In the Boian culture,
Giuleşti
phase, they decrease to
29%
(being
surpassed by ovicaprines), but in Boian
Spanţov,
they increase again to
69%.
The end of the Neolithic
(Gumelniţa
culture) finds the domestic bo-
vines at
11%
in GA2, increasing slightly to
23%
in GB1.
The dog, a species infrequently used as food, also shows an increase
within the faunistic spectrum, but without increasing over
3%
in
Gumelniţa
and
4%
in Boian. This relatively important percentage can be corrobo¬
rated with an increase in hunting within the animal palaeoeconomy, espe¬
cially in the
Gumelniţa
culture.
The pig is the single domestic species presents a constant percentage
increase along the entire period: at the beginning of the Neolithic (the
Precriş
and
Starcevo-Criş
cultures), it has a very low importance (around
1%),
subsequently it increases to values around
2-3%
in the
Dudeşti
and
Vădastra
cultures, to reach a level of
4-6%
in the Boian culture. Following
the sedentarization of the prehistoric communities in settlements of the
tell type, the pig has an explosion, increasing by
3-4
times, reaching val¬
ues around
22%
in the
Gumelniţa Bl
culture
(13%
in GA2: fig.
103).
The frequency of the suids increases in
Gumelniţa
in comparison with
the preceding cultures (Boian and Hamangia) in the South of Romania.
The increasing presence of the suids is noted especially in the tell type
stations with several cultural levels (different phases of the Boian and
Gumelniţa
cultures). This aspect was emphasized in the settlements from
Vităneşti, Vlădiceasa
(both in
Muntenia), Hârşova-te//
(in Dobrogea)
and
Drăgăneşti-Olt
(in
Oltenia)
(fig.
99).
The increasing importance
of the suids in the developed Eneolithic suggests the existence of sta¬
ble, sedentary communities, exploiting from a palaeoeconomic point
178
Arheozoologia
neo-
eneoliticului de
pe Valea Teleormanului
of view a certain territory (region) but with strategies varying from one
area to another.
Thus, we can see an evolution at the end of the Eneolithic period, mean¬
ing a change from communities with a certain level of mobility (a char¬
acteristic noted by Alexandra Bolomey
- 1983 -
from the first archaeo-
zoological syntheses) to sedentary communities, marked without doubt
by the presence of the tells.
Following the opinion of Tchernov
(1993),
with the sedentarization
come the elements, characterizing the complex and structured societies.
The consequences of acquiring the resources from a limited geographic
area, lead to a diversification of the faunistic spectrum due to an intensi¬
fication of hunting and fishing, the emergence of the commensal and an-
thropophile species
(Cucchi et al.,
2012)
or a management of the livestock
toward a mixed exploitation for meat and secondary products. Within
this period, we note the increasing importance of the pig. The dog, an
animal used for guarding or hunting, becomes interesting from an ali¬
mentary point of view. We should not forget that the species is able to re¬
produce twice a year, gives birth to many pups and it is commensal and as
such becomes a source of meat (a situation found at
Vitänesti, Taraschina,
Măriuţa, Borduşani-Popm« and
H
ârşo
va-fe//).
At this stage of the research, it is difficult to specify the mechanisms or
the factors leading to the sedentarization of a part of the population and
the resource exploitation from a more or less limited area.
Quite possible the „system" adopted by the Neo-Eneolithic commu¬
nities, based mostly on agriculture and the husbandry of big and small
horned mammals, which proved along the millennia the most indicated
for their continuity, at a certain moment was no longer adequate, while
the animal exploitation followed the characteristics known in this mo¬
ment for the
Gumelniţa
culture.
Regarding the importance of the species of hunted wild mammals, the
number of
taxa
varies within wide limits, a fact in direct proportion with
the communities interest for this food source and not only. Tbus, at Boian
Spanţov
we have only five wild species, at
Dudeşti
there are seven, at
Criş
and
Vadastra we have eight species, while the opposite is found in the
Gumelniţa
samples from
Vităneşti,
with
17
species in GA2 and
14
in GB1 (fig.
104).
The species common to all Neo-Eneolithic cultures from the
Teleorman
Valley are the aurochs, the deer and the wild boar, very big and big spe¬
cies providing a sufficient quantity of meat and other products, and the
hare, a species pointing to the presence of open spaces in the environ¬
ment (table
19).
The causes underlying the increased hunting on
Teleorman
valley in
the
Gumelniţa
culture are complex and rather difficult to pinpoint. In the
179
Adrian Bălăşescu
following, we will advance several explanations for this reappearance of
hunting, especially in the cultures
Gumelniţa,
but also
Sălcuţa,
contem¬
porary cultures in a vast area (from Dobrogea to
Banat).
A cause that might lead to an increase in the importance of the hunting
might be the climatic change causing a vegetation shift toward an extension
of the forest covered surface. Thus, following the data of Mihai Tomescu
(2000a), the interval between
6450-6500
cal.
В.Р.
was characterized by rainy
summers which, possibly, induced complex changes within the behavior of
the prehistoric communities from the studied
areal.
The end of the period
corresponds with the
Gumelniţa
and is marked by the beginning of a pe¬
riod with frequent dry, long and warm summers.
We do not know if the climatic reasons induced in the same time and
everywhere the same increase of hunting. However, it is certain that under
the same environmental conditions, for instance in the Danube Valley, we
have stations where the importance of hunting varies within wide limits.
Thus, at
Căscioarele,
hunting reaches
80%
as NR, at Carcaliu,
Pietrele
and
Luncaviţa,
it represents over
50%
as NR, while at
Hârşova-te//
and
Borduşani-Popină,
wild mammals represent barely a quarter of the mam¬
malian faunistic spectrum. As such, in relatively similar physical-geograph¬
ical conditions, the importance of this activity varies in relatively wide lim¬
its (over
50%).
It is surprising for, that at
Bordusani-Po^mß,
for instance,
а
prehistoric site situated in
Ialomiţa
Island, which in the Eneolithic period
was, probably, surrounded by lakes, marshes, forests rich in game of all
sizes, only
22%
of the fauna belongs to the wild mammals.
A situation similar with that of the Danube Valley is noted in the case
of the Danube's tributaries. Thus, we have settlements where hunting
plays an important palaeoeconomic role
(Vităneşti, însurăţei)
but also
stations where hunting contributes only slightly at the meat alimentation
(Vlădiceasa, Gumelniţa, Măriuţa, Tangâru).
As we can see, the quantita¬
tive situations are varied, while the absence of radiocarbon data for the
majority of the
Gumelniţa
settlements does not allow us to know the tem¬
poral relation between them and this makes difficult to understand the
evolution of hunting during the
Gumelniţa
culture.
In the case of the
Vităneşti
settlement, where hunting had a first order
role, the preliminary study of the lithic material (Andreescu, unpublished)
emphasizes its richness in hunting weapons (especially arrow heads). This
fact points to the existence of hunting specialists in this station where the
game is well represented. We think the same situation was present in other
stations where the game was well represented.
Generally, the archaeological and archaeozoological studies habituated
us with the picture of an evolution of the animal-based palaeoeconomy,
from gathering and hunting, in the Paleolithic-Mesolithic, to animal
180
Arheozoologia
neo-
eneoliticului de
pe Valea Teleormanului
husbandry in the Neolithic period. The archaeozoological study of the
fauna originating in various archaeological places from the
Teleorman
Valley, the
Lăceni-Măgura-Vităneşti
area, renders evident another picture
of the „evolution"- a change from an economy based predominantly on
animal husbandry during Lower and Middle Neolithic toward an animal
economy in which the exploitation of the environment through hunting
becomes much more important and, probably, rewarding at the end of
this period.
All the domestic animals identified within a faunistic spectrum, ended
by being eaten by humans, whatever their use prior to sacrification (for
milk, wool, hair, traction etc.). In many cultures
(Dudeşti, Vădastra
and
Boian) the high importance of young
bovines
(1-2
years) shows the pre¬
historic people looked for tender meat at an age when the animal did not
reach its maximum weight (fig.
106).
The
Vităneşti
site is an exception,
because in the
Gumelniţa Bl
levels, the
2-4
years old individuals are more
numerous, in this case the aim was to increase the meat yield, and so mak¬
ing bovine husbandry more profitable.
In all the Neo-Eneolithic settlements from the
Teleorman
Valley (fig.
107),
the death age of small horned mammals proves these animals were
raised mainly for meat; in general, the percentage of individuals underlin¬
ing this exploitation, reaches over
70-80%,
class
С
(6-12
months) being
predominant, an exception being only the
Dudeşti
culture where this class
is equal with class
D
(1-2
years).
The
Vitãnesti-fó//,
where the pig samples are the most numerous in com¬
parison with the other Neo-Eneolithic stations from the
Teleorman
Valley,
has the most revealing exploitation indexes for the domestic pigs allowing
us to understand the husbandry strategies for this species. The two death
age profiles made for the two phases of the
Gumelniţa
culture are similar,
presenting two „peaks", one around the age of
10-12
months and another
at the age of
16-18
months (fig.
86).
Certainly, this exploitation type of
the pig for meat is linked with the seasonal variations, the species being
able to reproduce almost year round, birthing especially in spring and
autumn.
Within a chronocultural evolution, we can assert that if at the begin¬
ning of the Neolithic the exploitation for milk of the domestic cattle is
relatively less certain; from the Middle Neolithic we can note the inter¬
est in this product, especially by post-lactation death age. Later on, dur¬
ing the Eneolithic, besides the killing of very young animals, we note a
greater presence of adult animals, between
4
and
9
years (beginning with
the Boian culture), forming the reproductive and milk-providing herd.
The absence of pathologies that might point in a clear way the use of
bovines
for work (as beast of burden, or traction), the absence of geldings,
181
Adrian Bălăşescu
the low percentage of old animals, are arguing against the use of
bovines
for traction. Probably, the
bovines
were used only punctually, at certain
works, but there was no intensive use of their work force.
In the case of ovicaprines, the proofs suggesting exploitation for milk
are extremely slight and are present along the entire Neo-Eneolithic pe¬
riod, but without exceeding in general
15-20%
of the individuals, in
comparison with the
bovines
that can exceed even
50%.
Regarding the
exploitation of hair and/or wool, the data are also not very convincing
as this kind of exploitation may be superimposed on another type of ex¬
ploitation, namely that for milk. It is certain that this type of exploitation
existed and that in the majority of the stations the individuals suggesting
it represent only
10%.
Taking into account all these data, we hope our study has cleared several
aspects regarding the evolution of the animal palaeoeconomy from the
Teleorman
Valley and in this way a better understanding of the evolution
of the Neo-Eneolithic from
Muntenia
and even Romania.
Certainly, future archaeological and archaeozoological researches will
provide more informations necessary to answer various questions about
the daily life of the Neo-Eneolithic communities from Romania.
182 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bălăşescu, Adrian 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1219683248 |
| author_facet | Bălăşescu, Adrian 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bălăşescu, Adrian 1970- |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042296823 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)902017265 (DE-599)BVBBV042296823 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Fouilles archéologiques / Roumanie ram Judeţ Teleorman (DE-588)4346867-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Fouilles archéologiques / Roumanie Judeţ Teleorman |
| id | DE-604.BV042296823 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:11:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786065435056 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027733879 |
| oclc_num | 902017265 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | 214 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Ed. Mega |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare |
| series2 | Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare |
| spelling | Bălăşescu, Adrian 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1219683248 aut Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului Adrian Bălăşescu Cluj-Napoca Ed. Mega 2014 214 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare 14 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache S. 177 - 184 Bibliogr. S. 185 - 200 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Archéozoologie / Roumanie ram Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Archäozoologie (DE-588)4211482-2 gnd rswk-swf Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd rswk-swf Fouilles archéologiques / Roumanie ram Judeţ Teleorman (DE-588)4346867-6 gnd rswk-swf Judeţ Teleorman (DE-588)4346867-6 g Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 s Archäozoologie (DE-588)4211482-2 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geschichte z DE-604 Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare 14 (DE-604)BV026602323 14 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027733879&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027733879&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bălăşescu, Adrian 1970- Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare Archéozoologie / Roumanie ram Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Archäozoologie (DE-588)4211482-2 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4211482-2 (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4346867-6 |
| title | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului |
| title_auth | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului |
| title_exact_search | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului |
| title_full | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului Adrian Bălăşescu |
| title_fullStr | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului Adrian Bălăşescu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului Adrian Bălăşescu |
| title_short | Arheozoologia neo-eneoliticului de pe Valea Teleormanului |
| title_sort | arheozoologia neo eneoliticului de pe valea teleormanului |
| topic | Archéozoologie / Roumanie ram Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Archäozoologie (DE-588)4211482-2 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archéozoologie / Roumanie Archäologie Archäozoologie Neolithikum Fouilles archéologiques / Roumanie Judeţ Teleorman |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027733879&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027733879&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV026602323 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT balasescuadrian arheozoologianeoeneoliticuluidepevaleateleormanului |